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Grammik  'Algebra 
Epanˆlhyh - Bˆsh kai diˆstash q¸rwn 
Tm ma Hlektrolìgwn Mhqanik¸n kai Mhqanik¸n Upologist¸n 
Panepist mio JessalÐac 
5 NoembrÐou 2014
Je¸rhma 
'Estw o m£n pÐnakac A. Tìte 
1. O mhdenìqwrìc tou A eÐnai dianusmatikìc upìqwroc tou 
Rn.
Je¸rhma 
'Estw o m£n pÐnakac A. Tìte 
1. O mhdenìqwrìc tou A eÐnai dianusmatikìc upìqwroc tou 
Rn. 
2. O aristerìc mhdenìqwrìc tou A eÐnai dianusmatikìc 
upìqwroc tou Rm.
Je¸rhma 
'Estw o m£n pÐnakac A. Tìte 
1. O mhdenìqwrìc tou A eÐnai dianusmatikìc upìqwroc tou 
Rn. 
2. O aristerìc mhdenìqwrìc tou A eÐnai dianusmatikìc 
upìqwroc tou Rm. 
3. O q¸roc gramm¸n tou A eÐnai dianusmatikìc upìqwroc 
tou Rn.
Je¸rhma 
'Estw o m£n pÐnakac A. Tìte 
1. O mhdenìqwrìc tou A eÐnai dianusmatikìc upìqwroc tou 
Rn. 
2. O aristerìc mhdenìqwrìc tou A eÐnai dianusmatikìc 
upìqwroc tou Rm. 
3. O q¸roc gramm¸n tou A eÐnai dianusmatikìc upìqwroc 
tou Rn. 
4. O q¸roc sthl¸n tou A eÐnai dianusmatikìc upìqwroc 
tou Rm.
Je¸rhma 
'Estw o m£n pÐnakac A. Tìte 
1. O mhdenìqwrìc tou A eÐnai dianusmatikìc upìqwroc tou 
Rn. 
2. O aristerìc mhdenìqwrìc tou A eÐnai dianusmatikìc 
upìqwroc tou Rm. 
3. O q¸roc gramm¸n tou A eÐnai dianusmatikìc upìqwroc 
tou Rn. 
4. O q¸roc sthl¸n tou A eÐnai dianusmatikìc upìqwroc 
tou Rm. 
5. To sÔnolo twn lÔsewn tou Ax Æ b den apoteleÐ 
dianusmatikì upìqwro tou Rn.
Epanˆlhyh diadikasÐac epÐlushc 
An jèsw ìlec tic eleÔjerec metablhtèc Ðsec me 0 eÔkola 
upologÐzw mia lÔsh s0 tou mh-omogenoÔc Ax Æ b : 
Parˆdeigma: 
2 
666664 
1 0 ¤ 0 ¤ ¼ 
0 1 ¤ 0 ¤ e 
0 0 0 1 ¤ 
p 
2 
0 0 0 0 0 0 
0 0 0 0 0 0 
3 
777775
Epanˆlhyh diadikasÐac epÐlushc 
An jèsw ìlec tic eleÔjerec metablhtèc Ðsec me 0 eÔkola 
upologÐzw mia lÔsh s0 tou mh-omogenoÔc Ax Æ b : 
Parˆdeigma: 
2 
666664 
1 0 ¤ 0 ¤ ¼ 
0 1 ¤ 0 ¤ e 
0 0 0 1 ¤ 
p 
2 
0 0 0 0 0 0 
0 0 0 0 0 0 
3 
777775 
Jètw x3 Æ x5 Æ 0 
x1 Å0x2 Ť0Å0x4 Ť0 Æ ¼ 
0x1 Åx2 Ť0Å0x4 Ť0 Æ e 
0x1 Å0x2 Ť0Åx4 Ť0 Æ 
p 
2
Epanˆlhyh diadikasÐac epÐlushc 
An jèsw ìlec tic eleÔjerec metablhtèc Ðsec me 0 eÔkola 
upologÐzw mia lÔsh s0 tou mh-omogenoÔc Ax Æ b : 
Parˆdeigma: 
2 
666664 
1 0 ¤ 0 ¤ ¼ 
0 1 ¤ 0 ¤ e 
0 0 0 1 ¤ 
p 
2 
0 0 0 0 0 0 
0 0 0 0 0 0 
3 
777775 
Jètw x3 Æ x5 Æ 0 
x1 Å0x2 Ť0Å0x4 Ť0 Æ ¼ 
0x1 Åx2 Ť0Å0x4 Ť0 Æ e 
0x1 Å0x2 Ť0Åx4 Ť0 Æ 
p 
2 
x1 Æ ¼,x2 Æ e,x4 Æ 
p 
2,x3 Æ x5 Æ 0 eÐnai mia lÔsh. 
