1)calcium(pH-dependent regulation of lysosomal calcium in macrophages)
Pulmonary macrophages are motile cells that respond to contact with suitable surfaces or
micron-sized objects by undergoing movements that lead to spreading and phagocytosis. There is
evidence that interactions of actin and other proteins in the cortical cytoplasm of macrophages
provide the motor power for these movements and that variations in free calcium concentrations
in the cortical cytoplasm of macrophages might control their directionality (1). If the plasma
membrane maintains a large electrochemical gradient of calcium between the extracellular
environment and the cytoplasm, a slight alteration of its activity could result in a considerable
variation of cytoplasmic free calcium concentrations. If contact of the external surface of the
plasma membrane with certain surfaces were somehow coupled to the calcium gradient-
maintaining activity of the membrane, the interaction could lead to changes in peripheral
cytoplasmic calcium levels. We have studied calcium transport across the macrophage plasma
membrane, using phagocytic vesicles. Phagocvtic vesicles arise from the internalization of
plasma membrane and thus constitute a system to study easily its inner surface. Furthermore,
when prepared from macrophages that have ingested oil droplets, they can be purified rapidly by
flotation with good yield and in an intact state (2). Using this approach, we have characterized a
high affinity MgATP-dependent calcium pump located in the inner side of the plasma membrane
2).the protein was translated using ribosomes inside the ER(
The endomembrane system (endo- = “within”) is a group of membranes and organelles in
eukaryotic cells that works together to modify, package, and transport lipids and proteins. It
includes a variety of organelles, such as the nuclear envelope and lysosomes, which you may
already know, and the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus, which we will cover shortly.
Although it\'s not technically inside the cell, the plasma membrane is also part of the
endomembrane system. As we\'ll see, the plasma membrane interacts with the other
endomembrane organelles, and it\'s the site where secreted proteins (like the pancreatic enzymes
in the intro) are exported. Important note: the endomembrane system does not include
mitochondria, chloroplasts, or peroxisomes.
Let\'s take a closer look at the different parts of the endomembrane system and how they
function in the shipping of proteins and lipids.
The endoplasmic reticulum
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) plays a key role in the modification of proteins and the
synthesis of lipids. It consists of a network of membranous tubules and flattened sacs. The discs
and tubules of the ER are hollow, and the space inside is called the lumen.
Rough ER
The rough endoplasmic reticulum (rough ER) gets its name from the bumpy ribosomes attached
to its cytoplasmic surface. As these ribosomes make proteins, they feed the newly formin.
This is the first one of a series of lectures about the "Cell". I am here introducing some basic principles about the cell structure, types, histology and biochemistry
This is the first one of a series of lectures about the "Cell". I am here introducing some basic principles about the cell structure, types, histology and biochemistry
The endoplasmic reticulum is a very important part of the eukaryotic cell. It is a network of membranes that performs different functions depending on its type and location. There are two types of endoplasmic reticulum: rough and smooth. The rough endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes attached to it, which are the sites of protein synthesis. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum does not have ribosomes, but it is involved in lipid synthesis, hormone production, and detoxification. The endoplasmic reticulum is connected to the nuclear membrane and the Golgi apparatus, and it helps transport proteins and lipids within the cell
Explain the “life” of a secreted protein molecule - trace the pathwa.pdfArrowdeepak
Explain the “life” of a secreted protein molecule - trace the pathway in a cell by which a secreted
protein, such as an antibody, would be produced in an animal cell, starting in the nucleus.
Solution
Cells secrete proteins for their own cytosol or for release into surrounding extracellular fluid.
These secretions may include various hormones, digestive enzymes, antibodies, mucus etc.
The transcription process (conversion of DNA to mRNA) occurs inside the nucleus. This newly
formed mRNA is translated into proteins in the cytosol at cellular structures called ribosomes.the
ribosome remains in the cytosol if the protein has to be used within the cell, whereas if it is
destined for secretion outside the cell, the signal sequence (first few amino acids) is synthesized
on the ribosome and then the ribosome docks at the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) for
completion of protein synthesis. Proteins enter and cross endoplasmic recticulum (ER)
membrane co-translationally (i.e., they cross ER during synthesis of polypeptide). In the lumen
of ER, proteins undergo glycosylation and molecular chaperones aid in the process of protein
folding. Misfolded proteins are retrotranslocated to the cytosol, where they are degraded by a
proteasome action.
The vesicles with correctly folded proteins then enter the golgi appratus where further
posttranslational modifications occur including cleavage and functionalization. When the protein
moves through the entire Golgi apparatus, it buds off as secretion vesicles. Now, with the help of
cell\'s cytoskeleton, it moves towards the edge of the cell and attaches itself to the membrane.
Eventually, vesicle fuses with the cell membrane releasing its contents out of the cell through
the process of exocytosis.
This secretion pathway is followed for all protein molecules including antibodies..
1.The Excavata includes taxa that are photosynthetic, parasitic, sym.pdfravikapoorindia
1.The Excavata includes taxa that are photosynthetic, parasitic, symbiotic and heterotrophic.
