2) As mentioned in the text book "Bentley and Ziegler 108"; The Paleolithic period by far the longest portion of the human experience on earth as is the period historians and archaeologists call the Paleolithic era, which means the “Old Stone Age”. The Paleolithic period extended from the first tool-using hominids until about twelve thousand years ago. By reading the text book "Bentley and Ziegler 108"; I came to understanding their economic and their social lifestyle. There are not prove of written records of their lifestyle; but they survive by hunting and gathering items, according to the evidence that Archaeologists have excavated. Theses individual did not own private property. Men moved place to place during hunting season for search of prey that provides a substantial amount of meat so they could feed their family, friends, and others whom they cared about. In the Paleolithic lifestyle, plant foods were essential to survive, but meat was highly item in their diet. Paleolithic hunting was a complicated venture, but they clearly demonstrated the capacity of human intelligence, they showed the ability to make complicated plans and sophisticated language/communications skills- so they can exploit the environment. The Paleolithic period ended when some of the more powerful hunters founded settlements in rich areas, and abandoned the nomadic lifestyle, they established permanent settlements. To my understanding the Paleolithic period stated to Africa in general, the one who moved to rich areas and refused to go back are the ones that created the culture of Neandertal people in Middle Eastern, Europe, and South West Asia as the intelligent progress (technology) of the Neolithic era advanced. To compare the Paleolithic era and Neolithic era, both eras are similar to me economically; they survived by hunting and gathering. As pointed in book of "B and Z 108"; Neolithic eras mean a new stone age as opposed to the old stone age of Paleolithic times. Neolithic era can be defined as the time of arising agriculture; agriculture became the way of life, people stopped nomad hunting and gardening. I can point the significant steps humans made but to stay on the main topic; the development of tools and new technology are extensive. The historians estimated that before agriculture, about 10,000 B.C.E, the earth’s human population was roughly four million. By 5000 B.C.E, agriculture appeared in a few of the world’s regions "B and Z 108"  source from page 10 to 17. In 2012, the population was estimated to be around seven billion.  EXSAMPLEWhen you state that the two eras are similiar economically is it just base on hunting and gathering? My interpretation from the reading is that the Neothithic actually settled down and built more of an agriculture society where gathering was lessen because they started to grow their own crops.  Based on the region and resource that was settled, the limitation of what can be grown built up to the trade developement to acqu.

1. 2) As mentioned in the text book "Bentley and Ziegler 108";
The Paleolithic period by far the longest portion of the human
experience on earth as is the period historians and
archaeologists call the Paleolithic era, which means the “Old
Stone Age”. The Paleolithic period extended from the first tool-
using hominids until about twelve thousand years ago. By
reading the text book "Bentley and Ziegler 108"; I came to
understanding their economic and their social lifestyle. There
are not prove of written records of their lifestyle; but they
survive by hunting and gathering items, according to the
evidence that Archaeologists have excavated. Theses individual
did not own private property. Men moved place to place during
hunting season for search of prey that provides a substantial
amount of meat so they could feed their family, friends, and
others whom they cared about. In the Paleolithic lifestyle, plant
foods were essential to survive, but meat was highly item in
their diet. Paleolithic hunting was a complicated venture, but
they clearly demonstrated the capacity of human intelligence,
they showed the ability to make complicated plans and
sophisticated language/communications skills- so they can
exploit the environment. The Paleolithic period ended when
some of the more powerful hunters founded settlements in rich
areas, and abandoned the nomadic lifestyle, they established
permanent settlements. To my understanding the Paleolithic
period stated to Africa in general, the one who moved to rich
areas and refused to go back are the ones that created the
culture of Neandertal people in Middle Eastern, Europe, and
South West Asia as the intelligent progress (technology) of the
Neolithic era advanced. To compare the Paleolithic era and
Neolithic era, both eras are similar to me economically; they
survived by hunting and gathering. As pointed in book of "B
and Z 108"; Neolithic eras mean a new stone age as opposed to
the old stone age of Paleolithic times. Neolithic era can be
defined as the time of arising agriculture; agriculture became

