This document discusses the causes of the 1973 Arab-Israeli War. It examines both general long-term causes like religious beliefs over land claims and short-term causes like the outcome of the 1967 Six-Day War. Key long-term causes included the Jewish belief in their right to Israel as their homeland, Arab opposition to a Jewish state being imposed in their region, and the failure of regional leaders and international powers to broker a lasting peace agreement. Short-term causes included Egypt and Syria's desire for revenge after their humiliating defeat in 1967, Israel's failure to appreciate how the balance of power had shifted, and ongoing border tensions between the wars. The document provides historical context on the religious and political roots of the conflict dating back
Americas second crusade-william_henry_chamberlain-1950-379pgs-pol-usaRareBooksnRecords
This chapter discusses America's entry into World War I as a "crusade" to promote righteousness. Initially, President Wilson and many Americans wanted to remain neutral in the war between European powers. Germany's unrestricted submarine warfare against passenger ships, culminating in the sinking of the Lusitania in 1915, increased pressure on the US to join the Allies. Wilson unsuccessfully tried to mediate a peace agreement. As the war continued with enormous costs, the prospects for negotiated peace faded. Germany was initially militarily successful but faced dwindling resources due to the Allied blockade. The US eventually entered the war in 1917 after Germany resumed unrestricted submarine warfare.
Woodrow Wilson reluctantly led the US into World War I after Germany declared unrestricted submarine warfare. Wilson maintained neutrality for as long as possible but Germany's actions, such as sinking American ships, forced his hand. He mobilized the nation for war through the Committee on Public Information, led by George Creel, which effectively rallied public support. Wilson outlined his vision for a just postwar peace in his Fourteen Points address to Congress in 1918.
The document is a newspaper article that discusses a photograph the author's sister sent him of his father from World War II. It includes the following key details:
1) The photograph shows the author's father as a member of the 336th Royal Hellenic Fighter Squadron in North Africa in 1943.
2) The author's father had a difficult journey during the war, as he was initially captured by Germans after Greece was invaded, but later escaped and joined the British air force to fight against the Axis powers.
3) After the war, the author's father continued fighting in Greece's civil wars, and was shot down and severely injured in 1949 while battling Communist forces, but survived due to a British
The document provides context around key events and developments in the American Revolutionary War from 1775 to 1781. It describes how the Second Continental Congress met in 1775 and drafted appeals to Britain while also raising an army and navy. It then discusses several major battles such as Bunker Hill, Saratoga, and Yorktown, as well as the roles of key figures like Washington, Burgoyne, Cornwallis, and the Marquis de Lafayette. France's entry into the war in 1778 as an American ally helped tip the balance against Britain, leading to the British surrender at Yorktown in 1781 and the start of peace negotiations.
The document analyzes the 1967 Six Day War between Israel and Egypt through the lens of the "Conflict Narrative Hypothesis". This hypothesis posits that for war to occur, both sides must have a narrative of their own superiority, the other side's inferiority, and a call to patriotic action. The document finds evidence that these narratives existed in both Israel and Egypt prior to the war. In Egypt, a political rally featured speeches proclaiming superiority over Israel and calling for war, as well as visual propaganda depicting an Egyptian soldier dominating Israel. Egyptian popular culture also reflected these narratives of superiority and demeaning of Israel. When the Strait of Tiran was closed, this ambiguous trigger event aligned with Egypt's conflict narrative
James j. martin a memoir of globaloney, orwellianism, and dead sea fruit- j...RareBooksnRecords
This document provides a review of the book "Perpetual War for Perpetual Peace" which was originally published in 1953 and republished in 1982. It summarizes the political and historical context in which the book was written and received, as well as the contents and impact of the book. The review discusses the climate in the early 1950s following World War 2 and the Korean War, and how this led to greater interest in revisionist histories that questioned the official narratives around FDR and US foreign policy. It also summarizes some of the key arguments and contributors to the original book.
The document provides background on the 1948 Palestine War, which began after the UN partition plan divided Palestine into independent Jewish and Arab states. The Arabs rejected partition and violence escalated into a civil war between Palestinian Arabs and Jews. On May 14, 1948, the British mandate ended and a larger inter-state war began as neighboring Arab armies invaded in support of Palestinian Arabs, seeking to prevent the establishment of a Jewish state. By the end of hostilities in 1949, Israel had survived but the Palestinian Arab community was profoundly damaged, with many becoming refugees. The war's consequences continued to reverberate in the region for decades.
The document summarizes the key events in the struggle for control of North America between France, Britain, and Spain from the late 17th century to the 1760s. It describes France establishing settlements in Canada led by Samuel de Champlain, the fur trade that developed, and the four intertwined European and colonial wars that resulted in Britain gaining control of most of France's North American territories by the Treaty of Paris in 1763. However, tensions grew as colonists increasingly settled west of the Appalachians against British wishes.
Americas second crusade-william_henry_chamberlain-1950-379pgs-pol-usaRareBooksnRecords
This chapter discusses America's entry into World War I as a "crusade" to promote righteousness. Initially, President Wilson and many Americans wanted to remain neutral in the war between European powers. Germany's unrestricted submarine warfare against passenger ships, culminating in the sinking of the Lusitania in 1915, increased pressure on the US to join the Allies. Wilson unsuccessfully tried to mediate a peace agreement. As the war continued with enormous costs, the prospects for negotiated peace faded. Germany was initially militarily successful but faced dwindling resources due to the Allied blockade. The US eventually entered the war in 1917 after Germany resumed unrestricted submarine warfare.
Woodrow Wilson reluctantly led the US into World War I after Germany declared unrestricted submarine warfare. Wilson maintained neutrality for as long as possible but Germany's actions, such as sinking American ships, forced his hand. He mobilized the nation for war through the Committee on Public Information, led by George Creel, which effectively rallied public support. Wilson outlined his vision for a just postwar peace in his Fourteen Points address to Congress in 1918.
The document is a newspaper article that discusses a photograph the author's sister sent him of his father from World War II. It includes the following key details:
1) The photograph shows the author's father as a member of the 336th Royal Hellenic Fighter Squadron in North Africa in 1943.
2) The author's father had a difficult journey during the war, as he was initially captured by Germans after Greece was invaded, but later escaped and joined the British air force to fight against the Axis powers.