Many of the taxa lack mitochondria, and, therefore, seemed to conform to the requirements of an
archaic premitochondrial ancestor of all eukaryotes. This theory, called the Archezoa
Hypothesis, was created by Cavalier-Smith (1983). The former archezoa began to find homes in
interesting and unexpected places. Patterson (1999) and Simpson and Patterson (2001) defined a
striking structural similarity that many of the former archezoan taxa possessed, a feeding groove
called an excavate. The excavate was a groove that ran longitudinally on the cell surface and was
associated with at least one recurrent flagellum, which set up currents in the groove that served
to concentrate suspended particles and move them to a cytostome. Simpson (2003) identified
seven such groups that had such an excavate apparatus: the Core Jakobids, Malawimonas,
Trimastix, Carpediemonas, Retortomonads, Diplomonads, and the Heterolobosids
(amoeboflagellates). Many of the excavate taxa were mitochondriate and had clear affinities
with taxa that did not bear an excavate. So, by 2003 (Simpson 2003 and Cavalier-Smith 2003b)
at least 10 groups (we interpret it as 11 groups) had been identified as excavate taxa (see Table
1). Burki et al. (2008) and Hampl et al. (2009) confirmed the monophyly of the excavates by
phylogenomic analyses relative to members of the other supergroups. Furthermore, the excavates
appear to be a very deep-rooting group, equivalent to the unikonts (Opisthokonta), and the
bikonts (Chromalveolata + Rhizaria + Archaeplastida).
2.It is very difficult to discover drug against TB sice the bacteria which is mycobacterium is
thermostabile and made up of mycolic acid . An increasing evidence of multidrug resistance in
TB is the major problem in developing drug against TB. The mycobacterium is able to
accumulate drug and become resistant to these drug. This bacteria develop allernative
mechanism to become resistant to the drug.
Malaria
some antimalarials can only be used in certain areas of the world because parasites are resistant
to some drugs. For example, chloroquine can only be used to prevent Plasmodium falciparum in
regions of South America because Plasmodium falciparum is completely resistant to chloroquine
in Africa and Asia.
E. ameoba histoilica
Solution
1.The Excavata includes taxa that are photosynthetic, parasitic, symbiotic and heterotrophic.
Many of the taxa lack mitochondria, and, therefore, seemed to conform to the requirements of an
archaic premitochondrial ancestor of all eukaryotes. This theory, called the Archezoa
Hypothesis, was created by Cavalier-Smith (1983). The former archezoa began to find homes in
interesting and unexpected places. Patterson (1999) and Simpson and Patterson (2001) defined a
striking structural similarity that many of the former archezoan taxa possessed, a feeding groove
called an excavate. The excavate was a groove that ran longit.
1. According to morphological species concept focus on external phys.pdfravikapoorindia
1. According to morphological species concept focus on external physical characters such as
size, shape, color structure of the organism .
2. Biological species concept explains why the members of species are resemble to one another.
When two organisms are breeded their genes pass into their combined offspring.
3. Phylogenetic species concept defines a species as a group having a shared and unique
evolotionary history. The offsprings in the concept are parental pattern of ancestry and descent.
4. Unified species concept achieved by treating existing as separately and secondary species
criteria as different line of evidence.
5. From the above quenstion species XL and XXL are showing variation in their morphology and
their number of chromosome. The remaining species show variation in the colour of shell.
6. From the above infromation the correct answer is option \"e\" all the above.
Solution
1. According to morphological species concept focus on external physical characters such as
size, shape, color structure of the organism .
2. Biological species concept explains why the members of species are resemble to one another.
When two organisms are breeded their genes pass into their combined offspring.
3. Phylogenetic species concept defines a species as a group having a shared and unique
evolotionary history. The offsprings in the concept are parental pattern of ancestry and descent.
4. Unified species concept achieved by treating existing as separately and secondary species
criteria as different line of evidence.
5. From the above quenstion species XL and XXL are showing variation in their morphology and
their number of chromosome. The remaining species show variation in the colour of shell.
6. From the above infromation the correct answer is option \"e\" all the above..
More Related Content
Similar to 1)calcium(pH-dependent regulation of lysosomal calcium in macrophage.pdf
The endoplasmic reticulum is a very important part of the eukaryotic cell. It is a network of membranes that performs different functions depending on its type and location. There are two types of endoplasmic reticulum: rough and smooth. The rough endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes attached to it, which are the sites of protein synthesis. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum does not have ribosomes, but it is involved in lipid synthesis, hormone production, and detoxification. The endoplasmic reticulum is connected to the nuclear membrane and the Golgi apparatus, and it helps transport proteins and lipids within the cell
Explain the “life” of a secreted protein molecule - trace the pathwa.pdfArrowdeepak
Explain the “life” of a secreted protein molecule - trace the pathway in a cell by which a secreted
protein, such as an antibody, would be produced in an animal cell, starting in the nucleus.
Solution
Cells secrete proteins for their own cytosol or for release into surrounding extracellular fluid.
These secretions may include various hormones, digestive enzymes, antibodies, mucus etc.
The transcription process (conversion of DNA to mRNA) occurs inside the nucleus. This newly
formed mRNA is translated into proteins in the cytosol at cellular structures called ribosomes.the
ribosome remains in the cytosol if the protein has to be used within the cell, whereas if it is
destined for secretion outside the cell, the signal sequence (first few amino acids) is synthesized
on the ribosome and then the ribosome docks at the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) for
completion of protein synthesis. Proteins enter and cross endoplasmic recticulum (ER)
membrane co-translationally (i.e., they cross ER during synthesis of polypeptide). In the lumen
of ER, proteins undergo glycosylation and molecular chaperones aid in the process of protein
folding. Misfolded proteins are retrotranslocated to the cytosol, where they are degraded by a
proteasome action.