P¸c ja broÔme ìlec tic ˆllec lÔseic?
H diaforˆ dÔo lÔsewn 
'Estw si mia opoiad pote ˆllh lÔsh, opìte Asi Æ b.
H diaforˆ dÔo lÔsewn 
'Estw si mia opoiad pote ˆllh lÔsh, opìte Asi Æ b. 
Tìte 
A(si ¡s0) Æ Asi ¡As0 Æ b¡b Æ 0
H diaforˆ dÔo lÔsewn 
'Estw si mia opoiad pote ˆllh lÔsh, opìte Asi Æ b. 
Tìte 
A(si ¡s0) Æ Asi ¡As0 Æ b¡b Æ 0 
Dhlad  to (si ¡s0) Æ s eÐnai lÔsh tou omogenoÔc Ax Æ 0.
H diaforˆ dÔo lÔsewn 
'Estw si mia opoiad pote ˆllh lÔsh, opìte Asi Æ b. 
Tìte 
A(si ¡s0) Æ Asi ¡As0 Æ b¡b Æ 0 
Dhlad  to (si ¡s0) Æ s eÐnai lÔsh tou omogenoÔc Ax Æ 0. 
'Ara si Æ s0 Ås.
H diaforˆ dÔo lÔsewn 
'Estw si mia opoiad pote ˆllh lÔsh, opìte Asi Æ b. 
Tìte 
A(si ¡s0) Æ Asi ¡As0 Æ b¡b Æ 0 
Dhlad  to (si ¡s0) Æ s eÐnai lÔsh tou omogenoÔc Ax Æ 0. 
'Ara si Æ s0 Ås. 
Sumpèrasma 
To sÔnolo twn lÔsewn tou Ax Æ b isoÔtai me to sÔnolo twn 
lÔsewn tou Ax Æ 0 sun mia opoiad pote lÔsh tou Ax Æ b.
Ta sÔnola twn lÔsewn Ax Æ 0 and Ax Æ b san uposÔnola 
tou Rn 
Ax = b 
s0 Ax = 0
Parˆdeigma 
Mh-omogenèc: Ax Æ b 
x1 Å2x2 ¡3x3 Å2x4 ¡4x5 Æ 1 
2x1 Å4x2 ¡5x3 Å1x4 ¡6x5 Æ 3 
5x1 Å10x2 ¡13x3 Å4x4 ¡16x5 Æ 7
Parˆdeigma 
Mh-omogenèc: Ax Æ b 
x1 Å2x2 ¡3x3 Å2x4 ¡4x5 Æ 1 
2x1 Å4x2 ¡5x3 Å1x4 ¡6x5 Æ 3 
5x1 Å10x2 ¡13x3 Å4x4 ¡16x5 Æ 7 
Omogenèc: Ax Æ 0 
x1 Å2x2 ¡3x3 Å2x4 ¡4x5 Æ 0 
2x1 Å4x2 ¡5x3 Å1x4 ¡6x5 Æ 0 
5x1 Å10x2 ¡13x3 Å4x4 ¡16x5 Æ 0
Upˆrqei lÔsh? 
Epauxhmènoc pÐnakac: 
2 
4 
1 2 ¡3 2 ¡4 1 
2 4 ¡5 1 ¡6 3 
5 10 ¡13 4 ¡16 7 
3 
5
Upˆrqei lÔsh? 
Epauxhmènoc pÐnakac: 
2 
4 
1 2 ¡3 2 ¡4 1 
2 4 ¡5 1 ¡6 3 
5 10 ¡13 4 ¡16 7 
3 
5 
L2á L2 ¡2L1, L3á L3 ¡5L1: 
2 
4 
1 2 ¡3 2 ¡4 1 
0 0 1 ¡3 2 1 
0 0 2 ¡6 4 2 
3 
5
Upˆrqei lÔsh? 