3) After the war, the author's father continued fighting in Greece's civil wars, and was shot down and severely injured in 1949 while battling Communist forces, but survived due to a British
The document provides context around key events and developments in the American Revolutionary War from 1775 to 1781. It describes how the Second Continental Congress met in 1775 and drafted appeals to Britain while also raising an army and navy. It then discusses several major battles such as Bunker Hill, Saratoga, and Yorktown, as well as the roles of key figures like Washington, Burgoyne, Cornwallis, and the Marquis de Lafayette. France's entry into the war in 1778 as an American ally helped tip the balance against Britain, leading to the British surrender at Yorktown in 1781 and the start of peace negotiations.
The document analyzes the 1967 Six Day War between Israel and Egypt through the lens of the "Conflict Narrative Hypothesis". This hypothesis posits that for war to occur, both sides must have a narrative of their own superiority, the other side's inferiority, and a call to patriotic action. The document finds evidence that these narratives existed in both Israel and Egypt prior to the war. In Egypt, a political rally featured speeches proclaiming superiority over Israel and calling for war, as well as visual propaganda depicting an Egyptian soldier dominating Israel. Egyptian popular culture also reflected these narratives of superiority and demeaning of Israel. When the Strait of Tiran was closed, this ambiguous trigger event aligned with Egypt's conflict narrative
James j. martin a memoir of globaloney, orwellianism, and dead sea fruit- j...RareBooksnRecords
This document provides a review of the book "Perpetual War for Perpetual Peace" which was originally published in 1953 and republished in 1982. It summarizes the political and historical context in which the book was written and received, as well as the contents and impact of the book. The review discusses the climate in the early 1950s following World War 2 and the Korean War, and how this led to greater interest in revisionist histories that questioned the official narratives around FDR and US foreign policy. It also summarizes some of the key arguments and contributors to the original book.
The document provides background on the 1948 Palestine War, which began after the UN partition plan divided Palestine into independent Jewish and Arab states. The Arabs rejected partition and violence escalated into a civil war between Palestinian Arabs and Jews. On May 14, 1948, the British mandate ended and a larger inter-state war began as neighboring Arab armies invaded in support of Palestinian Arabs, seeking to prevent the establishment of a Jewish state. By the end of hostilities in 1949, Israel had survived but the Palestinian Arab community was profoundly damaged, with many becoming refugees. The war's consequences continued to reverberate in the region for decades.
The document summarizes the key events in the struggle for control of North America between France, Britain, and Spain from the late 17th century to the 1760s. It describes France establishing settlements in Canada led by Samuel de Champlain, the fur trade that developed, and the four intertwined European and colonial wars that resulted in Britain gaining control of most of France's North American territories by the Treaty of Paris in 1763. However, tensions grew as colonists increasingly settled west of the Appalachians against British wishes.
I used the following methods to collect data for my research:
1. Questionnaire: I developed and distributed a questionnaire to collect primary data from respondents. The questionnaire gathered both qualitative and quantitative responses on people's views and opinions related to the 2006 Lebanon war.
2. Interviews: I conducted interviews with 10 individuals from different backgrounds to get more in-depth and nuanced perspectives on the war and its impact. The interviews were semi-structured with open-ended questions.
3. Literature review: I reviewed existing academic literature, news reports, and documentary sources to understand how the war has been analyzed and documented by experts and observers. This helped provide important context and frameworks to analyze people's responses.
4. Personal
This document provides background on John Andre and his role as intelligence officer for the British during the American Revolutionary War. It summarizes his recruitment of Benedict Arnold as a spy through their correspondence and Andre's ultimately failed mission to meet with Arnold in person in 1780, which led to Arnold's betrayal being exposed and Andre's capture and execution as a spy. The document discusses the context of the war, Arnold and Andre's motivations and ambitions, and the details of their plot for Arnold to hand over the fort at West Point to the British in exchange for money.
The War of 1812 was poorly fought by America due to divisions within the country and poor military leadership. However, the war gave Americans a renewed sense of national identity. While the British won more battles, they could not conquer the vast American territory. The Treaty of Ghent ended the war in 1814 without either side gaining territory. The war strengthened American manufacturing and helped unify the country after its conclusion, marking a second war for American independence.
This document provides context about baseball in the United States during World War II. It discusses how Commissioner Kenesaw Mountain Landis wanted to keep baseball going to boost morale on the home front. When the U.S. entered the war in 1941 after the attack on Pearl Harbor, Landis received approval from President Franklin D. Roosevelt in a "Green Light Letter" to continue the baseball season while still allowing players to serve if drafted. Major league owners supported continuing baseball and teams began donating proceeds from games to war charities to support the war effort.
- The document discusses Holocaust revisionism and questions the mainstream historical account of the Holocaust. It argues that revisionist historians challenge the claim that Nazi Germany pursued a systematic policy to exterminate Europe's Jews.
- Revisionists have faced suppression and legal sanctions for their research, but they aim to establish accurate historical facts rather than defend Nazism. They examine evidence like survivor testimony, population statistics, and German records.
- The author argues that the Holocaust narrative has been exploited by various political forces and now faces little critical examination. Revisionism seeks to bring history into line with facts and establish proper context for Jewish suffering during World War II.
Intro to 3rd presentation, Thw 12-Year ReichJim Powers
This document outlines session 3 of a course on Hitler's 12-year Reich from 1933 to 1945. It provides an overview of Hitler's victories in western Europe from 1939 to 1940, with remaining sessions to cover Hitler's invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941-1942, the turning point against Hitler from 1943-1944, and Hitler's ultimate defeat in 1944-1945. It also lists recommended readings and highlights from the previous session, which covered the political and military events leading up to World War 2.
Total War Through the Advancement of Military Technology Final DraftZach Wilson
The document analyzes how advances in military technology enabled aspects of total war such as the blurring of combatants and non-combatants, mass mobilization of troops, and increased range and scale of conflicts. It discusses how new artillery and firearms in the French Revolutionary Wars and American Civil War allowed less trained citizen-soldiers to be effective in battle. In particular, it describes how improved artillery during the Civil War enabled Union forces to bombard civilians in Columbia, South Carolina from over two miles away. The document argues that total war would not have been possible without technological developments that increased lethality and the physical and emotional distance between enemies from the late 1700s onward.
The essay provides a glowing review of John Ferling's book "Almost a Miracle: The American Victory in the War of Independence". It praises Ferling's ability to bring history to life through compelling characters and detail. The reviewer highlights how Ferling uses short passages to introduce obscure historical figures like British Captain William Evelyn, making the reader feel personally invested. While focusing on British characters, Ferling also depicts Americans and provides accurate historical context. The reviewer concludes that Ferling demonstrates mastery as both a scholar and storyteller, and recommends the book as the best single-volume history of the American Revolution.