The vesicles with correctly folded proteins then enter the golgi appratus where further
posttranslational modifications occur including cleavage and functionalization. When the protein
moves through the entire Golgi apparatus, it buds off as secretion vesicles. Now, with the help of
cell\'s cytoskeleton, it moves towards the edge of the cell and attaches itself to the membrane.
Eventually, vesicle fuses with the cell membrane releasing its contents out of the cell through
the process of exocytosis.
This secretion pathway is followed for all protein molecules including antibodies..
1.The Excavata includes taxa that are photosynthetic, parasitic, sym.pdfravikapoorindia
1.The Excavata includes taxa that are photosynthetic, parasitic, symbiotic and heterotrophic.
Many of the taxa lack mitochondria, and, therefore, seemed to conform to the requirements of an
archaic premitochondrial ancestor of all eukaryotes. This theory, called the Archezoa
Hypothesis, was created by Cavalier-Smith (1983). The former archezoa began to find homes in
interesting and unexpected places. Patterson (1999) and Simpson and Patterson (2001) defined a
striking structural similarity that many of the former archezoan taxa possessed, a feeding groove
called an excavate. The excavate was a groove that ran longitudinally on the cell surface and was
associated with at least one recurrent flagellum, which set up currents in the groove that served
to concentrate suspended particles and move them to a cytostome. Simpson (2003) identified
seven such groups that had such an excavate apparatus: the Core Jakobids, Malawimonas,
Trimastix, Carpediemonas, Retortomonads, Diplomonads, and the Heterolobosids
(amoeboflagellates). Many of the excavate taxa were mitochondriate and had clear affinities
with taxa that did not bear an excavate. So, by 2003 (Simpson 2003 and Cavalier-Smith 2003b)
at least 10 groups (we interpret it as 11 groups) had been identified as excavate taxa (see Table
1). Burki et al. (2008) and Hampl et al. (2009) confirmed the monophyly of the excavates by
phylogenomic analyses relative to members of the other supergroups. Furthermore, the excavates
appear to be a very deep-rooting group, equivalent to the unikonts (Opisthokonta), and the
bikonts (Chromalveolata + Rhizaria + Archaeplastida).
2.It is very difficult to discover drug against TB sice the bacteria which is mycobacterium is
thermostabile and made up of mycolic acid . An increasing evidence of multidrug resistance in
TB is the major problem in developing drug against TB. The mycobacterium is able to
accumulate drug and become resistant to these drug. This bacteria develop allernative
mechanism to become resistant to the drug.
Malaria
some antimalarials can only be used in certain areas of the world because parasites are resistant
to some drugs. For example, chloroquine can only be used to prevent Plasmodium falciparum in
regions of South America because Plasmodium falciparum is completely resistant to chloroquine
in Africa and Asia.
E. ameoba histoilica
Solution
1.The Excavata includes taxa that are photosynthetic, parasitic, symbiotic and heterotrophic.
Many of the taxa lack mitochondria, and, therefore, seemed to conform to the requirements of an
archaic premitochondrial ancestor of all eukaryotes. This theory, called the Archezoa
Hypothesis, was created by Cavalier-Smith (1983). The former archezoa began to find homes in
interesting and unexpected places. Patterson (1999) and Simpson and Patterson (2001) defined a
striking structural similarity that many of the former archezoan taxa possessed, a feeding groove
called an excavate. The excavate was a groove that ran longit.
1. According to morphological species concept focus on external phys.pdfravikapoorindia
1. According to morphological species concept focus on external physical characters such as
size, shape, color structure of the organism .
2. Biological species concept explains why the members of species are resemble to one another.
When two organisms are breeded their genes pass into their combined offspring.
3. Phylogenetic species concept defines a species as a group having a shared and unique
evolotionary history. The offsprings in the concept are parental pattern of ancestry and descent.
4. Unified species concept achieved by treating existing as separately and secondary species
criteria as different line of evidence.
5. From the above quenstion species XL and XXL are showing variation in their morphology and
their number of chromosome. The remaining species show variation in the colour of shell.
6. From the above infromation the correct answer is option \"e\" all the above.
Solution
1. According to morphological species concept focus on external physical characters such as
size, shape, color structure of the organism .
2. Biological species concept explains why the members of species are resemble to one another.
When two organisms are breeded their genes pass into their combined offspring.
3. Phylogenetic species concept defines a species as a group having a shared and unique
evolotionary history. The offsprings in the concept are parental pattern of ancestry and descent.
4. Unified species concept achieved by treating existing as separately and secondary species
criteria as different line of evidence.
5. From the above quenstion species XL and XXL are showing variation in their morphology and
their number of chromosome. The remaining species show variation in the colour of shell.
6. From the above infromation the correct answer is option \"e\" all the above..
Viral genomes may be circular, as in the polyomaviruses, or linear, .pdfravikapoorindia
Viral genomes may be circular, as in the polyomaviruses, or linear, as in the adenoviruses. A
virus has either a DNA or an RNA genome and is called a DNA virus or an RNA . Plant viruses
mostly have single-stranded RNA genomes (exception retrovirus) and bacteriophages mostly
tend to have double-stranded DNA genomes
Solution
Viral genomes may be circular, as in the polyomaviruses, or linear, as in the adenoviruses. A
virus has either a DNA or an RNA genome and is called a DNA virus or an RNA . Plant viruses
mostly have single-stranded RNA genomes (exception retrovirus) and bacteriophages mostly
tend to have double-stranded DNA genomes.