Epauxhmènoc pÐnakac: 
2 
4 
1 2 ¡3 2 ¡4 1 
2 4 ¡5 1 ¡6 3 
5 10 ¡13 4 ¡16 7 
3 
5 
L2á L2 ¡2L1, L3á L3 ¡5L1: 
2 
4 
1 2 ¡3 2 ¡4 1 
0 0 1 ¡3 2 1 
0 0 2 ¡6 4 2 
3 
5 
L3á L3 ¡2L2: 
2 
4 
1 2 ¡3 2 ¡4 1 
0 0 1 ¡3 2 1 
0 0 0 0 0 0 
3 
5
Upˆrqei lÔsh? 
Epauxhmènoc pÐnakac: 
2 
4 
1 2 ¡3 2 ¡4 1 
2 4 ¡5 1 ¡6 3 
5 10 ¡13 4 ¡16 7 
3 
5 
L2á L2 ¡2L1, L3á L3 ¡5L1: 
2 
4 
1 2 ¡3 2 ¡4 1 
0 0 1 ¡3 2 1 
0 0 2 ¡6 4 2 
3 
5 
L3á L3 ¡2L2: 
2 
4 
1 2 ¡3 2 ¡4 1 
0 0 1 ¡3 2 1 
0 0 0 0 0 0 
3 
5 
Upˆrqei lÔsh.
Upolìgise mia lÔsh tou mh-omogenoÔc 
EleÔjerec metablhtèc: x2,x4,x5.
Upolìgise mia lÔsh tou mh-omogenoÔc 
EleÔjerec metablhtèc: x2,x4,x5. Tic jètw Ðsec me 0 kai lÔnw:
Upolìgise mia lÔsh tou mh-omogenoÔc 
EleÔjerec metablhtèc: x2,x4,x5. Tic jètw Ðsec me 0 kai lÔnw: 
x1 Æ 4, x3 Æ 1. 'Ara mia lÔsh eÐnai 
s0 Æ 
2 
666664 
4 
0 
1 
0 
0 
3 
777775 
.
Upolìgise ìlec tic lÔseic tou omogenoÔc 
2 
4 
1 2 ¡3 2 ¡4 0 
0 0 1 ¡3 2 0 
0 0 0 0 0 0 
3 
5 
2 
x1 
x2 
x3 
x4 
x5 
666664 
3 
777775 
Æ 
2 
¡2x2 Å7x4 ¡2x5 
666664 
x2 
3x4 ¡2x5 
x4 
x5 
3 
777775 
Æ x2 
2 
¡2 
1 
0 
0 
0 
666664 
3 
777775 
Åx4 
2 
7 
0 
3 
1 
0 
666664 
3 
777775 
Åx5 
2 
¡2 
0 
¡2 
0 
1 
666664 
3 
777775
'Olec oi lÔseic tou omogenoÔc 
8>>>>>< 
Kˆje grammikìc sunduasmìc twn stoiqeÐwn tou parakˆtw 
sunìlou 2 
666664 
>>>>>: 
3 
¡2 
1 
0 
0 
0 
777775 
, 
2 
7 
0 
3 
1 
0 
666664 
3 
777775 
, 
2 
666664 ¡2 
0 
¡2 
0 
1 
9>>>>>= 
>>>>>; 
3 
777775 
Span{u,v} 
u 
v
'Olec oi lÔseic tou mh-omogenoÔc 
2 
4 
0 
1 
0 
0 
666664 
3 
777775 
Å 
8>>>>>< 
>>>>>: 
2 
¡2 
1 
0 
0 
0 
666664 
3 
777775 
, 
2 
7 
0 
3 
1 
0 
666664 
3 
777775 
, 
2 
3 
666664 ¡2 
777775 
0 
¡2 
0 
1 
9>>>>>= 
>>>>>; 
v 
u 
s 
s + Span{u,v} 
0 
0
Grammik  Exˆrthsh 
x Æ ®y
Grammik  Exˆrthsh 
x Æ ®y 
xk Æ c1x1Åc2x2Å. . .Åcnxn
Grammik  Exˆrthsh 
x Æ ®y 
xk Æ c1x1Åc2x2Å. . .Åcnxn 
'Ena sÔnolo dianusmˆtwn lègontai grammikˆ 
exarthmèna an to kajèna apo autˆ mporeÐ na 
grafjeÐ san grammikìc sunduasmìc twn upoloÐpwn.