The Battle of Bull Run ended the initial "Ninety-Day War" between the Union and Confederate armies. Though not a decisive battle militarily, it had significant psychological and political consequences for both sides. Later, the Peninsula Campaign led by General George McClellan against Richmond was ultimately unsuccessful due to various compromising factors. The Seven Days Battles in June-July 1862 drove McClellan's Army of the Potomac back from the Peninsula in a costly failure for the Union.
The Battle of Antietam in September 1862 halted General Robert E. Lee's invasion of Maryland and forced his retreat, though it resulted in a high casualty toll. While not a clear Union victory, it allowed President Lincoln to issue the Emancip
This document provides context on international engagement with Africa from 1914 to 2014. It discusses how Africa has long been viewed through paradigms by outsiders seeking to help or exploit the continent. In the early 20th century, European colonial powers consolidated control of Africa and established economies extracting resources. After World War 1, former German colonies in Africa became League of Nations mandates administered by Britain and France who aimed to develop the territories, though still controlled them. International perspectives on and involvement with Africa have shown much continuity over the past century while African societies and states also transformed internally.
The intimate papers_of_colonel_house-vol2-1915to1917-542pgs-polRareBooksnRecords
Colonel House returns to the United States from Europe as tensions rise between the US and Germany over submarine warfare. Secretary of State Bryan resigns in disagreement with President Wilson's firm stance on defending American rights. While some suggest House as Bryan's replacement, House refuses due to wanting to maintain his unofficial advisory role to the President.
The article describes about the inspiring personality of wold's most influential foreign policy analyst of our time and his majestic recent book" World Order"
The United States was initially unaware of the full extent of Nazi persecution of Jews during World War II. As a result, liberating Jewish prisoners was not a high priority. After discovering concentration camps, the U.S. attempted denazification but it was ineffective as it targeted average citizens over major Nazi leaders. Americans were shocked by the conditions in liberated camps but their hatred of Germany became extreme and denazification unfairly punished many non-Nazi Germans.
The chapter discusses America's involvement in World War I, beginning with Theodore Roosevelt's expansionist foreign policy in the early 1900s and continuing through Woodrow Wilson's leadership during U.S. entry into the war in 1917. Key events discussed include Roosevelt strengthening U.S. influence in Latin America and Asia, Wilson maintaining neutrality until German submarine warfare led the U.S. to declare war, and the American Expeditionary Forces joining the Allied forces on the Western Front. The chapter also examines the social, economic, and political impacts of the war on American society, such as mobilizing the economy for war, the Espionage and Sedition Acts restricting civil liberties, and Wilson's efforts to promote the League of Nations after
This document summarizes the contributions of various women during the American Revolution. It discusses women who served as soldiers disguised as men, provided intelligence and medical support as camp followers, defended fortifications like Margaret Corbin, delivered messages as couriers like Sybil Ludington and Emily Geiger, operated spy rings like Anna Strong in the Culper Spy Ring, organized patriotic groups like Esther de Berdt Reed, published newspapers like Mary Katherine Goddard, defended their homes like Nancy Hart, managed estates while their husbands were at war like Catherine Schuyler, offered political advice and commentary through correspondence like Abigail Adams, and produced patriotic writings like Mercy Otis Warren. The document conveys that women
На английском.
Книга о том , как сильные мира сего манипулируют обществом в корыстных целях для оправдывания насилия через обесчеловечивание других и прививания чувства национального превосходства.
The U.S. Military Industrial Complex: A Diagrammatic Representationelegantbrain
This document provides an overview of President Eisenhower's concept of the "military industrial complex" and how it has grown significantly since his warning. It describes the military industrial complex as a conglomerate of weapons manufacturers, suppliers, and intelligence agencies that influence policy and budget priorities through political lobbying. While initially dismissed, Eisenhower's warning has become increasingly relevant as the complex continues expanding and influencing foreign policy decisions and budgets, to the detriment of domestic priorities and quality of life. The document also discusses how U.S. militarism and interventions abroad have negatively impacted people in other countries and can result in "blowback" such as terrorist attacks on U.S. soil.
The document provides background information on America's entry into World War II and policies on the home front during the war. It discusses Americans' isolationist views after WWI, the debate between isolationists and interventionists, the passing of the Lend-Lease Act to aid Britain, Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor which brought the US into the war, rationing of goods via ration books and stamps, and the roles of women during the war through organizations like WAVES and as "Rosie the Riveters".
“Tension between Israel and her neighbors was caused by the failure to resolv...Megan Kedzlie
The document discusses the tensions between Israel and its Arab neighbors. It argues that the primary cause of conflict was the failure to resolve the Palestinian question and establish a Palestinian state. This failure inflamed pan-Arab and pan-Islamic sentiments among Israel's neighbors and led them to support the Palestinian cause. The tensions were further exacerbated by the military strength Israel demonstrated in wars like the Six Day War and Yom Kippur War, as well as the proxy conflict between the US and USSR for influence in the region. While the Palestinian issue was a major source of conflict, resolving it may not be enough to achieve lasting peace in the Middle East.
The Israeli-Palestinian conflict began after World War I when the Ottoman Empire lost control of the Middle East and the land was divided. In 1947, the UN proposed dividing Palestine into Jewish and Arab states, which the Jews accepted but Arabs rejected. This led to the 1948 Arab-Israeli War and the establishment of Israel, displacing hundreds of thousands of Palestinians. Subsequent wars in 1956, 1967 and 1973 further shaped the conflict over claims to the land. Peace efforts have continued unsuccessfully amid violence on both sides.
I used the following methods to collect data for my research:
1. Questionnaire: I developed and distributed a questionnaire to collect primary data from respondents. The questionnaire gathered both qualitative and quantitative responses on people's views and opinions related to the 2006 Lebanon war.
2. Interviews: I conducted interviews with 10 individuals from different backgrounds to get more in-depth and nuanced perspectives on the war and its impact. The interviews were semi-structured with open-ended questions.
3. Literature review: I reviewed existing academic literature, news reports, and documentary sources to understand how the war has been analyzed and documented by experts and observers. This helped provide important context and frameworks to analyze people's responses.