This is an example of a Lewis Acid. The CO2 acts like an acid becaus.pdfravikapoorindia
This is an example of a Lewis Acid. The CO2 acts like an acid because it is an electron pair
acceptor (a lewis base is an electron pair donor).
Solution
This is an example of a Lewis Acid. The CO2 acts like an acid because it is an electron pair
acceptor (a lewis base is an electron pair donor)..
The Vestibular System, which is a contributed to our balance system .pdfravikapoorindia
The Vestibular System, which is a contributed to our balance system and our sense of spatial
orientation, is the sensory system that provides the dominant input about movement and
equilibrioception. Vestibular sense provides information related to movement and head
position.The vestibular system includes the part of the inner ear and brain that help control
balance and eye movements. If the system is damaged dy disease, aging,or injury, vestibular
disorders can result, and are often associated with one or more of these systoms, among others:
Vertigo and dizziness
Imbalance and spatial disorientation
Vision disturbance
Hearing changes
Cognitive and / or psychological change
Other symptoms
The type and severity of vestibular disorder can vary considerably, and be frightening and
difficult to describe. People affacted by vestibular disorders may be perceived as inattentive,
overly, anxious, or seeking attention.
The following is a list of systems that have been reported by people with vestibular disorders.
VERTIGO AND DIZZINESS
Spinning or whirling sensation; a feeling the person or world moving when it is not (vertigo)
Symptoms can be present while sitting still, in specific positions, or with movement
Lightheaded, floating, or rocking sensation (dizziness)
BALANCE AND SPATIAL ORIENTATION
Imbalance, stumbling, difficulty walking straight or when turning
Clumsiness or difficulty with coordination
Difficulty maintaining straight posture; head may be tilted to the side
Sessitivity to change in walking surface or footwear
Muscle and joint pain
VISION
Trouble focusing or tracking objects with the eyes; objects or words on a page seem to bounce,
jump,float, or blur or may appear doubled
Discomfort from busy visual environments such as traffic,crowds, stores, and patterns
Sensitivity to light,glare,moving or flickering light;fluorescent lights may be especially
troublesome
Sensitivity to certain type of computer monitors and digital televisions
Tendencyto focus on nearby objects; increased discomfort when focusing at a distance
Increased night blindness; difficlty walking in the dark
Poor depth perception
HEARING CHANGES
Hearing loss; distorted or fluctuating hearing
Tinnitus
Sensitivity to loud noises or environments
Sudden loud sound may increase symptoms of vertigo, dizziness, or imbalance
COGNITIVE
Difficulty concentration and paying attention; easily distracted
Forgetfulness and short- term memory lapses
Confusion, disorientation,difficulty comperhending direction or instructions
PSYCHOLOGICAL
Loss of self-reliance, self-confidence, self-esteem
Anxiety, panic, social isolation
Depression
The VESTIBULAR SYSTEM is a collection of structures in your inner ear that provides you
with your sense of balance and an awareness of your spatial orientation, meaning a sense of
whether you ear right-side up or up- side down. Your brain then integates that information with
other sensory information from your body to coordinate smooth and well- timed body
moveme.
The inherent risk for an assertion about a derivative is its suscept.pdfravikapoorindia
The inherent risk for an assertion about a derivative is its susceptibility to a material
misstatement, assuming there are no related controls. Examples of considerations that might
affect the investor\'s assessment of inherent risk for assertions about a derivative or security
include the following.
Auditing Standard No. 12, Identifying and Assessing Risks of Material Misstatement, requires
the auditor or investor to obtain an understanding of internal control that will enable the auditor
to—
Solution
The inherent risk for an assertion about a derivative is its susceptibility to a material
misstatement, assuming there are no related controls. Examples of considerations that might
affect the investor\'s assessment of inherent risk for assertions about a derivative or security
include the following.
Auditing Standard No. 12, Identifying and Assessing Risks of Material Misstatement, requires
the auditor or investor to obtain an understanding of internal control that will enable the auditor
to—.
1 D2 the decrease in entropy of the system is offset by an incr.pdfravikapoorindia
1: D
2: the decrease in entropy of the system is offset by an increase in the entropy of the
surroundings caused by the release of heat from the system to the surroundings
Solution
1: D
2: the decrease in entropy of the system is offset by an increase in the entropy of the
surroundings caused by the release of heat from the system to the surroundings.
ReversePoem.java ---------------------------------- public cl.pdfravikapoorindia
ReversePoem.java :-
---------------------------------
public class ReversePoem {
/*This programs has you display a pessimistic poem from a list of phrases*/
// and then reverse the phrases to find another more optimistic poem.