'Ena sÔnolo dianusmˆtwn x1,x2, . . . ,xk 2 Rn lègontai grammikˆ 
exarthmèna ann upˆrqoun arijmoÐ c1,c2, . . . ,ck 2 R ek twn 
opoÐwn toulˆqiston ènac den eÐnai mhdèn kai gia touc 
opoÐouc isqÔei c1x1Åc2x2 . . . ,ckxk Æ 0.
'Ena sÔnolo dianusmˆtwn x1,x2, . . . ,xk 2 Rn lègontai grammikˆ 
exarthmèna ann upˆrqoun arijmoÐ c1,c2, . . . ,ck 2 R ek twn 
opoÐwn toulˆqiston ènac den eÐnai mhdèn kai gia touc 
opoÐouc isqÔei c1x1Åc2x2 . . . ,ckxk Æ 0. 
Gia na elègxoume thn exˆrthsh twn x1,x2, . . . ,xk 2 Rn 
Ï SqhmatÐzoume ton pÐnaka A opoÐoc èqei san st lec ta 
dianÔsmata autˆ 
Ï UpologÐzoume ton mhdenìqwro tou A 
An autìc perilambˆnei mìnon to mhdenikì diˆnusma toìte 
autˆ eÐnai grammikˆ anexˆrthta.
OrismoÐ 
Eˆn ènac dianusmatikìc q¸roc V apoteleÐtai apì 
ìlouc touc grammikoÔc sunduasmoÔc twn 
dianusmˆtwn v1,v2, . . . ,vk tìte lème ìti autˆ 
parˆgoun ton V.
OrismoÐ 
Eˆn ènac dianusmatikìc q¸roc V apoteleÐtai apì 
ìlouc touc grammikoÔc sunduasmoÔc twn 
dianusmˆtwn v1,v2, . . . ,vk tìte lème ìti autˆ 
parˆgoun ton V. 
'Ena sÔnolo dianusmˆtwn parˆgei ènan 
dianusmatikì q¸ro ann kˆje diˆnusma tou q¸rou 
mporeÐ na grafjeÐ san grammikìc sunduasmìc twn 
en lìgw dianusmˆtwn.
OrismoÐ 
'Ena sÔnolo dianusmˆtwn apoteleÐ bˆsh enìc 
dianusmatikoÔ q¸rou ann autˆ eÐnai grammikˆ 
anexˆrthta kai parˆgoun ton q¸ro.
OrismoÐ 
'Ena sÔnolo dianusmˆtwn apoteleÐ bˆsh enìc 
dianusmatikoÔ q¸rou ann autˆ eÐnai grammikˆ 
anexˆrthta kai parˆgoun ton q¸ro. 
Diˆstash enìc upoq¸rou eÐnai to pl joc twn 
stoiqeÐwn thc bˆshc tou.

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18η διάλεξη Γραμμικής Άλγεβρας

  • 1. Grammik  'Algebra Epanˆlhyh - Bˆsh kai diˆstash q¸rwn Tm ma Hlektrolìgwn Mhqanik¸n kai Mhqanik¸n Upologist¸n Panepist mio JessalÐac 5 NoembrÐou 2014
  • 2. Je¸rhma 'Estw o m£n pÐnakac A. Tìte 1. O mhdenìqwrìc tou A eÐnai dianusmatikìc upìqwroc tou Rn.
  • 3. Je¸rhma 'Estw o m£n pÐnakac A. Tìte 1. O mhdenìqwrìc tou A eÐnai dianusmatikìc upìqwroc tou Rn. 2. O aristerìc mhdenìqwrìc tou A eÐnai dianusmatikìc upìqwroc tou Rm.
  • 4. Je¸rhma 'Estw o m£n pÐnakac A. Tìte 1. O mhdenìqwrìc tou A eÐnai dianusmatikìc upìqwroc tou Rn. 2. O aristerìc mhdenìqwrìc tou A eÐnai dianusmatikìc upìqwroc tou Rm. 3. O q¸roc gramm¸n tou A eÐnai dianusmatikìc upìqwroc tou Rn.
  • 5. Je¸rhma 'Estw o m£n pÐnakac A. Tìte 1. O mhdenìqwrìc tou A eÐnai dianusmatikìc upìqwroc tou Rn. 2. O aristerìc mhdenìqwrìc tou A eÐnai dianusmatikìc upìqwroc tou Rm. 3. O q¸roc gramm¸n tou A eÐnai dianusmatikìc upìqwroc tou Rn. 4. O q¸roc sthl¸n tou A eÐnai dianusmatikìc upìqwroc tou Rm.