4. Personal
This document provides background on John Andre and his role as intelligence officer for the British during the American Revolutionary War. It summarizes his recruitment of Benedict Arnold as a spy through their correspondence and Andre's ultimately failed mission to meet with Arnold in person in 1780, which led to Arnold's betrayal being exposed and Andre's capture and execution as a spy. The document discusses the context of the war, Arnold and Andre's motivations and ambitions, and the details of their plot for Arnold to hand over the fort at West Point to the British in exchange for money.
The War of 1812 was poorly fought by America due to divisions within the country and poor military leadership. However, the war gave Americans a renewed sense of national identity. While the British won more battles, they could not conquer the vast American territory. The Treaty of Ghent ended the war in 1814 without either side gaining territory. The war strengthened American manufacturing and helped unify the country after its conclusion, marking a second war for American independence.
This document provides context about baseball in the United States during World War II. It discusses how Commissioner Kenesaw Mountain Landis wanted to keep baseball going to boost morale on the home front. When the U.S. entered the war in 1941 after the attack on Pearl Harbor, Landis received approval from President Franklin D. Roosevelt in a "Green Light Letter" to continue the baseball season while still allowing players to serve if drafted. Major league owners supported continuing baseball and teams began donating proceeds from games to war charities to support the war effort.
- The document discusses Holocaust revisionism and questions the mainstream historical account of the Holocaust. It argues that revisionist historians challenge the claim that Nazi Germany pursued a systematic policy to exterminate Europe's Jews.
- Revisionists have faced suppression and legal sanctions for their research, but they aim to establish accurate historical facts rather than defend Nazism. They examine evidence like survivor testimony, population statistics, and German records.
- The author argues that the Holocaust narrative has been exploited by various political forces and now faces little critical examination. Revisionism seeks to bring history into line with facts and establish proper context for Jewish suffering during World War II.
Intro to 3rd presentation, Thw 12-Year ReichJim Powers
This document outlines session 3 of a course on Hitler's 12-year Reich from 1933 to 1945. It provides an overview of Hitler's victories in western Europe from 1939 to 1940, with remaining sessions to cover Hitler's invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941-1942, the turning point against Hitler from 1943-1944, and Hitler's ultimate defeat in 1944-1945. It also lists recommended readings and highlights from the previous session, which covered the political and military events leading up to World War 2.
Total War Through the Advancement of Military Technology Final DraftZach Wilson
The document analyzes how advances in military technology enabled aspects of total war such as the blurring of combatants and non-combatants, mass mobilization of troops, and increased range and scale of conflicts. It discusses how new artillery and firearms in the French Revolutionary Wars and American Civil War allowed less trained citizen-soldiers to be effective in battle. In particular, it describes how improved artillery during the Civil War enabled Union forces to bombard civilians in Columbia, South Carolina from over two miles away. The document argues that total war would not have been possible without technological developments that increased lethality and the physical and emotional distance between enemies from the late 1700s onward.
The essay provides a glowing review of John Ferling's book "Almost a Miracle: The American Victory in the War of Independence". It praises Ferling's ability to bring history to life through compelling characters and detail. The reviewer highlights how Ferling uses short passages to introduce obscure historical figures like British Captain William Evelyn, making the reader feel personally invested. While focusing on British characters, Ferling also depicts Americans and provides accurate historical context. The reviewer concludes that Ferling demonstrates mastery as both a scholar and storyteller, and recommends the book as the best single-volume history of the American Revolution.
The Battle of Bull Run ended the initial "Ninety-Day War" between the Union and Confederate armies. Though not a decisive battle militarily, it had significant psychological and political consequences for both sides. Later, the Peninsula Campaign led by General George McClellan against Richmond was ultimately unsuccessful due to various compromising factors. The Seven Days Battles in June-July 1862 drove McClellan's Army of the Potomac back from the Peninsula in a costly failure for the Union.
The Battle of Antietam in September 1862 halted General Robert E. Lee's invasion of Maryland and forced his retreat, though it resulted in a high casualty toll. While not a clear Union victory, it allowed President Lincoln to issue the Emancip
This document provides context on international engagement with Africa from 1914 to 2014. It discusses how Africa has long been viewed through paradigms by outsiders seeking to help or exploit the continent. In the early 20th century, European colonial powers consolidated control of Africa and established economies extracting resources. After World War 1, former German colonies in Africa became League of Nations mandates administered by Britain and France who aimed to develop the territories, though still controlled them. International perspectives on and involvement with Africa have shown much continuity over the past century while African societies and states also transformed internally.
The intimate papers_of_colonel_house-vol2-1915to1917-542pgs-polRareBooksnRecords
Colonel House returns to the United States from Europe as tensions rise between the US and Germany over submarine warfare. Secretary of State Bryan resigns in disagreement with President Wilson's firm stance on defending American rights. While some suggest House as Bryan's replacement, House refuses due to wanting to maintain his unofficial advisory role to the President.
The article describes about the inspiring personality of wold's most influential foreign policy analyst of our time and his majestic recent book" World Order"
The United States was initially unaware of the full extent of Nazi persecution of Jews during World War II. As a result, liberating Jewish prisoners was not a high priority. After discovering concentration camps, the U.S. attempted denazification but it was ineffective as it targeted average citizens over major Nazi leaders. Americans were shocked by the conditions in liberated camps but their hatred of Germany became extreme and denazification unfairly punished many non-Nazi Germans.
The chapter discusses America's involvement in World War I, beginning with Theodore Roosevelt's expansionist foreign policy in the early 1900s and continuing through Woodrow Wilson's leadership during U.S. entry into the war in 1917. Key events discussed include Roosevelt strengthening U.S. influence in Latin America and Asia, Wilson maintaining neutrality until German submarine warfare led the U.S. to declare war, and the American Expeditionary Forces joining the Allied forces on the Western Front. The chapter also examines the social, economic, and political impacts of the war on American society, such as mobilizing the economy for war, the Espionage and Sedition Acts restricting civil liberties, and Wilson's efforts to promote the League of Nations after
This document summarizes the contributions of various women during the American Revolution. It discusses women who served as soldiers disguised as men, provided intelligence and medical support as camp followers, defended fortifications like Margaret Corbin, delivered messages as couriers like Sybil Ludington and Emily Geiger, operated spy rings like Anna Strong in the Culper Spy Ring, organized patriotic groups like Esther de Berdt Reed, published newspapers like Mary Katherine Goddard, defended their homes like Nancy Hart, managed estates while their husbands were at war like Catherine Schuyler, offered political advice and commentary through correspondence like Abigail Adams, and produced patriotic writings like Mercy Otis Warren. The document conveys that women
На английском.
