The document discusses land degradation and soil security in Eurasia. While Northern Eurasia was previously considered stable, soil degradation is active in Russia, driven by natural and socioeconomic factors like water erosion, salinity, stoniness, desertification, and low organic carbon content. The costs of land degradation in Russia from 2002-2010 were estimated at $189 billion annually or 16% of GDP. Taking action to address degradation costs $694 billion over 6 years but inaction costs $1.69 trillion. Addressing degradation requires improved management practices, education, investment, research, and information to establish the economic value of soils and ecosystem services.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the costs of action versus inaction for land degradation in the Azov district of Russia. It used the total economic value approach to estimate the value of ecosystem services for orchards and cropland. Based on surveys of ecosystem service coefficients from Russia and China, the total economic value of orchards was estimated to range from $1681 to $8004 per hectare, compared to $550 for cropland. Factoring in establishment and maintenance costs of restoring orchards, the cost of action over 20 years was estimated to be lower than the cost of inaction due to land degradation in all scenarios except when using market prices for orchards.
1. Agriculture in Germany has negatively impacted the environment, especially through water pollution from nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus and from pesticides. Nitrogen surpluses on farms have declined but remain an issue.
2. German and EU policies have aimed to reduce agriculture's impacts on soil and water through various policy tools, like taxes, subsidies, and regulations. Legislation sets standards for issues like manure spreading and animal densities.
3. Detection of pollutants in water has improved, finding issues that were previously unnoticed. Over a third of water samples had nitrate levels under recommended limits, but some areas had concentrations exceeding drinking water standards due to intensive agriculture.
This document analyzes 179 field studies from 37 countries that examined the relationship between soil erosion and agricultural productivity. It finds that soil erosion negatively impacts crop yields, but the severity of impact varies significantly depending on factors like crop type, location, soil type, and land management practices. Studies using measurements of past erosion generally found smaller yield losses per unit of soil loss than studies examining the effects of present erosion, possibly because present erosion studies also captured the effects of variable management practices. The analysis calculates absolute and relative yield losses for major crops in different regions and soil types to assess the global impact of erosion on productivity. It concludes that inappropriate land management can greatly amplify the effects of erosion on yields.
- Land degradation is a serious problem across Eastern Africa, with over 20% of land degraded in Kenya and Ethiopia, over 40% in Malawi, and over 50% in Tanzania according to NDVI decline measures. Major drivers of degradation include expansion of cropland and unsustainable agricultural practices.
- Adoption of sustainable land management practices is low, ranging from 68% of plots in Malawi to 85% in Ethiopia and Tanzania. Use of multiple practices is also limited.
- Logit, multivariate probit, and Poisson regression models find that factors like temperature, rainfall, elevation, soil type, household demographics, education, land tenure, extension access, and credit access influence adoption and intensity
This study analyzed land degradation of irrigated cropland in northern Uzbekistan using satellite remote sensing at multiple scales. At the regional scale, 23% (94,835 ha) of irrigated cropland showed degradation trends over time. Finer scale mapping using Landsat imagery found 18% (52,938 ha) of fields had decreased vegetation cover between 1998 and 2009, including 17% that became fallow. The results were 93% consistent between scales and can inform policies for rehabilitating degraded fields through sustainable land use practices. Further validation is needed to refine the approaches.
This document discusses key challenges in developing ecosystem accounts that integrate ecosystem services and capital into national accounts. It identifies four main challenges: 1) defining ecosystem services in an accounting context, 2) allocating services to institutional sectors, 3) treating ecosystem degradation and rehabilitation, and 4) valuing services consistently with national accounting principles. The document analyzes different perspectives on these challenges and proposes a consistent conceptual approach to address them, including recognizing that ecosystems are influenced by humans and recording some services as contributions by private landowners or a new "Ecosystems" sector.
The document discusses land degradation and soil security in Eurasia. While Northern Eurasia was previously considered stable, soil degradation is active in Russia, driven by natural and socioeconomic factors like water erosion, salinity, stoniness, desertification, and low organic carbon content. The costs of land degradation in Russia from 2002-2010 were estimated at $189 billion annually or 16% of GDP. Taking action to address degradation costs $694 billion over 6 years but inaction costs $1.69 trillion. Addressing degradation requires improved management practices, education, investment, research, and information to establish the economic value of soils and ecosystem services.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the costs of action versus inaction for land degradation in the Azov district of Russia. It used the total economic value approach to estimate the value of ecosystem services for orchards and cropland. Based on surveys of ecosystem service coefficients from Russia and China, the total economic value of orchards was estimated to range from $1681 to $8004 per hectare, compared to $550 for cropland. Factoring in establishment and maintenance costs of restoring orchards, the cost of action over 20 years was estimated to be lower than the cost of inaction due to land degradation in all scenarios except when using market prices for orchards.