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception
{
//Queue object
MyQueue queue = new MyQueue<>();
//Stack object
MyStack stack = new MyStack<>();
//String buffer to apppend all Strings
StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer();
// Create a single String object from the 16 Strings below
String set1 = \"I am part of a lost generation#and I refuse to believe that#\";
sb.append(set1);
String set2 = \"I can change the world#I realize this may be a shock but#\";
sb.append(set2);
String set3 = \"\'Happiness comes from within\'#is a lie, and#\";
sb.append(set3);
String set4 = \"\'Money will make me happy\'#So in 30 years I will tell my children#\";
sb.append(set4);
String set5 = \"they are not the most important thing in my life#\";
sb.append(set5);
String set6 = \"My employer will know that#I have my priorities straight because#\";
sb.append(set6);
String set7 = \"work#is more important than#family#I tell you this#\";
sb.append(set7);
String set8 = \"Once upon a time#Families stayed together#\";
sb.append(set8);
String set9 = \"but this will not be true in my era#\";
sb.append(set9);
String set10 = \"This is a quick fix society#Experts tell me#\";
sb.append(set10);
String set11 = \"30 years from now, I will be celebrating the 10th anniversary of my
divorce#\";
sb.append(set11);
String set12 = \"I do not concede that#I will live in a country of my own making#\";
sb.append(set12);
String set13 = \"In the future#Environmental destruction will be the norm#\";
sb.append(set13);
String set14 = \"No longer can it be said that#My peers and I care about this earth#\";
sb.append(set14);
String set15 = \"It will be evident that#My generation is apathetic and lethargic#\";
sb.append(set15);
String set16 = \"It is foolish to presume that#There is hope#\";
sb.append(set16);
String finalString = sb.toString();
String itmes[] = finalString.split(\"#\");
System.out.println(\"========== Original Phrase ==============\");
for(int i = 0 ; i < itmes.length;i++){
queue.enqueue(itmes[i]);
System.out.println(itmes[i]);
}
for(int i = 0 ; i < itmes.length;i++){
stack.push(queue.dequeue());
}
System.out.println(\"========== Reverse Phrase ==============\");
for(int i = 0 ; i < itmes.length;i++){
System.out.println(stack.pop());
}
/* You are given a list of phrases in Strings; the phrases
are separated by pound signs: \'#\':
1. Create a single String object from this list.
2. Then, split the String of phrases into an array of
phrases using the String split method.
3. Display a poem by walking through the array and
displaying each phrase one per line.
4. And, at the same time, place each phrase on a
MyQueue object using only the enqueue method.
5. After all the phrases have been placed on the queue,
transfer the phrases from the MyQueue object to a
MyS.
Miller is US based investor and co-founder and current chairman of U.pdfravikapoorindia
Miller is US based investor and co-founder and current chairman of US investment group Legg
Mason Capital Management. Miller always pick stock based of multiple valuation such as high
P/E and low P/E, high price-to-book and low-price-to-book. So, he does not Pick stocks based on
their fundamentals, such as high intrinsic-value stocks.
So, option (D) is not part of Miller’s investment style
Solution
Miller is US based investor and co-founder and current chairman of US investment group Legg
Mason Capital Management. Miller always pick stock based of multiple valuation such as high
P/E and low P/E, high price-to-book and low-price-to-book. So, he does not Pick stocks based on
their fundamentals, such as high intrinsic-value stocks.
So, option (D) is not part of Miller’s investment style.
Marijuana plant belongs to the genus Cannabis. It is native to the C.pdfravikapoorindia
Marijuana plant belongs to the genus Cannabis. It is native to the Caucasus region of eastern
Europe, India, and Iran. In these regions, the plants were cultivated from ancient times. The plant
grows in open and disturbed habitats in wild. The plant grows best in mild climatic conditions.
Cannabis plants are dioecious. There are 3 species identified, all of which can hybridize with
each other. The plant is an annual herb. It is small that grows to 2 to 5 meters, usually erect, with
variable stems.
Stem: Resinous pubescence, angular, hollow
Leaves: basal, alternate, stipulate, long petiolate, and palmate. They are rarely single, lanceolate,
serrate. Leaves are 10 cm long to 1.5 cm broad.
Flowers: Monoecious or dioecious. Male flowers located in the axillae, with terminal panicles,
apetalous, contain 5 petals and 5 poricidal stamens
Female flowers: germinate in the axils and terminally, contain 1-ovulate ovary
Fruit: brown fruit with shining achene, plain, tightly embracing the seed, fleshy endosperm and
curved embryo.
Habitat: Native to central and south Asia, Europe, and China. Plants adapt to soil and climatic
conditions easily. Mild climatic conditions and moderate to minimum annual rainfall required.
Can grow in fertile, neutral, slightly alkaline, well-drained silt or clay loams. The plants do not
grow on acid, sandy soils.
Propagation: Through seeds. Seeds are stored in cool and dry palce where they remain viable for
about 3 years. Seeds germinate well if sown before early spring, that is, around March. Seeds
germinate at low temperatures when moisture is abundant.
Plants are ready for harvest in 4 – 6 months after planting, and depends on the variety cultivated.
Male plants turn yellow and die whereas female plants survive until the seed ripens. Therefore,
male plants can be harvested earlier than female plants. Seeds are harvested from female plants
when the seeds fall off when the stem is shaken.
Solution
Marijuana plant belongs to the genus Cannabis. It is native to the Caucasus region of eastern
Europe, India, and Iran. In these regions, the plants were cultivated from ancient times. The plant
grows in open and disturbed habitats in wild. The plant grows best in mild climatic conditions.
Cannabis plants are dioecious. There are 3 species identified, all of which can hybridize with
each other. The plant is an annual herb. It is small that grows to 2 to 5 meters, usually erect, with
variable stems.
Stem: Resinous pubescence, angular, hollow
Leaves: basal, alternate, stipulate, long petiolate, and palmate. They are rarely single, lanceolate,
serrate. Leaves are 10 cm long to 1.5 cm broad.
