2 weeks: a case from India
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2 weeks: a case from India Ankur Verma opens the podcast by telling his listeners that he’s going to share with them something that happened during the time that Delta was in its dreadful stages in both Australia and India. He goes on to talk about a case that took place during the Delta wave, when minutes matter. He recounts a patient - Mrs P - who had come in gasping and immediately went into cardiac arrest, and notes that – as is often the case – she immediately became part of the ward’s family. After testing positive for Covid, they then gave her a CT scan to see if she had pneumonia and subsequently put her on various experimental medications, including steroids. She got better over the next four or five days and was weaned off the ventilator and over the next couple of days we removed her TPI (trigger point injection) but then her sugars went up. Ankur explains that just when he thought she was becoming much better, she started becoming hypoxic again and he then found out her left lung had collapsed. She then went on to improve – and, understandably – her family were thrilled, especially her son. After a two-week rollercoaster ride, she was discharged, much to the joy of everyone involved. At a time of great distress, Ankur explains that Mrs P reminded him and his co-workers of the power of determination and motivation, and it was through a combination of compassion and great determination and motivation that she survived. He notes that Mrs P gave the hospital staff a ray of hope and a much-needed silver lining during what was an otherwise hellish Covid wave, and notes that he owed her more than she owed him for saving her life. But, continues Ankur, she had other plans. She had been a ray of hope during the dreadful delta in India and the world and sadly, she died. But Ankur says that he and his co-workers didn’t lose sight of the vision and the hope that she gave them and that they continued to support each other. He concludes the podcast with an important lesson learnt: take care of yourself and those around you because when the dark times come, those people will be the ones surrounding you.
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Amy_Freeman_Sanderson.pptx
A Speech Pathology Perspective with Amy Freeman-Sanderson
Sepsis causes organ and tissue dysfunction in response to severe infection, resulting in significant physical and cognitive morbidities. For patients diagnosed with severe sepsis, admission to an intensive care unit and use of an artificial airway are often required. The sequalae of severe sepsis necessitating critical care can result in significant changes to a patient’s swallowing and communication function. These negative changes and impacts to function can occur during and after a diagnosis of sepsis, and ultimately impact a patient’s health and functional status. The nature and long-term recovery of swallowing and communication function is still to be completely understood; however evidence affirms recovery continues well beyond hospital discharge.
This presentation will focus on tasks we do daily – eating, drinking and speaking. Specifically, the nature of swallow impairments will be described, and the impact of this new disability will be explored from the perspective of the patient’s body structure, function and activities. Core components of swallowing safety and efficiency will be described, alongside the role of assessment and management within and beyond the ICU. Changes to communication including altered voice, speech and language function will be described. Outcomes of altered communication function over the continuum of care during, and after hospital will be explored. The evidence base and the lived experience of sepsis and patient stories will underpin the content delivered in this presentation.
The final aim of the presentation will be to describe and highlight the role of speech pathology, an allied health profession, in the management of swallowing and communication function. Following the workshop attendees will be able to (1) describe the characteristics of swallowing and communication disorders; (2) have knowledge of the impact of these new disabilities; and (3) will be able to describe the role of speech pathology in the healthcare team for the patient with sepsis.
For more head to our podcast page #CodaPodcast
Delivering change now
Healthcare Saves!
Healthcare Pollutes!
Healthcare is responsible for 7% of Australia's carbon emissions, consumes 10% of Australia's GDP, and has numerous other adverse environmental effects.
This talk introduces healthcare's polluting ways, and how clinicians can mitigate their own carbon footprint. Action is the Antidote to Anxiety!
For more head to our podcast page #CodaPodcast
1420 Rebecca Szabo.pptx
Bec Szabo – an obstetrician, gynaecologist, and medical educator – begins the podcast by asking the audience to go back to Melbourne with her on a journey through the looking glass. She notes that while taking her listeners to Wonderland might be a bit quirky, but that it’s essential for the point of the story. Bec also wants to preface the talk with a trigger warning; and acknowledges that the subject matter of her talk might be triggering – so please do bear in mind that this talk covers Covid, ICU and pregnancy before listening.