Книга о том , как сильные мира сего манипулируют обществом в корыстных целях для оправдывания насилия через обесчеловечивание других и прививания чувства национального превосходства.
The U.S. Military Industrial Complex: A Diagrammatic Representationelegantbrain
This document provides an overview of President Eisenhower's concept of the "military industrial complex" and how it has grown significantly since his warning. It describes the military industrial complex as a conglomerate of weapons manufacturers, suppliers, and intelligence agencies that influence policy and budget priorities through political lobbying. While initially dismissed, Eisenhower's warning has become increasingly relevant as the complex continues expanding and influencing foreign policy decisions and budgets, to the detriment of domestic priorities and quality of life. The document also discusses how U.S. militarism and interventions abroad have negatively impacted people in other countries and can result in "blowback" such as terrorist attacks on U.S. soil.
The document provides background information on America's entry into World War II and policies on the home front during the war. It discusses Americans' isolationist views after WWI, the debate between isolationists and interventionists, the passing of the Lend-Lease Act to aid Britain, Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor which brought the US into the war, rationing of goods via ration books and stamps, and the roles of women during the war through organizations like WAVES and as "Rosie the Riveters".
“Tension between Israel and her neighbors was caused by the failure to resolv...Megan Kedzlie
The document discusses the tensions between Israel and its Arab neighbors. It argues that the primary cause of conflict was the failure to resolve the Palestinian question and establish a Palestinian state. This failure inflamed pan-Arab and pan-Islamic sentiments among Israel's neighbors and led them to support the Palestinian cause. The tensions were further exacerbated by the military strength Israel demonstrated in wars like the Six Day War and Yom Kippur War, as well as the proxy conflict between the US and USSR for influence in the region. While the Palestinian issue was a major source of conflict, resolving it may not be enough to achieve lasting peace in the Middle East.
The Israeli-Palestinian conflict began after World War I when the Ottoman Empire lost control of the Middle East and the land was divided. In 1947, the UN proposed dividing Palestine into Jewish and Arab states, which the Jews accepted but Arabs rejected. This led to the 1948 Arab-Israeli War and the establishment of Israel, displacing hundreds of thousands of Palestinians. Subsequent wars in 1956, 1967 and 1973 further shaped the conflict over claims to the land. Peace efforts have continued unsuccessfully amid violence on both sides.
The Israeli-Palestinian conflict began after World War I when the Ottoman Empire lost control of the Middle East and the land was divided. In 1947, the UN proposed dividing Palestine into Jewish and Arab states, which the Jews accepted but Arabs rejected. This led to war and the establishment of Israel in 1948, displacing hundreds of thousands of Palestinians. The conflict has continued with attacks, wars, and peace efforts over decades but no permanent resolution.
The Israeli-Palestinian conflict arose from competing claims to the land of Palestine by Jewish and Arab groups in the late 19th/early 20th centuries. This led to violence between the groups under British rule. In 1947, the UN proposed dividing the land between Jewish and Arab states, but Arab leaders rejected it and war broke out in 1948. Israel gained control of additional land while the West Bank and Gaza came under Jordanian/Egyptian control. Subsequent wars in 1967 and 1973 further shaped the dispute over borders and settlements. Peace negotiations began in the 1990s but ultimately failed to resolve core issues like borders, refugees, and Jerusalem. The conflict remains ongoing today between Israel and Palestinian authorities in the West Bank and Gaza.
The document summarizes a new tour developed for the Latrun Tank Museum in Israel that provides historical context about the rise of Israel from the Holocaust to modern day. It begins with the founding of Zionism in the late 19th century and covers major events like the 1948 War of Independence and 1967 Six-Day War. Stops on the tour highlight tanks from different eras and explain their significance. The goal is to help visitors appreciate the sacrifices of fallen IDF soldiers by understanding what their efforts achieved in establishing a secure Jewish state.
This article aims to demonstrate the urgent need for the celebration of peace between Israel and Palestine to prevent the escalation of civil war in Israel between Jews and Muslims, of a regional war between Israel and Iran and other Arab countries and even of a new world war involving the great powers. Current events in which Palestinians in the Gaza Strip launch rockets over Israeli cities and Israel retaliates by dropping bombs and rockets over the Gaza Strip, that could evolve into their occupation by the Israeli Army and the massacre of the population in Gaza, need to be stopped. Unlike past conflicts, the current conflict is also contributing to the outbreak of a civil war in Israel involving Israeli Jews and Arabs. Peace must be celebrated between Palestinians and Israelis in order to end the violence between the two sister peoples and end the bloodbath that has occurred in the region since the end of the First World War in 1918.
Similar to 1973 Arab-Israeli war_causes_for publication (6)
URGE TO CELEBRATE PEACE BETWEEN ISRAEL AND PALESTINE
1973 Arab-Israeli war_causes_for publication
1. 1
What are the causes of the 1973 Arab-Israeli War?
“...what makes you somewhat reluctant to listen to us others, if we have ideas to put forward, is the
great trust and confidence which you have in your own constitution and in your own way of life....it is
also, perhaps, responsible for a kind of ignorance which you show when you are dealing with
foreign affairs.”1
Corinthian speech to the Spartans on the eve of war.
This essay will examine the causes of the 1973 War, a conflict with no one definitive origin. The
causes will be shown to be found both in the general context preceding the war, including the
attitude and actions of the engaged parties and in several immediate causes. First the essay will
cover the general causes underlying the conflict, including: belief, actors and the international
system. Second, the essay will analyse the more immediate causes proximate to the conflict,
primarily the outcome of the Six-Day War2
and the policies of Sadat. Last, the essay will refer to the
prime actors’ approach to international relations in the region, evaluate the causes of the 1973 War
and the limitations of a Realist approach to the zero-sum game for land and power in the Levant,
which ultimately resulted in the 1973 War.