2. the way of life, people stopped nomad hunting and gardening. I
can point the significant steps humans made but to stay on the
main topic; the development of tools and new technology are
extensive. The historians estimated that before agriculture,
about 10,000 B.C.E, the earth’s human population was roughly
four million. By 5000 B.C.E, agriculture appeared in a few of
the world’s regions "B and Z 108" source from page 10 to 17.
In 2012, the population was estimated to be around seven
billion.
EXSAMPLEWhen you state that the two eras are similiar
economically is it just base on hunting and gathering? My
interpretation from the reading is that the Neothithic actually
settled down and built more of an agriculture society where
gathering was lessen because they started to grow their own
crops. Based on the region and resource that was settled, the
limitation of what can be grown built up to the trade
developement to acquire other crops or products. So I felt that
in the Neolithic age build more interaction from different group
because of trade and settlement than the Paleothic age where
society or groups countinously moved in search of food. The
agricultural society and trading I think it made the Neolithic age
more economically advance than the Paleolithc age and that it
build an actual ecomony.
2) Rivers had a very important role in early civilization. The
Euphrates and Tigris rivers flow geographically parallel to each
other which was home to very fertile valleys where crops could
be cultivated. From 6000 B.C.E to 3000 B.C.E. Sumerians
developed methods to use the water from the Euphrates and
Tigris rivers to irrigate their crops by constructing canals, and
reservoirs. Canals were used to divert water from rivers to

3. lands distant from rivers to irrigate crops, reservoirs were used
to store water redirected from a river that could also be used
irrigate crops at a later time. By taking advantage of the
irrigation source of the Euphrates and Tigris rivers Sumerians
were able to provide a stable food supply for the people of this
region, which additionally brought immigrants from
surrounding areas. [1]
The Nile River had an enormous impact on the Nile River
Valley and the development of ancient Egypt just as the
Euphrates and Tigris rivers impacted the Sumerians in ancient
history. From around 1000 B.C.E. to 5000 B.C.E immigrants
from northern Ethiopia settled in the upper Nile valley regions
of Nubia and Egyptian valley’s due to an extended drought in
the northern Africa content. The Nile River empties in to the
Mediterranean Sea. Spring rains and winter snow melts cause
the Nile to overflow and in the process the nutrient rich
mountain water empties in the valley before it exits in the
Mediterranean Sea. This annual process fertilized the Nile
valley which local farmers took advantage of to produce a
variety of crops to feed the growing population. Sudanic
immigrants introduced gourds and watermelons to the area as
well as domesticated cattle and donkeys. [2]
Both the Sumerians and ancient Egyptians took advantage of the
irrigation resources of the great rivers in their areas which
greatly contributed to the success of their
civilizations. Inevitably, both the Sumerians and Egyptian
societies succumbed to outside forces such as invasions by
enemy military forces and natural disasters such as climate
change in their regions.
EXSAMPLE : The character of the Nile, and the Tigris and
Euphrates Rivers, also affected these civilizations. For
example, the flooding of the Nile was regular and expected, and
also allowed for the replenishment of the rich soils that made
Egypt so wealthy and stable. Egypt experienced multiple
growing seasons and this allowed for regular supplies of food.

4. Its food supplies would later support outside conquerors,
including Rome and Constantinople. Because Egypt was
isolated by its geography, with deserts to the west and east of it,
and the enormous distance of the interior of Africa, it duration
affected its outlook in religion, political and social
organization, and technology.(1)
In contrast, the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers often produced
unexpected and devastating floods because of the runoff from
snow in the mountains that supplied them. They were often
fast-flowing, unpredictable, and turbulent. Unlike Egypt,
Mesopotamia had no natural geographic barriers. It was flat
and easily accessible by invaders and marauders. Violence,
instability, and the change of regimes led to a more voilatile
view of religion, political and social organization, and the
dynamism of these societies. The Epic of Gilgameshreflects
some of the concerns that Sumerian society had and its religion
exhibited.(2)
Grappling with the rivers forced inhabitants to first cooperate
with each other, especially in Mesopotamia, to build dykes, dig
irrigation canals, and generally work to manage water. Scholars
think as one village dealt with its river, it had to deal with
neighboring ones, and eventually larger political entities
emerged. This is why the first civilizations and empires grew
from these areas. A unified Egypt appared in the late fourth
millenium B.C. (BCE)(3).