As per the notion of taking her readers through the looking glass, Bec wants to take listeners back to spring 2021 – a time that Melbourne was looking down the barrel of a sixth lockdown. Known as having had one of the longest – and strictest – lockdowns in the world - people in Melbourne were tired and had done a lot. Many were already vaccinated.
Bec then goes on to say that she wants to talk about Covid and pregnancy and, explains to listeners that she wants to paint a picture of inequality and sexism.
She runs through a case of what happened shortly after the Delta strain had arrived in Melbourne – it was a time when things were changing rapidly during covid with delta things came thick and fast. A pregnant woman was admitted to hospital; it was her third child, and her two toddlers, partner and parents were all sick with Covid; and despite concerns over a post-partum haemorrhage, a healthy baby was delivered, and the woman went back to the ICU.
Except, says Bec, this wasn’t what actually happened; what she described was a simulation, carried out in order to ensure they had everything prepared in the case that something similar happened.
She goes on to say that teamwork and communication are everything, but so too is listening to the voice of the patient. And that while we’ve heard that belonging and community and connection are important, having those values and shared goals to keep us doing what we’re doing.
Bec closes the podcast by that we need to remember we’re the captains of our soul. And that if we can be human and kind, we can deal with emotionally fraught situations.
For more head to our podcast page #CodaPodcast
Is Burnout Burning Us Out?
In this week’s podcast Liz Crowe – an advanced clinician social worker who has worked in Brisbane’s major children’s hospitals in intensive care, emergency departments and cancer wards - begins the podcast with the question – is all this talk of burn out, actually making us burnt out?
In this podcast, Liz goes on to address exactly what the term burn out actually means and discusses how the literature on burnout in healthcare workers is prolific. She discusses how healthcare presents as an occupation of high risk, distress, and despair, with an escalation of risk post pandemic. Yet, she says, burnout is not the whole story even though it is the only story being told. Liz speaks about the extensive research into burnout and what it reveals, and the risk factors for burnout, which include excessive workload, lack of control or recognition, mismatch of values, lack of meaning and emotional contagion. However, she notes that none of these are individual deficits and says that it is concerning that ‘wellbeing’ in healthcare is never discussed in terms of meaning making, purpose, contribution, community, stimulating work or growth and development.
Yet, she goes on to say, for many critical care staff these positive factors for wellbeing are found in abundance.
Liz also states that her research shows that people want to believe that the bad stuff happens on one side of life; the good on the other, and people want to know how they get to the other side. Whereas, she says, in reality, life is a crappy mess that sits somewhere in the middle.
The podcast concludes with Liz stating that purpose and community are everything, that life is messy, but some days - despite how awful we feel - we soar because of the opportunities we have. She encourages listeners to savour life, and to remember that even on the worst day of their working life, their patients are doing it tougher.
For more head to our podcast page #CodaPodcast
4 Seconds: A Case from Afghanistan
"Death is not the enemy but occasionally needs help with timing."
Peter Josef Safar (1924 – 2003) 'The Father of Modern CPR'
In this week’s episode of the Coda podcast, former flight paramedic Gary Berkowitz – who previously worked in Afghanistan and now works for Queensland Ambulance Service - explores how when death is inevitable, the way of dying matters.
To open the discussion, he addresses the fact that out of hospital emergency care practitioners are often faced with time critical decisions. He notes that fortunately, most of these situations often have clear guidelines because – generally speaking - they follow pathways with expected outcomes.
When it comes to ethics in healthcare, however, it can be a nuanced topic. For example, the decision to not commence resuscitation, or to withdraw life saving measures in a patient who appears to have no meaningful prospect of recovery, can be a difficult one. Gary goes on to note that in this environment, it’s impossible to design a guideline that could encompass all the elements of such a complex decision.
In this talk Gary examines providing care to patients rather than always trying to fight death. By way of example, Gary tells listeners how he was working closely with the various western military forces, when one day they asked a favour – a young Afghani soldier had been badly burnt fighting against the Taliban, and while his treatment had begun in a military hospital, it was decided it shouldn’t be continued there.