Flowers: Monoecious or dioecious. Male flowers located in the axillae, with terminal panicles,
apetalous, contain 5 petals and 5 poricidal stamens
Female flowers: germinate in the axils and terminally, contain 1-ovulate ovary
Fruit: brown fruit with shining achene, plain, tightly embracing the seed, fleshy endosperm and
curved embryo.
Habitat: Native .
InheritenceJava supports inheritance and thus, variables and metho.pdfravikapoorindia
Inheritence
Java supports inheritance and thus, variables and methods of the superclass are inherited and can
be used by the subclass. but the private members of the superclass that cannot be accessed
directly from the subclass.
inheritenceexample.java
class Animal {//super class
public Animal() {
System.out.println(\"A new animal has been created!\");
}
public void eat() {//super class methods eat and moves
System.out.println(\"An animal eats...\");
}
public void moves() {
System.out.println(\"An animal movess...\");
}
}
class Cow extends Animal {//Cow subclass
public Cow() {
super();//used to invoke super class constructer
System.out.println(\"A new cow has been created!\");
}
@Override
public void eat() {
System.out.println(\"A Cow eats...\");
}
@Override
public void moves() {
System.out.println(\"A Cow movess...\");
}
}
class Dog extends Animal {//sub class Dog
public Dog() {
super();
System.out.println(\"A new dog has been created!\");
}
@Override
public void eat() {
System.out.println(\"A dog eats...\");
}
@Override
public void moves() {
System.out.println(\"A dog movess...\");
}
}
public class inhertenceexample {//main class
public static void main(String[] args) {
Animal animal = new Animal();
Cow Cow = new Cow();
Dog dog = new Dog();
System.out.println();
animal.eat();
animal.moves();
Cow.eat();
Cow.moves();
dog.eat();
dog.moves();
}
}
output
A new animal has been created!
A new animal has been created!
A new cow has been created!
A new animal has been created!
A new dog has been created!
An animal eats...
An animal movess...
A Cow eats...
A Cow movess...
A dog eats...
A dog movess...
method overloading and method overiding
same multiple method\'s with different arguments is known as method overloading
There are two ways to overload the method in java
By changing number of arguments
By changing the data type
method overloading example
calculationresult.java
class Calculationresult{
void mul(int a,int b){System.out.println(a*b);}
void mul(int a,int b,int c){System.out.println(a*b*c);}
public static void main(String args[]){
Calculationresult obj=new Calculationresult();
obj.mul(10,10,10);
obj.mul(20,20);
}
}
output
1000
400
method overiding
If subclass has the same method as declared in the parent class, it is known as method overriding
in java.
car.java
class Vehicle{
void run(){System.out.println(\"Vehicle is running\");}
}
class car extends Vehicle{
void run(){System.out.println(\"car is running safely\");}
public static void main(String args[]){
car obj = new car();
obj.run();
}}
output
car is running safely
Solution
Inheritence
Java supports inheritance and thus, variables and methods of the superclass are inherited and can
be used by the subclass. but the private members of the superclass that cannot be accessed
directly from the subclass.
inheritenceexample.java
class Animal {//super class
public Animal() {
System.out.println(\"A new animal has been created!\");
}
public void eat() {//super class methods eat and moves
System.ou.
It is the temporal lobe of cerebrum. It is situated beneath the late.pdfravikapoorindia
It is the temporal lobe of cerebrum. It is situated beneath the lateral fissure of brain. This part of
brain is directly influence on language comprehension, visual memory, and emotion association.
Solution
It is the temporal lobe of cerebrum. It is situated beneath the lateral fissure of brain. This part of
brain is directly influence on language comprehension, visual memory, and emotion association..
In cat,The ductus deferens also called the vas deferens leaves the t.pdfravikapoorindia
In cat,The ductus deferens also called the vas deferens leaves the tail of the epididymis along
with the testicular vessels and nerves, enters the spermatic cord.
The spermatic cord enters the abdominal cavity, it contains the ductus deferens, blood vessels
and nerves.
The site of passage through the body wall is known as the inguinal canal.
The ductus deferens of the opposite sides then converge and soon enter the urethra, which leads
to the penis.
Various accessory glands, which secrete the seminal fluid, are associated with the ends of the
ductus deferens and adjacent part of the urethra.
In the cat, a small prostate gland surrounds the point of entrance of the two ductus deferens and
the adjacent urethra.
At the caudal end of the pelvic canal, a pair of Cowper´s glands enter the urethral canal, but the
male cat does not have a seminal vesicle as does the human male.
In human , From the epididymis, the ductus deferens ascends posterior to the testes and enters
the spermatic cord that connects the testes to the rest of the body.
It continues with the spermatic cord,and entering the pelvic body cavity at the inguinal canal.
Between the ureters and the prostate, the ductus deferens expands its diameter considerably in a
region known as the ampulla before narrowing and joining with the seminal vesicles at the
ejaculatory duct inside the prostate.
The seminal vesicles are a pair of glands that are positioned below the urinary bladder and lateral
to the vas deferens. Each vesicle consists of a single tube folded and coiled on itself, with
occasional diverticula in its wall.
The excretory duct of each seminal gland unites with the corresponding vas deferens to form the
two ejaculatory ducts, which immediately pass through the substance of the prostate gland.
The seminal vesicles secrete a significant proportion of the fluid that ultimately becomes semen.