The nomenclature of the 1973 Arab-Israeli Conflict is a tale in itself, known variously as; the 1973
War, the Fourth (or Fifth3
) Arab-Israeli War, the October War or the Yom Kippur War. Names which
reflect the bias and relative position of the actors and historians of the region and which are loaded
with the same religious zeal and historical opinion afflicting the conflicts themselves. The 1973 War
does not begin with a crossing of the Rubicon, instead one finds a region predisposed to conflict,
where the failure of Arab states to recognise the change in the balance of power in the region,
heralding from the imposition of the new Jewish state and the failure of Israel to act magnanimously
in victory has led to decades of continuing conflict. To examine the major casus belli of the 1973
War, one must look into the politics of the region itself. It is easy to pick out enduring themes, which
provide the dry tinder for the spark of conflict to ignite: the Jewish belief of a right to a homeland;
Arab revulsion at an illegal settlement-state imposed on them, supported by absent, imperialist
Western powers and the failure of regional leaders to mediate a lasting settlement, without recourse
to arms.
1
Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War (London: Penguin Classics, 1972), 73.
2
Parker, The Six-Day War, A Retrospective (University of Florida, 1996), 13.
3
Nye, Understanding International Conflicts (Harvard: Pearson Longman, 2007), 191.
2. 2
One can argue that from her re-birth in 1948 until 1973 (and to some extent beyond) the aim of
Israel’s belligerent neighbouring Arab states was to impose a Hobbesian natural condition on Israel,
denying her right to be a state and attempting to ensure that her existence was “nasty, brutish and
short”.4
To understand why the Arabs held such an entrenched and non-negotiable position
regarding Israel it is pertinent to recall there had been an absence of a Jewish state in the region for
almost two millennia. This lengthy absence can be traced back to the Roman destruction of the
Second Temple in 70AD and the subsequent levelling of Jerusalem leading to the creation of the
Jewish diaspora.5
These displaced peoples, self-identified as the race of ‘God’s Chosen People’,
were to scatter across the globe but were themselves to remain entrenched in their religious and
political belief of their right to their homeland in the region the Arabs, perhaps not unreasonably
after a period of nearly two thousand years, held to be theirs. This juxtaposition of two such
incompatible views, taken against the backdrop of the prolonged absence of Israel, set the
conditions for the balance of power that existed in the Middle East in the early twentieth century
and, with Israel’s sudden reinstatement, was to surface as one of the principal underlying causes of
conflict.
The long path leading to the reinstatement of Israel in Palestine began, in modern times, with Herzl,
who, in publishing Der Judenstaat in 1896, rekindled the idea that Jews be granted sufficient
territory for their needs.6
Political discourse, shepherded through British political circles by Herzl’s
Zionist successor, Weizmann,7
focused on Palestine and the Jewish homeland or ‘Heimstätte’.
Modern Israel, viewed through the lens of history, reflecting the nation created by King David, was
“created by a desire to return to that land and it must be understood, in Jewish eyes, the nation of
Israel is less a polity or a nation-state, than the fulfilment of a promise made by God”.8
Almost concurrent with the birth of Zionism was the Arab renaissance, commencing in Syria in the
late nineteenth century and continuing with the Arab Revolt, Arab nationalism and the Egyptian
Revolution in 1952.9
Zionism was not responsible for this Arab awakening, but was automatically
focused on as a threat. Two uncompromising, diametrically opposed convictions were always
going to conflict but when these beliefs became encapsulated in states, and states furthermore of a
realist mindset which, inconveniently, occupied the same region, it was perhaps inevitable that
these beliefs would lead to war.
4
Hobbes, The Leviathan (London: Penguin Classics, 2008).
5
The American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise, “Jewish Virtual Library,” http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/Romans.html
(accessed November 10 2009).
6
Ovendale, The Origins of the Arab-Israeli Wars (London: Pearson Longman, 2004), 5.
7
ibid., 8.
8
Guyatt, The Absence of Peace, Understanding the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict (USA: Zed Books, 1998).
9
Ovendale, The Origins of the Arab-Israeli Wars, 9-11.
3. 3
The right of Israel to exist upon its first re-inception provoked an uncompromising viewpoint for both
Arabs and Israelis. Arab resentment however became further entrenched when Israel formalised
and fortified her borders in 1949. Palestinians, the cause célèbre of many Middle Eastern terrorist
groups, were forced from their homeland by Jewish military operations and “the exclusivist
imperatives of the new Israel”.10
The states then became locked into a zero-sum game for land and
power, in which, from Israel’s re-birth in 1948 until 1973, the Arabs aimed to push Israel into the
Mediterranean Sea. This realist mindset, underpinned by two opposing beliefs, was the foundation
stone for the 1973 War: it showed the inability of two peoples to share one land.11
In terms of strategic location alone, the Middle East has been a causeway for empires for centuries,
from the Romans almost two millennia ago to the Soviets in more recent times, each passing
through in time, and on to their own demise; whilst the regional powers remained focused, more
prosaically, on their immediate interests. This constant interference in the region by absent self-
interested superpower states, is another key underlying factor to the 1973 conflict.
In the twentieth century, the interests of Britain and France in the region were heightened by global
conflict and a requirement to secure allies, loyalty and oil. Selfish realpolitik and Weizmann’s
inveigling within the British establishment led to the Balfour Declaration, reported on by the
Manchester Guardian as follows: “a Jew [can] stand proud and erect, endowed with a national
being in place of being a wanderer in every clime”.12
Perfidious Albion, concerned with her own
interests, turned her back on the Arabs and declared her support for Israel. The British Mandate
period followed, ending in turmoil, with no clearly defined end-state other than an exit for British
troops. Ben-Gurion exploited this turmoil and declared the existence of the state of Israel in May
1948. This unsightly birth, without a colonial sponsor, or an enforceable international agreement
was another cause for conflict that was to remain unresolved by 1973.
France and Britain continued to meddle in the region in the 1950s, seeking an alliance with Israel to
further their own needs and gain control of the Suez Canal, an increasingly important transit route
for oil. The region was again the play of Great-Power politics,13
Israel used the 1956 Suez-Sinai
War to gain land from Egypt, sowing seeds for the Six-Day War. A United Nations peacekeeping
force was deployed as the new superpowers of America and the USSR intervened to ensure peace,
10
Guyatt, The Absence of Peace, Understanding the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict.
11
The Economist.com, “Shlaim: Israel and Palestine”, Podcast, http://audiovideo.economist.com/ (accessed October 14 2009).
12
The Guardian, “The Guardian - from the archive 9 November 1917,” http://www.guardian.co.uk/theguardian/series/from-the-archive
(accessed November 9, 2009).
13
Ovendale, The Origins of the Arab-Israeli Wars, 166.
4. 4
but was later to prove an ineffective buffer between Egypt and Israel when Nasser commanded it to
leave.