Gary was asked if he could assist transporting the soldier to a hospital in the city, and he goes on to talk about the fact that he had two options – to take the easy choice, which would have involved giving the soldier enough medication that he wouldn’t have to see him suffer; or the brave choice – which would have been to give him enough medication so he wouldn’t be suffering at all.
He discusses the ethics around each alternative – and how he came to sit with his final choice. Gary notes that the decision he made that day has remained with him ever since, and continues to influence his decisions in his everyday practice.
For more head to our podcast page #CodaPodcast
Prehospital resuscitation of TBI
In this podcast, Marty Nichols talks us through managing patients with TBI in a prehospital environment. This involves avoiding hypoxia and hypotension, ensuring a safe transportation and getting to the right treatment centre the first time.
Top 10 Critical Care Papers of 2020
- A cluster crossover RCT of 6 US PICUs found that limiting duration of patient care shifts to <16 hours (versus >24 hours) increased serious medical errors and unintended consequences from increased workload.
- An RCT of 168 ICUs across 15 countries found no difference in mortality or RRT dependence between an accelerated versus standard strategy for initiating RRT in patients with AKI, but the intervention group had more hypotension and adverse events.
- An RCT of early ECMO versus standard ACLS in 30 patients with refractory VF found lower hospital mortality in the intervention group, but the study was conducted at a single highly invested center and may not be generalizable.
Advanced support of Acute Liver Injury
From CodaZero Live, Alex Rowell reviews the available advanced liver supports for patients with acute liver failure.
Artificial supports for the liver are quite complex and difficult. This is largely due to the liver's complex function.
Some of the advanced liver supports include CVVHDF, Molecular Adsorbent Recirculating System (MARS), Single Pass Albumin Dialysis (SPAD) and high volume plasma exchange.
In this podcast, Alex takes us through the research and evidence for these supports and shares some guidance on when they should be used.
CVVHDF is familiar and effective but we need to remember to use it early with acute liver failure patients.
Furthermore, Molecular Adsorbent Recirculating System (MARS) is widely studied but unfortunately not available in all places.
Single Pass Albumin Dialysis (SPAD) is easily implemented. Although there is less evidence on SPAD, it is generally agreed to be an effective support.
Unfortunately, there are no mortality benefits in any of these supports. They are however, useful tools in bridging to transplant.
From #CodaZero tune in to a quick, sharp & informative talk by Alex Rowell on Acute Liver Injury.
Surgical considerations in the injured spine patient
This document discusses the surgical management of a patient with injuries to the spine and chest from a traumatic accident. The patient had a burst fracture at L2 with fragments in the spinal canal, as well as transverse process fractures from L1-L3 and injuries to the right chest including broken ribs and lung damage. The surgical procedures performed included fixing the broken ribs in the chest, removing the bone fragments in the spinal canal from L1-L2, fusing the spine from T11 to L4 with internal fixation, and placing an expandable interbody cage at L2. The patient had a lengthy recovery but was eventually able to walk with a stick after six months.
Echo in Cardiac Arrest
Echo in Cardiac Arrest by Behny Samadi
From #CodaZero Live, Behny explains the importance of Echo and lists some of the ways in which Echo can help us during a cardiac arrest. It is more than we think!
Echo is a quick, easy and simple tool, making it invaluable in many situations including cardiac arrests.
It is a bedside test that is non invasive and painless for the patient. It is easily taught to any doctor or nurse and done in real time at the bedside. It can be used to guide and inform management and treatment... so why isn't everyone embracing Echo?
Behny challenges us to consider another bedside tool which compares to the effectiveness and usefulness of Echo.
Furthermore, in the chaos of cardiac arrests, Echo can help to exclude some of the 4Hs & 4Ts. It can help to check the rhythm, check the quality of compressions and assess for post-resuscitation care.
It is an invaluable tool in managing patients suffering from cardiac arrest.
Behny suggests that the focused 2D echo is our generations stethoscope. We need to open our minds and embrace the capabilities of Echo and challenge each other to learn how to effectively utilise this tool in times that matter.
Tune in to a fascinating podcast by Behny Samadi on the value of Echo in Cardiac Arrest.
As a self-confessed Echo enthusiast - Behny is here to share her knowledge on the benefits of Echo.