The vesicle produces a substance that causes the semen to become sticky and jelly-like after
ejaculation.
The thick secretions from the seminal vesicle contain proteins, enzymes, fructose, mucus,
vitamin, phosphorylcholine and prostaglandins.
Solution
In cat,The ductus deferens also called the vas deferens leaves the tail of the epididymis along
with the testicular vessels and nerves, enters the spermatic cord.
The spermatic cord enters the abdominal cavity, it contains the ductus deferens, blood vessels
and nerves.
The site of passage through the body wall is known as the inguinal canal.
The ductus deferens of the opposite sides then converge and soon enter the urethra, which leads
to the penis.
Various accessory glands, which secrete the seminal fluid, are associated with the ends of the
ductus deferens and adjacent part of the urethra.
In the cat, a small prostate gland surrounds the point of entrance of the two ductus deferens and
the adjacent urethra.
At the caudal end of the pelvic canal, a pair of Cowper´s glands enter the urethral canal, but the
male cat does not have a seminal vesicle as.
//*********************************************************
// VowelCount.java
//
// This program counts the number of vowels in a string
//*********************************************************
import java.util.Scanner;
public class VowelCount {
public static void main(String[] args) {
/*
* declare variables to store the number of each type of vowel
*/
int countA = 0, countE = 0, countI = 0, countO = 0, countU = 0;
Scanner scan = new Scanner(System.in);
// Get the string from the user (prompt and input)
System.out.println(\"Enter a string of characters:\");
String str = scan.nextLine();
// format for this part:
for (int i = 0; i < str.length(); i++) {
switch (str.charAt(i)) {
case \'a\':
case \'A\':
countA++;
break;
case \'e\':
case \'E\':
countE++;
break;
case \'i\':
case \'I\':
countI++;
break;
case \'o\':
case \'O\':
countO++;
break;
case \'u\':
case \'U\':
countU++;
break;
default:
break;
}
}
/*
* Remember: 1) condition should use method for getting string length 2)
* exp (in switch) should use method for returning a character
*/
// Output results
System.out.println(\"Number of each vowel in the string:\ a: \" + countA
+ \"\ e: \" + countE + \"\ i: \" + countI + \"\ o: \" + countO
+ \"\ u: \" + countU);
}
}
OUTPUT:
Enter a string of characters:
Hello! I am Finn from the land of Ooo.
Number of each vowel in the string:
a: 2
e: 2
i: 2
o: 6
u: 0
Solution
//*********************************************************
// VowelCount.java
//
// This program counts the number of vowels in a string
//*********************************************************
import java.util.Scanner;
public class VowelCount {
public static void main(String[] args) {
/*
* declare variables to store the number of each type of vowel
*/
int countA = 0, countE = 0, countI = 0, countO = 0, countU = 0;
Scanner scan = new Scanner(System.in);
// Get the string from the user (prompt and input)
System.out.println(\"Enter a string of characters:\");
String str = scan.nextLine();
// format for this part:
for (int i = 0; i < str.length(); i++) {
switch (str.charAt(i)) {
case \'a\':
case \'A\':
countA++;
break;
case \'e\':
case \'E\':
countE++;
break;
case \'i\':
case \'I\':
countI++;
break;
case \'o\':
case \'O\':
countO++;
break;
case \'u\':
case \'U\':
countU++;
break;
default:
break;
}
}
/*
* Remember: 1) condition should use method for getting string length 2)
* exp (in switch) should use method for returning a character
*/
// Output results
System.out.println(\"Number of each vowel in the string:\ a: \" + countA
+ \"\ e: \" + countE + \"\ i: \" + countI + \"\ o: \" + countO
+ \"\ u: \" + countU);
}
}
OUTPUT:
Enter a string of characters:
Hello! I am Finn from the land of Ooo.
Number of each vowel in the string:
a: 2
e: 2
i: 2
o: 6
u: 0.
Lithium has 3 electrons. Since an s orbital only .pdfravikapoorindia
Lithium has 3 electrons. Since an s orbital only holds two, we need both 1 s and 2 s
orbitals: Li: 1s2, 2s1
Solution
Lithium has 3 electrons. Since an s orbital only holds two, we need both 1 s and 2 s
orbitals: Li: 1s2, 2s1.
IO3- only exhibitsresonance ,since the lone pairs.pdfravikapoorindia
IO3- only exhibitsresonance ,since the lone pairs present on the Oxygen atoms
willlocalised.
Solution
IO3- only exhibitsresonance ,since the lone pairs present on the Oxygen atoms
willlocalised..