There is a dialectic debate concerning the extent of the superpowers’ influence in the region, but it
is unquestionable they played some part in extenuating or limiting conflict at various stages
following Israel’s re-birth, as suited their needs or their altruistic views of power in the region.
However the superpowers were also exploited for the gains of nations in the Middle East14
by the
regional leaders. The Middle Eastern states were not puppets of the superpowers, but rather
looked after their own interests, gaining finance, wheat and arms on generally favourable terms
without being mortgaged to the political beliefs of their superpower sponsor.
The period following Israel’s re-birth and leading up to the 1973 War also saw Waltz’s security
dilemma15
being played out in the Middle East. The region remained a melting pot of simmering
tensions, recently salted wounds and unreasonable political ambitions. Israel cast an untrusting
eye over her Arab neighbours viewing any increase in armed forces as a perceived (and realistic)
threat. Conversely, the Arabs used apparent Jewish apartheid as a cri de guerre, citing al Nakba
(the 1948 Palestinian exodus) as a Palestinian holocaust, created by the Jews. The hard Realist
lines pedalled by the protagonists in this period, materially armed by self-interested superpower
states, were further underlying causes that set the stage for the 1973 conflict.
The 1973 War took place during the Cold War, a political rivalry which remained the dominant issue
in global politics for forty years16
but the benefit of comparative analysis afforded to us by history
shows the dynamic of regional power at this time was in fact more important than policy directed
from either Washington or Moscow. Although the international system was an effective talking shop
and did facilitate the deployment of the UNEF, it lacked resolution when enforcing the earlier plan
for Israel and Palestine: UNGAR 181. This failure of the international system effectively left Israel in
an anarchic vacuum, fighting for her survival on her terms. The international system failed not just
the Israelis but also the Arab states through a series of broken promises or unsupported
resolutions, including the Sykes-Picot Agreement, the Suez Crisis, British Mandate and UNSCR
242. These failings undermined the international system, excluding any liberal interpretation of the
Middle East’s political problems and hardened the realists’ approach.
The Cold War not only weakened international institutions such as the UN, but also intensified
latent regional rivalries, creating favourable terms for Nasser’s political dominance in the region as
14
Shlaim, Sayigh and, The Cold War and the Middle East (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996), 3.
15
ibid., 175.
16
ibid., 6.
5. 5
he rejected what he interpreted as Western imperialistic demands attached to economic loans and
instead looked to Moscow for unfettered assistance.17
The intransigent needs of the superpowers,
in terms of security, allies and oil came ahead of peace in the Middle East and any interest in a
lasting settlement. The international system failed the regional powers and in doing so,
exacerbated the security situation, facilitating further conflict, which was to be realised in 1973.
Having analysed the general causes leading to the 1973 War, this essay will now evaluate the
immediate causes, beginning with the outcome of the Six-Day War.
There is nothing so dreadful as a great victory, except of course, a great defeat.
Marquis d’Argenson
The pre-emptive strike of Israel on her neighbours in 1967 effectively dislocated the Arab response
and although both Egypt and Syria were well stocked materially by their Soviet ally, their fighting
materiel was decimated through the surprise manoeuvre. The outcome of the Six-Day War was not
just an enormous land grab by the then diminutive Israeli state but, crucially resulted in a loss of
honour for the Arab losers. Arab pride, and particularly that of Egypt, was badly damaged and was
stored up as an embarrassment which would, later, need to be expunged. Israel however, naively
thought she had gained peace on her terms by proving she was a nation which could not be
defeated militarily; her leaders however failed to realise the balance of power had tilted too far, and
would need to be reset in another conflict.
The failure of Israel to comprehend the terms of her victory, and Egypt’s requirement to make
peace on terms more favourable to the Arab states were proximate reasons for the 1973 War. The
limited success however also meant the Arabs were unwilling to accept the war’s outcome. If the
Israel flag had been raised in Cairo (as had very nearly been the case), the Arabs would have been
forced to recognise the outcome, instead the diplomatically engineered end to the Six-Day War left
the Arabs clamouring for revenge.18
As soon as the war concluded, the superpowers intervened and the UN passed Security Council
Resolution 242 requiring Israel to withdraw from land occupied at the end of the Six-Day War. The
resolution was left open to interpretation and an impotent UN was unable to enforce its resolution.
17
ibid., 33.
18
Laquer, The Road to War, The Origins and Aftermath of the Arab-Israeli Conflict 1967-68 (London: Weidenfield and Nicolson, 1969),
276.
6. 6
Although the US began the war as a neutral power, she did converse with the USSR who
threatened escalation in order to ensure Israel’s achievements were limited, and acted as a
guarantor of Israel’s survival, if not Israel’s immediate military aims.19
The USSR’s policy of preserving tension in the region by equipping Egypt and Syria sufficiently to
wage war but insufficiently to destroy Israel, led to a period of ‘no war, no peace’ between 1967 and
1973.20
The War of Attrition waged from 1969-70 with a series of border incidents and aircraft
losses along the Egypt-Israel border,21
the PLO was also active in this inter-war period, taking
Israeli athletes hostage in 1972 which resulted in the Munich Olympic Massacre. Fidayeen raids
were conducted into Israel from Jordan, with and without King Hussein’s consent.22
Jordan was
thrown into internal strife and faced a confused Syrian armoured presence within her borders, until
King Hussein called for American assistance, which materialised in the form of Israeli airpower.23
The region was in turmoil. Whilst the USSR did not counsel its Arab allies to attack Israel in 1973,
Syria and Egypt would have been unable to do so were it not for Soviet support: the Soviet policy of
preserving tension clearly set the conditions for the 1973 War.
Replete with victory and of the mindset that their new estates would bring them peace, after the Six-
Day War the Israelis began a period of introspection. Israel’s economy needed boosting, the war
having cost them a billion dollars.24
In 1968 Jewish international bankers and industrialists met to
decide an economic strategy for Israel; whilst Egypt and Syria gained their military aid for free,
Israel had to pay for hers. Focusing on internal matters, Israel took her eye off the pressing matter
of her belligerent neighbours, how to leverage peace using her newly acquired territories and how
to administer them.
Israeli reasons for retaining the occupied territories were largely replaced by ideological arguments
in favour of expansion of the Jewish state. The result of this policy change was the ‘settlement
programme’ which was fundamentally to alter the status of the occupied territories and the
prospects for Israeli-Palestinian peace.25
It established an unjust Israeli raison d’être in the mind of
its Arab neighbours. However decently Israel behaved, one can argue it is fundamentally wrong to
impose Israeli will, by force, on an Arab population which did not wish to be part of Israel.