For more like this, head to our podcast page. #CodaPodcast
Update on delayed cerebral ischaemia
Update on delayed cerebral ischaemia by Christopher Andersen. Chris discusses the postulated underlying mechanisms involved in subarachnoid haemorrhage.
TBI Management: Beyond the Resus Room
In this podcast, Andrew Chow highlights the latest evidence for TBI. Andrew shares some clinical pearls for TBI management & highlights a future direction for the management of patients with a traumatic brain injury.
Updates in pain management
Dr. Gavin Pattullo discusses updates in pain management. The opioid crisis highlights the need for non-opioid options to manage pain. The IASP definition of pain distinguishes between nociception and pain. The primary pain management strategy is to stop nociception using neural blockade and NSAIDs/COX-2 inhibitors. Effective pain assessment evaluates dynamic pain relief, analgesia, sensory analgesia, and opioid sparing. A strategic approach to pain addresses both the sensory and affective components, starting with blocking nociception before considering pharmacological or non-pharmacological options to treat the affective aspect.
Vitamin C: fact or fiction?
In this podcast, Ken Sakurai provides an update on the recent randomised control trials (RCT) for Vitamin C in Sepsis.
Acute Spinal Cord Injury: What Matters
The document discusses the benefits of meditation for reducing stress and anxiety. Regular meditation practice can help calm the mind and body by lowering heart rate and blood pressure. Studies have shown that meditating for just 10-20 minutes per day can have significant positive impacts on both mental and physical health over time.
The importance of sex and gender in medical research
The importance of sex and gender in medical research.
For many years it was widely assumed that the occurrence and outcome of disease was the same for women and men.
Our understanding was that studies involving only men would be equally relevant for women. In the last two decades however, it has been shown that this assumption is highly prejudice and can have a detrimental impact on the health of women.
It is, therefore, really important to incorporate a sex and gender research lens in to medical research.
First, Kelly makes the important distinction between sex and gender and how this can impact medical diagnosis, treatment and outcomes.
Then, she identifies how the incorporation of sex and gender into research has allowed for advancements across healthcare. Improved accuracy, avoiding misinterpretation, reduced unintentional bias and greater social equity to name a few.
In this presentation, Kelly Thompson refers to case studies to examine the differences in the interpretation of health data when examining through a sex and gender research lens.
The severity of disease, risk factors and treatment effectiveness are just a few of the reasons why this is so important.
Kelly encourages researchers to ensure gender diversity in the research team and to explain how sex and gender are accounted for in research applications moving forward.
From CodaZero Live, tune into this fascinating discussion on the importance of sex and gender in medical research by Kelly Thompson.
Vascular Access Part 1: Reducing risk and increasing catheter longevity
Vascular access is essential for critically ill patients in the ICU. Nearly all patients will require some form of vascular device such as a PIVC, PICC, or CVC. While necessary, these devices carry risks of complications and infection if not inserted and managed properly. The document emphasizes that insertion is only a small part of device management, and more attention needs to be paid to the 99% of time the device is in use. It provides recommendations for proper device selection, insertion technique including use of ultrasound and micro-puncture, dressing and securement, and tip location to reduce risks and improve device longevity during the critical care stay.
Surgical management of burn injuries
Surgical management of burn injuries by Varun Harish.
From #CodaZero Live, Varun Harish provides an overview of the surgical management of burn injuries.
He talks us through how surgeons make decisions regarding burn management, including the importance of early assessment and intervention.
Burns evolve, what you see at the beginning is going to be very different in 24 hours and different again in three days.
Importantly, the management and principles of intervention differ for minor burns compared to severe burns.
For smaller burns, the golden rule is two weeks. If there is a good chance that the burn will heal in two weeks, intervention is avoided. If this is not the case, intervention in the way of a skin graft or other surgical procedure is usually the best option.
Varun details how the management priorities shift for larger burns. Larger burns significantly increase the chances of infection, making it important to intervene earlier rather than later.
Tune in to an interesting talk on the Surgical management of burn injuries by Varun Harish.
Global warming and the Jellyfish toxidrome
From #CodaZero Live, Alice Young provides a brief update on the presentation, complications and management of Irukandji syndrome; and why we all need to know about it.