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
1)calcium(pH-dependent regulation of lysosomal calcium in macrophage.pdf
1. 1)calcium(pH-dependent regulation of lysosomal calcium in macrophages)
Pulmonary macrophages are motile cells that respond to contact with suitable surfaces or
micron-sized objects by undergoing movements that lead to spreading and phagocytosis. There is
evidence that interactions of actin and other proteins in the cortical cytoplasm of macrophages
provide the motor power for these movements and that variations in free calcium concentrations
in the cortical cytoplasm of macrophages might control their directionality (1). If the plasma
membrane maintains a large electrochemical gradient of calcium between the extracellular
environment and the cytoplasm, a slight alteration of its activity could result in a considerable
variation of cytoplasmic free calcium concentrations. If contact of the external surface of the
plasma membrane with certain surfaces were somehow coupled to the calcium gradient-
maintaining activity of the membrane, the interaction could lead to changes in peripheral
cytoplasmic calcium levels. We have studied calcium transport across the macrophage plasma
membrane, using phagocytic vesicles. Phagocvtic vesicles arise from the internalization of
plasma membrane and thus constitute a system to study easily its inner surface. Furthermore,
when prepared from macrophages that have ingested oil droplets, they can be purified rapidly by
flotation with good yield and in an intact state (2). Using this approach, we have characterized a
high affinity MgATP-dependent calcium pump located in the inner side of the plasma membrane
2).the protein was translated using ribosomes inside the ER(
The endomembrane system (endo- = “within”) is a group of membranes and organelles in
eukaryotic cells that works together to modify, package, and transport lipids and proteins. It
includes a variety of organelles, such as the nuclear envelope and lysosomes, which you may
already know, and the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus, which we will cover shortly.
Although it's not technically inside the cell, the plasma membrane is also part of the
endomembrane system. As we'll see, the plasma membrane interacts with the other
endomembrane organelles, and it's the site where secreted proteins (like the pancreatic enzymes
in the intro) are exported. Important note: the endomembrane system does not include
mitochondria, chloroplasts, or peroxisomes.
Let's take a closer look at the different parts of the endomembrane system and how they
function in the shipping of proteins and lipids.
The endoplasmic reticulum
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) plays a key role in the modification of proteins and the
synthesis of lipids. It consists of a network of membranous tubules and flattened sacs. The discs
and tubules of the ER are hollow, and the space inside is called the lumen.
Rough ER
The rough endoplasmic reticulum (rough ER) gets its name from the bumpy ribosomes attached
2. to its cytoplasmic surface. As these ribosomes make proteins, they feed the newly forming
protein chains into the lumen. Some are transferred fully into the ER and float inside, while
others are anchored in the membrane.
Inside the ER, the proteins fold and undergo modifications, such as the addition of carbohydrate
side chains. These modified proteins will be incorporated into cellular membranes—the
membrane of the ER or those of other organelles—or secreted from the cell.
If the modified proteins are not destined to stay in the ER, they will be packaged into vesicles, or
small spheres of membrane that are used for transport, and shipped to the Golgi apparatus. The
rough ER also makes phospholipids for other cellular membranes, which are transported when
the vesicle forms.
Solution
1)calcium(pH-dependent regulation of lysosomal calcium in macrophages)
Pulmonary macrophages are motile cells that respond to contact with suitable surfaces or
micron-sized objects by undergoing movements that lead to spreading and phagocytosis. There is
evidence that interactions of actin and other proteins in the cortical cytoplasm of macrophages
provide the motor power for these movements and that variations in free calcium concentrations
in the cortical cytoplasm of macrophages might control their directionality (1). If the plasma
membrane maintains a large electrochemical gradient of calcium between the extracellular
environment and the cytoplasm, a slight alteration of its activity could result in a considerable
variation of cytoplasmic free calcium concentrations. If contact of the external surface of the
plasma membrane with certain surfaces were somehow coupled to the calcium gradient-
maintaining activity of the membrane, the interaction could lead to changes in peripheral
cytoplasmic calcium levels. We have studied calcium transport across the macrophage plasma
membrane, using phagocytic vesicles. Phagocvtic vesicles arise from the internalization of
plasma membrane and thus constitute a system to study easily its inner surface. Furthermore,
when prepared from macrophages that have ingested oil droplets, they can be purified rapidly by
flotation with good yield and in an intact state (2). Using this approach, we have characterized a
high affinity MgATP-dependent calcium pump located in the inner side of the plasma membrane
2).the protein was translated using ribosomes inside the ER(
The endomembrane system (endo- = “within”) is a group of membranes and organelles in
eukaryotic cells that works together to modify, package, and transport lipids and proteins. It
includes a variety of organelles, such as the nuclear envelope and lysosomes, which you may
already know, and the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus, which we will cover shortly.
Although it's not technically inside the cell, the plasma membrane is also part of the
3. endomembrane system. As we'll see, the plasma membrane interacts with the other
endomembrane organelles, and it's the site where secreted proteins (like the pancreatic enzymes
in the intro) are exported. Important note: the endomembrane system does not include
mitochondria, chloroplasts, or peroxisomes.
Let's take a closer look at the different parts of the endomembrane system and how they
function in the shipping of proteins and lipids.
The endoplasmic reticulum
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) plays a key role in the modification of proteins and the
synthesis of lipids. It consists of a network of membranous tubules and flattened sacs. The discs
and tubules of the ER are hollow, and the space inside is called the lumen.
Rough ER
The rough endoplasmic reticulum (rough ER) gets its name from the bumpy ribosomes attached
to its cytoplasmic surface. As these ribosomes make proteins, they feed the newly forming
protein chains into the lumen. Some are transferred fully into the ER and float inside, while
others are anchored in the membrane.
Inside the ER, the proteins fold and undergo modifications, such as the addition of carbohydrate
side chains. These modified proteins will be incorporated into cellular membranes—the
membrane of the ER or those of other organelles—or secreted from the cell.
If the modified proteins are not destined to stay in the ER, they will be packaged into vesicles, or
small spheres of membrane that are used for transport, and shipped to the Golgi apparatus. The
rough ER also makes phospholipids for other cellular membranes, which are transported when
the vesicle forms.
