This document provides an introduction to AI for robotics. It discusses how automation uses control systems to operate equipment with minimal human intervention. It then reviews some early examples of automated machines from ancient Greece and Japan. The document defines a robot as a reprogrammable, multi-functional machine that can perform tasks through programmed motions. It describes the key components of robots including control, actuators, mechanisms, sensors and motion planning. The document also discusses how AI helps develop intelligent machines and systems that can exhibit increasingly human-like behavior.

1. AI for Robotics
Introduction
AI for Robotics
Introduction
DR. ABHISHEK SARKAR
MECHANICAL ENGG.
BITS-PILANI, HYDERABAD

2. Automation
• Automation or automatic control is the use of
various control systems for operating equipment
with minimal or reduced human intervention.
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Hard/Fixed
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Soft/Programmable
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Flexible
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3. Herons Automata in
Ancient Greece (150 BC)
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Link

4. Karakuri Doll - Japan
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Link

5. Maillardet's Writing Doll
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Link

6. Robotics
• What is Robot?
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...
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7. What is Robot?
• as
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8. What is Robot?
• Origin of the word robot in 1923
— Translation of Czech play R. U.
R. (Rossum’s Universal Robot,
1921) by Karel Capek (Capek,
1975).
• Czech word ‘robota’ meaning slave
labour!
• Designed to replace human beings,
and depicted as very efficient and
lacking emotion!
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9. What is Robot?
• Physically a Robot is an electro-mechanical machine with sensors,
electronics and guided by computers.
• Key concept is re-programmable and the extent of programming
— Distinguishes a robot from CNC machine tools.
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Mechanical Electronics
Computer
Programming

10. What is Robot?
• C: Control (Kinematics, dynamics, control)
• A: Actuators (Motors, drives, servos, and transmissions)
• M : Mechanisms (Synthesis and design)
• S: Sensors (Signal processing, estimation, data fusion)
• F: Feedforward (Motion planning and generation)
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11. What is Robot?
• No clear definition of a “robot”!
• The Robot Institute of America (1969) defines robot as “.... a re-
programmable, multi-functional manipulator designed to move
materials, parts, tools or specialized devices through various
programmed motions for the performance of a variety of tasks”.
• Currently the term “robots” are used more broadly as an
“intelligent agent, physical or virtual, capable of doing a task
autonomously or with guidance”.
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12. How Can a Machine Be Intelligent?
• AI helps develop intelligent machines,
computers, and hardware that starts from a
simple system to even human-like behaviour.
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13. How Can a Machine Be Intelligent?
• “AI is the attempt to get the computer to do things that, for the
moment, people are better at.”
• The Emperor’s New Mind: “Nevertheless, it would be fair to say
that, although many clever things have indeed been done, the
simulation of anything that could pass for genuine intelligence is
yet a long way off.”
• Engineers often dismiss AI as wild speculation. As a result of such
vehement criticisms, many researchers often label their work as
“intelligent systems” or "knowledge-based systems”
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14. Deterministic System
• A deterministic system is a conceptual model, based on the
physical outcomes of causality.
• In a deterministic system, every action, or cause, produces a
reaction, or effect, and every reaction, in turn, becomes the cause
of subsequent reactions.
• Deterministic system is a system in which no randomness is
involved in the development of future states of the system.
• A deterministic model will thus always produce the same output
from a given starting condition or initial state.
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15. The World
• We have tried to understand how we think, perceive, understand,
predict.
• We are leaving the world of deterministic behaviors behind!
• When we call a system deterministic, we mean that for a set of
inputs, the system will always produce the same output.
• If faced with the same situation, such as encountering an obstacle,
then the robot will always do the same thing, such as go around
the obstacle to the left.
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16. Indian Traffic
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17. Levels of Driving Automation
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18. Lane Detection
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19. Indian Traffic
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