Extremists in government: Menahem Begin and Yigan Allon, favoured speedy settlement of Jews in
19
Williams, Shearman and, The Superpowers, Central America and the Middle East (London: Brassey's, 1988), 162.
20
Shlaim, Sayigh and, The Cold War and the Middle East, 67.
21
Nye, Understanding International Conflicts, 191.
22
Laquer, The Road to War, The Origins and Aftermath of the Arab-Israeli Conflict 1967-68, 265.
23
Shlaim, Sayigh and, The Cold War and the Middle East, 66.
24
Laquer, The Road to War, The Origins and Aftermath of the Arab-Israeli Conflict 1967-68, 275.
25
Guyatt, The Absence of Peace, Understanding the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict.
7. 7
occupied areas whilst Premier Levi Eshkol and Defence Minister Moshe Dayan, favoured the
pragmatic approach of maximum security and minimum Arab inclusion.26
A failure to deal with the
‘great victory’ of the Six-Day Was was thus a major cause of the 1973 War.
The build up of Soviet arms to Egypt and Syria was apparent to the Knesset but the Israeli
leadership was of the mindset that the Arabs lacked the capability and opportunity to strike. Israel
maintained that the fruit of victory should be peace, whilst the Arabs continued with their non-
recognition of Israel. Israeli arrogance, not of the will of the Arab political leadership for conflict but
of Israeli martial superiority was a factor which enabled Sadat and Assad to strike with tactical
surprise. It was this arrogance as much as Sadat’s wily military posturing, the use of a double
agent and Egypt’s improved military capability which facilitated the Arab surprise attack in 1973.
Israeli arrogance and introspection are further proximate causes of the 1973 War.
The right of Egypt to act as the leader of the Arab world was executed by Nasser and Sadat. Egypt
was geopolitically important in the region for several reasons: Israel could not be defeated without
Egypt’s assistance, Egypt controlled the Suez Canal and offered its Soviet ally a warm water port
and airbases, for which it received considerable military and economic aid. Both Nasser and Sadat
exploited the Soviet relationship to their advantage but Sadat, a visionary politician, understood that
Israel was here to stay. An outcome of the Six-Day War was that the Arabs had lost land and
power in the zero-sum game in the Middle East but better terms could be instigated.
The second immediate cause of the 1973 War was the policy of Sadat, a leader who had to
reconcile the losses of the Six-Day War and accept the change in the balance of power in the
region. If Nasser brought Egypt to the Egyptians, Sadat was to bring Egypt to the world. Israel
failed to understand both the new man at the head of the most populous Muslim Arab nation and
the strategic shift in policy he brought about. Sadat, a man of humble origins, was not known by
many in the region and little was expected of him. In the meantime, in Egypt, hope for an Egyptian
revival based on the destruction of Israel fluttered in Egyptian hearts.
After the Six-Day War, Egypt’s economy was in ruins, dependant on tourism, the Suez Canal and
oil from the Sinai, Nasser must have reflected on his shocking defeat with utter contempt. The
USSR came to his aid, replacing: “300 of the 365 jet fighters, 50 of the 65 bombers, 450 of the 550
tanks lost in battle and new ground-to-ground missiles were donated to Egypt”.27
Under Nasser
26
Bawly, Kimche and, The Sandstorm (London: Martin Secker & Warburg Ltd, 1968), 72.
27
Laquer, The Road to War, The Origins and Aftermath of the Arab-Israeli Conflict 1967-68, 272.
8. 8
Egypt fulfilled a regionally interventionist and globally activist role28
but Egypt’s economy remained
in dire straits; however with Soviet aid, complete economic meltdown was avoided. Soviets made
good Egyptian materiel losses, desiring not only to encourage friendship with Egypt but also the
tangible goal of access to a warm water port in the Mediterranean.29
Soviet support for Egypt
facilitated Egypt’s assault on Israel a few years later and whilst the USSR did not desire war in the
region, the 1973 War could not have occurred without the materiel it supplied.
Sadat’s strategy was that land could be won as a trading bloc, to then use as political leverage.
Egypt and Syria could lose the war on the ground but win it politically, an option neither open to nor
conceived of by the Israelis.30
The inception of the 1973 War as one of limited aims was not one
Sadat shared with his Arab allies but this cunning politician realised that a new strategy was
required, a volte-face which would free Egypt of its Soviet shackles and align itself with the
economic might of the West. Sadat’s brilliance as a statesman is in direct contrast with the Israeli
naïve realpolitik and Sadat’s policy to adjust the balance of power to terms reasonable for both
sides was the major proximate cause of the 1973 War.
One can assess the four major actors in the Middle East conflict of 1973 as: Israel, the Palestinians,
Egypt and the superpowers. All four dealt with the international system in a realist manner,
engaging with their own goals despite declarations and resolutions by supranational organisations.
Israel’s strategic inflexibility but tactical flexibility was in stark contrast to the Palestinians’ strategic
flexibility and tactical inflexibility.31
Egypt showed an emergent strategy, through Nasser who
desired Israel’s annihilation, to Sadat who recognised the change in the balance of power and, as a
realist, recognised the limited aims of the 1973 War as being in Egypt’s best interests. The
superpowers, first France and Britain, then the USA and the USSR’s involvement in the region was
for their own self interest, during a bloody century of two global wars and one cold one.
The chief cause of the 1973 War was Sadat’s ambition to recalibrate the balance of power, but this
desire would not have been created were it not for the outcome of the 1967 Six-Day War, the
second main cause. The backdrop to the Six-Day War is the third cause of the 1973 War, namely a
cast of belligerent and perfidious actors whose policies were underpinned by diametrically opposed
beliefs. This setting, entangled with the limitations of a realist approach to a zero-sum game
concerning land and power in the Middle East were the major causes of the 1973 Arab-Israeli War.
28
Shlaim, Sayigh and, The Cold War and the Middle East, 29.
29
Laquer, The Road to War, The Origins and Aftermath of the Arab-Israeli Conflict 1967-68, 273.
30
Freedman, War (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994), 346.
31
The Economist.com, “Shlaim: Israel and Palestine”, Podcast, http://audiovideo.economist.com/ (accessed October 14 2009).
9. 9
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