  • 6. Je¸rhma 'Estw o m£n pÐnakac A. Tìte 1. O mhdenìqwrìc tou A eÐnai dianusmatikìc upìqwroc tou Rn. 2. O aristerìc mhdenìqwrìc tou A eÐnai dianusmatikìc upìqwroc tou Rm. 3. O q¸roc gramm¸n tou A eÐnai dianusmatikìc upìqwroc tou Rn. 4. O q¸roc sthl¸n tou A eÐnai dianusmatikìc upìqwroc tou Rm. 5. To sÔnolo twn lÔsewn tou Ax Æ b den apoteleÐ dianusmatikì upìqwro tou Rn.
  • 7. Epanˆlhyh diadikasÐac epÐlushc An jèsw ìlec tic eleÔjerec metablhtèc Ðsec me 0 eÔkola upologÐzw mia lÔsh s0 tou mh-omogenoÔc Ax Æ b : Parˆdeigma: 2 666664 1 0 ¤ 0 ¤ ¼ 0 1 ¤ 0 ¤ e 0 0 0 1 ¤ p 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 777775
  • 8. Epanˆlhyh diadikasÐac epÐlushc An jèsw ìlec tic eleÔjerec metablhtèc Ðsec me 0 eÔkola upologÐzw mia lÔsh s0 tou mh-omogenoÔc Ax Æ b : Parˆdeigma: 2 666664 1 0 ¤ 0 ¤ ¼ 0 1 ¤ 0 ¤ e 0 0 0 1 ¤ p 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 777775 Jètw x3 Æ x5 Æ 0 x1 Å0x2 Ť0Å0x4 Ť0 Æ ¼ 0x1 Åx2 Ť0Å0x4 Ť0 Æ e 0x1 Å0x2 Ť0Åx4 Ť0 Æ p 2
  • 9. Epanˆlhyh diadikasÐac epÐlushc An jèsw ìlec tic eleÔjerec metablhtèc Ðsec me 0 eÔkola upologÐzw mia lÔsh s0 tou mh-omogenoÔc Ax Æ b : Parˆdeigma: 2 666664 1 0 ¤ 0 ¤ ¼ 0 1 ¤ 0 ¤ e 0 0 0 1 ¤ p 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 777775 Jètw x3 Æ x5 Æ 0 x1 Å0x2 Ť0Å0x4 Ť0 Æ ¼ 0x1 Åx2 Ť0Å0x4 Ť0 Æ e 0x1 Å0x2 Ť0Åx4 Ť0 Æ p 2 x1 Æ ¼,x2 Æ e,x4 Æ p 2,x3 Æ x5 Æ 0 eÐnai mia lÔsh. P¸c ja broÔme ìlec tic ˆllec lÔseic?
  • 10. H diaforˆ dÔo lÔsewn 'Estw si mia opoiad pote ˆllh lÔsh, opìte Asi Æ b.
  • 11. H diaforˆ dÔo lÔsewn 'Estw si mia opoiad pote ˆllh lÔsh, opìte Asi Æ b. Tìte A(si ¡s0) Æ Asi ¡As0 Æ b¡b Æ 0
  • 12. H diaforˆ dÔo lÔsewn 'Estw si mia opoiad pote ˆllh lÔsh, opìte Asi Æ b. Tìte A(si ¡s0) Æ Asi ¡As0 Æ b¡b Æ 0 Dhlad  to (si ¡s0) Æ s eÐnai lÔsh tou omogenoÔc Ax Æ 0.
  • 13. H diaforˆ dÔo lÔsewn 'Estw si mia opoiad pote ˆllh lÔsh, opìte Asi Æ b. Tìte A(si ¡s0) Æ Asi ¡As0 Æ b¡b Æ 0 Dhlad  to (si ¡s0) Æ s eÐnai lÔsh tou omogenoÔc Ax Æ 0. 'Ara si Æ s0 Ås.
  • 14. H diaforˆ dÔo lÔsewn 'Estw si mia opoiad pote ˆllh lÔsh, opìte Asi Æ b. Tìte A(si ¡s0) Æ Asi ¡As0 Æ b¡b Æ 0 Dhlad  to (si ¡s0) Æ s eÐnai lÔsh tou omogenoÔc Ax Æ 0. 'Ara si Æ s0 Ås. Sumpèrasma To sÔnolo twn lÔsewn tou Ax Æ b isoÔtai me to sÔnolo twn lÔsewn tou Ax Æ 0 sun mia opoiad pote lÔsh tou Ax Æ b.
  • 15. Ta sÔnola twn lÔsewn Ax Æ 0 and Ax Æ b san uposÔnola tou Rn Ax = b s0 Ax = 0
  • 16. Parˆdeigma Mh-omogenèc: Ax Æ b x1 Å2x2 ¡3x3 Å2x4 ¡4x5 Æ 1 2x1 Å4x2 ¡5x3 Å1x4 ¡6x5 Æ 3 5x1 Å10x2 ¡13x3 Å4x4 ¡16x5 Æ 7
  • 17. Parˆdeigma Mh-omogenèc: Ax Æ b x1 Å2x2 ¡3x3 Å2x4 ¡4x5 Æ 1 2x1 Å4x2 ¡5x3 Å1x4 ¡6x5 Æ 3 5x1 Å10x2 ¡13x3 Å4x4 ¡16x5 Æ 7 Omogenèc: Ax Æ 0 x1 Å2x2 ¡3x3 Å2x4 ¡4x5 Æ 0 2x1 Å4x2 ¡5x3 Å1x4 ¡6x5 Æ 0 5x1 Å10x2 ¡13x3 Å4x4 ¡16x5 Æ 0
  • 18. Upˆrqei lÔsh? Epauxhmènoc pÐnakac: 2 4 1 2 ¡3 2 ¡4 1 2 4 ¡5 1 ¡6 3 5 10 ¡13 4 ¡16 7 3 5
  • 19. Upˆrqei lÔsh? Epauxhmènoc pÐnakac: 2 4 1 2 ¡3 2 ¡4 1 2 4 ¡5 1 ¡6 3 5 10 ¡13 4 ¡16 7 3 5 L2á L2 ¡2L1, L3á L3 ¡5L1: 2 4 1 2 ¡3 2 ¡4 1 0 0 1 ¡3 2 1 0 0 2 ¡6 4 2 3 5
  • 20. Upˆrqei lÔsh? Epauxhmènoc pÐnakac: 2 4 1 2 ¡3 2 ¡4 1 2 4 ¡5 1 ¡6 3 5 10 ¡13 4 ¡16 7 3 5 L2á L2 ¡2L1, L3á L3 ¡5L1: 2 4 1 2 ¡3 2 ¡4 1 0 0 1 ¡3 2 1 0 0 2 ¡6 4 2 3 5 L3á L3 ¡2L2: 2 4 1 2 ¡3 2 ¡4 1 0 0 1 ¡3 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 5
  • 21. Upˆrqei lÔsh? Epauxhmènoc pÐnakac: 2 4 1 2 ¡3 2 ¡4 1 2 4 ¡5 1 ¡6 3 5 10 ¡13 4 ¡16 7 3 5 L2á L2 ¡2L1, L3á L3 ¡5L1: 2 4 1 2 ¡3 2 ¡4 1 0 0 1 ¡3 2 1 0 0 2 ¡6 4 2 3 5 L3á L3 ¡2L2: 2 4 1 2 ¡3 2 ¡4 1 0 0 1 ¡3 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 5 Upˆrqei lÔsh.
  • 22. Upolìgise mia lÔsh tou mh-omogenoÔc EleÔjerec metablhtèc: x2,x4,x5.
  • 23. Upolìgise mia lÔsh tou mh-omogenoÔc EleÔjerec metablhtèc: x2,x4,x5. Tic jètw Ðsec me 0 kai lÔnw:
  • 24. Upolìgise mia lÔsh tou mh-omogenoÔc EleÔjerec metablhtèc: x2,x4,x5. Tic jètw Ðsec me 0 kai lÔnw: x1 Æ 4, x3 Æ 1. 'Ara mia lÔsh eÐnai s0 Æ 2 666664 4 0 1 0 0 3 777775 .
  • 25. Upolìgise ìlec tic lÔseic tou omogenoÔc 2 4 1 2 ¡3 2 ¡4 0 0 0 1 ¡3 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 5 2 x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 666664 3 777775 Æ 2 ¡2x2 Å7x4 ¡2x5 666664 x2 3x4 ¡2x5 x4 x5 3 777775 Æ x2 2 ¡2 1 0 0 0 666664 3 777775 Åx4 2 7 0 3 1 0 666664 3 777775 Åx5 2 ¡2 0 ¡2 0 1 666664 3 777775
  • 26. 'Olec oi lÔseic tou omogenoÔc 8>>>>>< Kˆje grammikìc sunduasmìc twn stoiqeÐwn tou parakˆtw sunìlou 2 666664 >>>>>: 3 ¡2 1 0 0 0 777775 , 2 7 0 3 1 0 666664 3 777775 , 2 666664 ¡2 0 ¡2 0 1 9>>>>>= >>>>>; 3 777775 Span{u,v} u v
  • 27. 'Olec oi lÔseic tou mh-omogenoÔc 2 4 0 1 0 0 666664 3 777775 Å 8>>>>>< >>>>>: 2 ¡2 1 0 0 0 666664 3 777775 , 2 7 0 3 1 0 666664 3 777775 , 2 3 666664 ¡2 777775 0 ¡2 0 1 9>>>>>= >>>>>; v u s s + Span{u,v} 0 0
  • 29. Grammik  Exˆrthsh x Æ ®y xk Æ c1x1Åc2x2Å. . .Åcnxn
  • 30. Grammik  Exˆrthsh x Æ ®y xk Æ c1x1Åc2x2Å. . .Åcnxn 'Ena sÔnolo dianusmˆtwn lègontai grammikˆ exarthmèna an to kajèna apo autˆ mporeÐ na grafjeÐ san grammikìc sunduasmìc twn upoloÐpwn.
  • 31. 'Ena sÔnolo dianusmˆtwn x1,x2, . . . ,xk 2 Rn lègontai grammikˆ exarthmèna ann upˆrqoun arijmoÐ c1,c2, . . . ,ck 2 R ek twn opoÐwn toulˆqiston ènac den eÐnai mhdèn kai gia touc opoÐouc isqÔei c1x1Åc2x2 . . . ,ckxk Æ 0.
  • 32. 'Ena sÔnolo dianusmˆtwn x1,x2, . . . ,xk 2 Rn lègontai grammikˆ exarthmèna ann upˆrqoun arijmoÐ c1,c2, . . . ,ck 2 R ek twn opoÐwn toulˆqiston ènac den eÐnai mhdèn kai gia touc opoÐouc isqÔei c1x1Åc2x2 . . . ,ckxk Æ 0. Gia na elègxoume thn exˆrthsh twn x1,x2, . . . ,xk 2 Rn Ï SqhmatÐzoume ton pÐnaka A opoÐoc èqei san st lec ta dianÔsmata autˆ Ï UpologÐzoume ton mhdenìqwro tou A An autìc perilambˆnei mìnon to mhdenikì diˆnusma toìte autˆ eÐnai grammikˆ anexˆrthta.
  • 33. OrismoÐ Eˆn ènac dianusmatikìc q¸roc V apoteleÐtai apì ìlouc touc grammikoÔc sunduasmoÔc twn dianusmˆtwn v1,v2, . . . ,vk tìte lème ìti autˆ parˆgoun ton V.
  • 34. OrismoÐ Eˆn ènac dianusmatikìc q¸roc V apoteleÐtai apì ìlouc touc grammikoÔc sunduasmoÔc twn dianusmˆtwn v1,v2, . . . ,vk tìte lème ìti autˆ parˆgoun ton V. 'Ena sÔnolo dianusmˆtwn parˆgei ènan dianusmatikì q¸ro ann kˆje diˆnusma tou q¸rou mporeÐ na grafjeÐ san grammikìc sunduasmìc twn en lìgw dianusmˆtwn.
  • 35. OrismoÐ 'Ena sÔnolo dianusmˆtwn apoteleÐ bˆsh enìc dianusmatikoÔ q¸rou ann autˆ eÐnai grammikˆ anexˆrthta kai parˆgoun ton q¸ro.
  • 36. OrismoÐ 'Ena sÔnolo dianusmˆtwn apoteleÐ bˆsh enìc dianusmatikoÔ q¸rou ann autˆ eÐnai grammikˆ anexˆrthta kai parˆgoun ton q¸ro. Diˆstash enìc upoq¸rou eÐnai to pl joc twn stoiqeÐwn thc bˆshc tou.