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The Electrocardiogram - Physiologic Principles
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
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2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
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10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
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2 weeks: a case from India
- 1. > 2 weeks ANKUR VERMA @anksv25 @anksv25
Editor's Notes
- Hello Nervous Always wanted to attend. Superstars of EM. Cliff, Simon, Scott, Jesse, Natalie, Vic Brazil and others Story from the Dreaded second wave in India. Delta variant. The story was also published in the book When Minutes Matter which was released at the ICEM a few months back
- This is a story of Mrs P, A 55 year old lady, brought in a gasping state to our department one early morning by her family who crashed as soon as we took her onto the bed. CPR was initiated and in about 10 minutes ROSC was achieved. She was not responsive and did not have spontaneous breaths so was intubated and ventilated. I felt proud of my team. They hadn’t shut their eyes for a second while on duty, and they decided to stay back to help me care for this patient. COVID had made our team even closer. In some respects, we had become more like a tight-knit family than work colleagues.
- This is what the cardiac monitor and ecg showed post ROSC. She was started on TCP and Plans were made to shift her immediately to the cath lab for a temporary pacemaker implantation.
- But before we could shift her out, her covid antigen came out to be positive. The cath lab was not ready to take covid positive patients. So it was left upto the ED team to do the needful. And we did.
- We got Her an HRCT chest which confirmed she had covid pneumonia.. - probably the deadly delta variant. She was started on all the meds that were in vogue at the time along with other supportive care. She received Remdesivir and steroids.
- The critical shortage of beds during the second wave meant that she would be boarding with us for a while. There were no ICU beds. Over the next 2-3 days of the “covid” treatments she got better. Weaned off. Extubated. TPI stopped and removed. But steroids and other meds – DKA, Hypernatremia. Dialysed.
- Just when we thought things were starting to get better, Mrs P decided to surprise us. During one dialysis session she became breathless again and her oxygen levels plummeted. An x-ray showed that her left lung had collapsed probably due to mucous plugs in her lungs.
- So we immediately got a bronch done which removed the mucous plugs and Her O2 sats and x-ray subsequently improved.
- Once we felt that she was out of the woods, we could have shifted her to a ward bed. Consults - Cardio, Pulmo, Medicine, Nephro, Psych, Endo. But we took care of her 24/7. She had become ‘our’ patient, and her care trajectory was positive. We wanted to witness the ‘fruits of our labor’. Her family, especially her son, was very satisfied with our team’s care, and requested that she be discharged directly from the ED when ready.
- But then we noted that she would not follow our commands or respond to us. We felt she was getting depressed and figured she was missing her family. So we got her son in full PPE to come in thrice a day to feed his mother and talk to her and plan his sister’s wedding. We got psychological sessions and physiotherapy done for her in our department itself. She quickly recovered and became cheerful and started talking to us…
- At a time of great distress, Mrs P reminded us of the power of determination. Her situation initially seemed impossible. But the combination of personal willpower, family support and deep commitment of staff ensured recovery in the most challenging of circumstances. Pace of recovery quickened, Discharged after more than 14 days in our department. As expected, her family were ecstatic that she survived the ordeal. So were we. .
- Emergency departments were never designed to care for patients for extended periods of time. Sometimes, “exceptional situations call for exceptional responses.” This was one of those occasions. The second COVID wave in India took a lot from us, but Mrs P gave us hope. Among all the death and despair of that torrid period, we found a reason to keep going. We owed her much more than she owed us.
- BUT she had other plans…she was back with us after about 5 days. And she was SICK. She was dyspneic, high sugars, acidotic, desatting, in shock…
- And she very quickly deteriorated. We just did not see this coming.
- And then just like that, she switched off. She left us.
- She left us and We were heart broken. Couldn’t believe it. She was a ray of hope in the midst of the crazy second wave and we lost her. But we did not lose sight of the hope she gave us.. I remember Cliff Reid in 2016 in SMACC said – “To look after yourselves, but look after others – they will help and support you during the dark times.”As a team and as a family we came closer. We discussed her case, we talked to each other, we held hands out for each other and did not let any of us get lost in the abyss. But I still look back and think about her. She will remain one of those patients who stay with you for your lifetime….