1. Agriculture in Germany has negatively impacted the environment, especially through water pollution from nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus and from pesticides. Nitrogen surpluses on farms have declined but remain an issue.
2. German and EU policies have aimed to reduce agriculture's impacts on soil and water through various policy tools, like taxes, subsidies, and regulations. Legislation sets standards for issues like manure spreading and animal densities.
3. Detection of pollutants in water has improved, finding issues that were previously unnoticed. Over a third of water samples had nitrate levels under recommended limits, but some areas had concentrations exceeding drinking water standards due to intensive agriculture.
This document analyzes 179 field studies from 37 countries that examined the relationship between soil erosion and agricultural productivity. It finds that soil erosion negatively impacts crop yields, but the severity of impact varies significantly depending on factors like crop type, location, soil type, and land management practices. Studies using measurements of past erosion generally found smaller yield losses per unit of soil loss than studies examining the effects of present erosion, possibly because present erosion studies also captured the effects of variable management practices. The analysis calculates absolute and relative yield losses for major crops in different regions and soil types to assess the global impact of erosion on productivity. It concludes that inappropriate land management can greatly amplify the effects of erosion on yields.
- Land degradation is a serious problem across Eastern Africa, with over 20% of land degraded in Kenya and Ethiopia, over 40% in Malawi, and over 50% in Tanzania according to NDVI decline measures. Major drivers of degradation include expansion of cropland and unsustainable agricultural practices.
- Adoption of sustainable land management practices is low, ranging from 68% of plots in Malawi to 85% in Ethiopia and Tanzania. Use of multiple practices is also limited.
- Logit, multivariate probit, and Poisson regression models find that factors like temperature, rainfall, elevation, soil type, household demographics, education, land tenure, extension access, and credit access influence adoption and intensity
This study analyzed land degradation of irrigated cropland in northern Uzbekistan using satellite remote sensing at multiple scales. At the regional scale, 23% (94,835 ha) of irrigated cropland showed degradation trends over time. Finer scale mapping using Landsat imagery found 18% (52,938 ha) of fields had decreased vegetation cover between 1998 and 2009, including 17% that became fallow. The results were 93% consistent between scales and can inform policies for rehabilitating degraded fields through sustainable land use practices. Further validation is needed to refine the approaches.
This document discusses key challenges in developing ecosystem accounts that integrate ecosystem services and capital into national accounts. It identifies four main challenges: 1) defining ecosystem services in an accounting context, 2) allocating services to institutional sectors, 3) treating ecosystem degradation and rehabilitation, and 4) valuing services consistently with national accounting principles. The document analyzes different perspectives on these challenges and proposes a consistent conceptual approach to address them, including recognizing that ecosystems are influenced by humans and recording some services as contributions by private landowners or a new "Ecosystems" sector.
1. 2. Оценка ущерба от загрязнения и деградации
Понятия «вред» и «ущерб» в большинстве случаев являются
равнозначными по своему смыслу, однако, термин «вред» является более
комплексным, чем «ущерб» и может выражаться не только в денежных
единицах, а, например, - в баллах (потери экологического качества
конкретных природных компонентов).
Существует два основныхспособаисчисления размеров ущерба/вреда,
нанесенного почвам и землям ("Порядок определения размеров ущерба от
загрязнения земель химическими веществами"):
1) исходя из затрат на проведение полного объема работ по очистке
загрязненных земель, восстановлению деградированных земель, изъятию
отходов с захламленных участков; в основном для определения данных
затрат используются специальныеэкономическиекомпьютерныепрограммы,
например, - SmetaWIZARD (версия 4.0);
2) в случае невозможности оценить указанные затраты, размеры
ущерба от загрязнения земель рассчитываются по формулам, учитывающим
площадь, глубину и степень загрязнения, деградации и захламления,
экономические характеристики исследуемого региона и специальные
земельные таксы, назначаемые нормативным путем.
Для определения ущерба/вреда от загрязнения и деградации почв и
земель, расположенных на территории Учебно-опытного почвенно-
экологического центра (УО ПЭЦ) МГУ имени М.В. Ломоносова
"Чашниково" использовались следующие методики:
1. «Порядок определения размеров ущерба от загрязнения земель
химическими веществами» (Утверждена Роскомземом 10 ноября 1993 г. и
Минприродой РФ 18 ноября 1993 г.).
2. «Методика определения размеров ущерба от деградации почв и
земель» (Утверждена приказом Роскомзема и Минприроды России от 17
июля 1994 г.).
3. «Методика исчисления размера вреда, причиненного почвам как
объекту охраны окружающей среды» (Утверждена приказом Минприроды
России от 8 июля 2010 № 238).
2. Рисунок 1 Обобщенная оценка ущерба от деградации земель по разным
методикам
Пример расчета ущерба от загрязнения почв сельхоз угодий
Московскойобласти:
