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AFAFTETER R FINISHINGFINISHING
THIS THIS CHCHAPTERAPTER
GO GO TTO O PPAGE AGE 112222
FOR FOR STUDY STUDY TOTOOLSOLS
LEARNING LEARNING OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES
Aft er Aft er reading reading t his t his chapt erchapt er, , you
you should should be be able able t o t o do do t he t he
following:following:
6-16-1 Describe Describe the the long-term long-term causes
causes and and more more immediate immediate eevents vents
that that led led the the colonistscolonists
into into a a true true war war for for independence
independence against against Britain.Britain.
6-26-2 EnumeraEnumerate te the the various various phases
phases of of the the American American ReRevolution,

volution, and and analyze analyze thethe
circumstances circumstances that that eeventually ventually
helped helped the the colonists colonists win win a a conflict
conflict that that Britain,Britain, by by
rights,rights, should should nevnever er hahave ve lost.lost.
6-36-3 Assess Assess the the significance significance of of the
the American American Revolution Revolution to to the the
follofollowing wing groups:groups:
colonists,colonists, slav slaves, es, NatiNative ve
Americans,Americans, and and women.women.
66 TheThe Re Revvolutionolution
CH APT ER CH APT ER 66: : TThe he
RevolutionRevolution104104
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After After the the “long “long train train of of abuses” abuses”
that that led led to to the the DeclaDecla--
ration ration of of Independence, Independence, from from 1776
1776 to to 1783 1783 AmericanAmerican
patriots patriots fought fought a a long long and and difficult
difficult war war with with Britain. Britain. OsOs--
tensiblytensibly, , the the battle battle was was between between
freedom freedom and and tyranny tyranny (if(if
you you were were a a patriot), patriot), or or about about the
the responsibilities responsibilities of of bebe--
ing ing British British (if (if you you were were a a Loyalist).
Loyalist). In In realityreality, , choosingchoosing
sides sides was was much much more more personal, personal,
depending, depending, for for instance,instance,
on on whether whether your your landlord landlord was was a a
LLoyalist oyalist or or a a patriot,patriot,
whether whether you you thought thought political political
freedom freedom would would improveimprove
your your economic economic situation, situation, or or whether
whether you you felt felt the the earnearn--
ings ings you you made made from from a a slave-based slave-
based economy economy were were threatthreat--
ened. ened. All All colonists colonists were were forced forced
to to choose choose sides, sides, althoughalthough
many many remained remained ambivalent. ambivalent.
Loyalists Loyalists were were scorned, scorned, butbut
revolutionaries revolutionaries would would be be punished
punished brutally brutally if if their their sideside
lost. lost. Choosing Choosing sides sides was was no no small
small mattermatter, , and and the the conseconse--
quences quences could could be be deadlydeadly..
But But the the war war and and the the political political
independence independence thatthat

followed followed made made up up only only one one of of
several several transitions transitions thatthat
took took place place during during these these years. years.
The The Revolutionary Revolutionary WWarar
brought brought with with it it fundamental fundamental
questions questions about about freedomfreedom
and and libertyliberty, , and and about about what what kind
kind of of society society AmericansAmericans
wanted. wanted. How How far far would would the the
American American Revolution Revolution go go inin
promoting promoting equality? equality? WWould ould
economic economic and and educationaleducational
differences differences be be eradicated eradicated by by a a
leveling leveling state? state? WWould ould slavslav--
ery ery be be abolished? abolished? How How different
different would would the the new new societysociety
look look compared compared to to the the old? old? How How
revolutionary revolutionary would would thethe
American American Revolution Revolution be?be?
6-1 6-1 FROM FROM REBELLIONREBELLION
As As in in most most revolutions, revolutions, the the
American American Revolution Revolution hadhad
long-term, long-term, underlying underlying causes causes that
that finally finally came came to to a a headhead
because because of of short-term, short-term, precipitating
precipitating events.events.
66-1-1aa Underlying Underlying CausesCauses
In In the the 103 103 years years between between 1660 1660
and and 1763, 1763, the the coloniescolonies
had had formed formed a a unique unique society society
distinct distinct from from that that of of Britain.Britain.
Perhaps Perhaps most most important, important, they they had

had developed developed a a dynamicdynamic
economy economy in in manufacturing manufacturing and and
processing processing goods, goods, as as wellwell
as as supplying supplying raw raw materials materials to to
trading trading partners partners in in bothboth
the the Old Old and and New New WWorlds. orlds. In In other
other words, words, the the coloniescolonies
were were not not just just a a primary primary economic
economic supplier supplier (supplying(supplying
raw raw materials materials to to a a mother mother country),
country), but but a a well-roundedwell-rounded
economic economic system system unto unto themselves.
themselves. Of Of course, course, manymany
wealthy wealthy southerners southerners owed owed their their
fortunes fortunes to to slave-basedslave-based
cash cash crops crops that that were were then then traded
traded with with Britain, Britain, so so thesethese
colonists colonists shied shied away away from from
confrontation confrontation with with the the Crown.Crown.
Nevertheless, Nevertheless, large large sectors sectors of of the
the North North American American econecon--
omy omy were were becoming becoming increasingly
increasingly independent independent of of Britain.Britain.
Along Along similar similar lines, lines, property property
ownership ownership was was moremore
common common in in the the colonies colonies than than in in
Britain. Britain. This This meant meant that,that,
with with the the notable notable exception exception of of
slaves, slaves, the the peopeople ple workingworking
the the land land owned owned it, it, which which gave gave
them them something something to to fightfight
for for should should their their position position be be
threatened. threatened. The The colonies colonies alsoalso
had had developed developed without without the the titled

titled aristocracy aristocracy or or widewide--
spread spread poverty poverty found found in in Britain,
Britain, two two further further factors factors thatthat
made made them them an an entity entity unique unique from
from Britain. Britain. And, And, in in fact,fact,
each each colony colony had had developed developed a a self-
elected self-elected government,government,
something something it it was was not not willing willing to to
give give up up easilyeasily..
66-1-1bb Precipitating Precipitating EventsEvents
But But these these long-term long-term causes causes could
could not not have have detonateddetonated
into into a a war war without without several several immediate
immediate sparks. sparks. Three Three werewere
vital: vital: (1) (1) increased increased local local conflicts;
conflicts; (2) (2) the the uncompromisuncompromis--
ing ing attitude attitude of of Britain; Britain; and and (3) (3) a
a shift shift in in opinion opinion amongamong
the the colonists—toward colonists—toward
revolution.revolution.
THTH E E WIDWIDENEN ININ G G WARWAR
At At the the local local level, level, the the war’war’s s scope
scope was was widening widening eveneven
before before any any official official declaration declaration of
of warwar. . In In 1775, 1775, for for inin--
stance, stance, Ethan Ethan Allen Allen and and his his “Green
“Green Mountain Mountain Boys”Boys”
attacked attacked and and captured captured Britain’Britain’s s
Fort Fort TTiconderoga iconderoga andand
Crown Crown Point Point in in backwoods backwoods New New
YYork. ork. At At about about the the samesame
time, time, the the patriots’ patriots’ Continental Continental
Army Army invaded invaded CanadaCanada

and and captured captured Montreal Montreal but but failed
failed to to capture capture Quebec. Quebec. InIn
Charleston, Charleston, meanwhile, meanwhile, patriots patriots
beat beat back back an an attack attack byby
a a British British fleet. fleet. In In Boston, Boston, patriots
patriots surrounded surrounded and and laidlaid
“siege” “siege” on on the the city city after after the the British
British had had taken taken controlcontrol
in in the the aftermath aftermath of of the the Battle Battle of of
Bunker Bunker Hill. Hill. PerhapsPerhaps
most most dramaticallydramatically, , Virginians Virginians
forced forced the the royal royal governorgovernor,,
Lord Lord Dunmore, Dunmore, to to retreat retreat from from
the the mainland mainland to to a a BritishBritish
warship warship in in the the harbor harbor at at Norfolk.
Norfolk. These These local local conflicts,conflicts,
organized organized without without the the assistance
assistance of of any any unified unified colonialcolonial
bodybody, , indicated indicated a a widening widening war war
between between Britain Britain and and thethe
colonies, colonies, and and signaled signaled the the
transformation transformation of of grassrootsgrassroots
opinion opinion toward toward warwar..
Lord Lord Dunmore’Dunmore’s s story story is is significant,
significant, howeverhowever, , forfor
another another reason. reason. After After retreating retreating
to to an an offshore offshore ship ship asas
he he awaited awaited British British military military support,
support, Dunmore Dunmore issued issued aa
The The ffirsirst t shoshots ts oof f the the AAmermericaican
n RevolRevolutioution n were were ffired ired iin n
LexLexingtington, on, MaMassssachachuseusetttts s on on
AAprpril il 1199, , 17751775, , picpicturtured ed herhere. e.
Little Little did did anyone anyone know know thenthen that

that this this initialinitial skirmish skirmish would would lead
lead the the colonies colonies to to declare declare their their
independenceindependence and and
ststrike rike oout ut onon th their eir owown. n. EveEven n
lesless s knknown own wwas as wwhahat t kinkind d of of
natnation ion wowould uld fform orm iin n wake wake oof f a a
hishistortoric ic revorevolutilution.on.
105105FrFrom om Rebellion Rebellion to to
RevolutionRevolution
proclamation proclamation offering offering freedom freedom
toto
any any slave slave who who agreed agreed to to fight fight
forfor

the the British. British. His His program, program,
“Liberty“Liberty
to to Slaves,” Slaves,” angered angered the the
colonists,colonists,
who who would would later later cite cite Dunmore’Dunmore’s
s acac--
tions tions in in the the Declaration Declaration of of
IndepenIndepen--
dence. dence. TTo o many many colonists, colonists,
libertyliberty
was was meant meant only only for for Europeans Europeans
andand
Euro-Americans, Euro-Americans, and and it it stung stung
thatthat
the the governor governor was was offering offering it it to to
slaves.slaves.
Within Within weeks weeks of of Dunmore’Dunmore’s s call,
call, bebe--
tween tween five five hundred hundred and and six six
hundredhundred
slaves slaves responded, responded, and and before before
thethe
Revolutionary Revolutionary WWar ar was was overover, ,
severalseveral
thousand thousand more more fought fought for for
BritainBritain
and and for for their their freedom. freedom. In In
contrast,contrast,
George George WWashington ashington refused refused to to
useuse
black black soldiers soldiers during during the the first first
yearsyears
of of the the warwar. . Indeed, Indeed, only only during during
thethe
final final months months of of the the war war were were
colocolo--

nists nists forced forced to to press press slaves slaves into into
serser--
vice, vice, delaying delaying the the action action
becausebecause
they they feared feared arming arming them.them.
UNCOMUNCOMPROMISPROMIS ING ING BRBR
ITITAINAIN
As As the the war war widened, widened, King King
GeorgeGeorge
III III grew grew increasingly increasingly angry angry atat
the the colonies colonies for for their their continued continued
insubordination. insubordination. He He rejected rejected the
the “Olive “Olive Branch Branch PePe--
tition” tition” of of the the Second Second Continental
Continental Congress Congress and and in in
August August 1775 1775 denounced denounced the the
colonists colonists as as rebels. rebels. He He alsoalso
hired hired mercenaries mercenaries from from
GermanyGermany, , called called ““HessiansHessians,,””
to to fight fight the the colonists. colonists. And And in in
December December 1775 1775 he he closedclosed
all all American American ports.ports.
This This last last action action was was particularly
particularly significant significant becausebecause
it it made made independence independence absolutely
absolutely necessary necessary to to openopen
trade trade with with other other countries. countries. The The
king’king’s s uncompromisinguncompromising
attitude attitude presented presented the the colonists colonists
than than revolution. revolution. Each Each step step amplified
amplified the the conflict.conflict.

THTH E E SHSH IFT IFT II N N AMAMERER ICICAN AN
OOPINPIN IOIONN
FinallFinallyy, , popular popular opinion opinion in in the the
colonies colonies had had graduallygradually
shifted shifted toward toward independence. independence. The
The decline decline of of salutarysalutary
neglect neglect and and the the spread spread of of local loca l
violence violence led led many many colocolo--
nists nists to to side side with with the the revolutionaries.
revolutionaries. These These economiceconomic
and and social social events events pushed pushed the the war
war of of ideas ideas about about freedomfreedom
and and sovereignty sovereignty into into the the lives lives
ofof
everyday everyday Americans, Americans, and and the the
moremore
the the Crown Crown proved proved uncompromisuncompromis-
-
ing, ing, the the more more American American opinionopinion
shifted shifted toward toward revolution.revolution.
66-1-1cc Choosing Choosing SidesSides
There There was, was, howeverhowever, , never never
unanimunanim--
ityity, , and and thus, thus, in in addition addition to to this this
bebe--
ing ing a a revolutionary revolutionary warwar, , it it was was
alsoalso
very very much much a a civil civil warwar..
THE THE LOLOYYALISTSALISTS
Why Why remain remain loyal? loyal? In In the the end,end,
somewhere somewhere between between one-fifth one-fifth

andand
one-third one-third of of the the colonists colonists
remainedremained
loyal loyal to to Britain Britain throughout throughout the the
warwar
(see (see “The “The Reasons Reasons Why Why . . . . .” .”
box).box).
Most Most prominent prominent in in this this group group
werewere
wealthy wealthy landholders landholders and and slave slave
ownown--
ers, ers, who who had had the the most most to to lose lose in in
aa
revolution. revolution. Furthermore, Furthermore, a a largelarge
percentage percentage of of colonists colonists
remainedremained
indifferent indifferent to to both both the the British British
andand
the the revolutionaries.revolutionaries.
Although Although all all the the colonies colonies hadhad
some some pro-Crown pro-Crown families, families, geogeo--
graphically graphically most most Loyalists Loyalists lived
lived in in the the southern southern coloniescolonies
and and New New YYork.ork.
THE THE REVREVOLUTOLUTIONARIESIONARIES
Why Why revolt? revolt? Each Each rebelling rebelling colonist
colonist had had a a different different momo--
tive tive for for supporting supporting a a break break with with
Britain, Britain, and and these these reasonsreasons
were were just just as as complicated complicated as as those
those for for remaining remaining loyal.loyal.

>> >> The The king’king’s s uncompromisinguncompromising
attitude attitude presented presented thethe
colonists colonists with with fefew w optionsoptions
other other than than rerevolution.volution. Here Here thethe
king king is is dressed dressed in in his his rrooyal yal
best.best.
TT
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he
N
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ioti
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al
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otot
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StSt
ococ
k k
PhPh
ot
o

ot
o
Hessians Hessians German German soldiers soldiers hired hired
by by Britain Britain to to f ight f ight against against thethe
rebelling rebelling American American coloniescolonies
>> >> FFort ort TTicoiconderonderoga ga stamp,stamp,
celebrating celebrating
a a local local conflict conflict of of 1775.1775.
iS
to
iS
to
ck
.c
om
ck
.c
om
/r
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ac

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106106 CH APT ER CH APT ER 66: : The The
ReRevolutionvolution
not not materially materially afaffect fect the the overall overall
Personal Personal and and commercial commercial
considerations considerations were were vitallyvitally
important. important. But But perhaps perhaps most most
influential influential was was the the ideologyideology
of of republicanismrepublicanism, , the the idea idea that that
government government should should bebe
based based on on the the consent consent of of the the
governed governed and and that that the the peopeo--
ple ple had had a a duty duty to to ensure ensure that that their

their government government did did notnot
infringe infringe on on individual individual rights. rights. The
The American American RevolutionRevolution
was was the the first first serious serious modern modern
attempt attempt to to craft craft a a governgovern--
ment ment based based on on these these principles.principles.
Republicanism Republicanism set set down down deep deep
roots roots in in Britain Britain bebe--
fore fore it it flowered flowered on on American American soil.
soil. The The British British RadicalRadical
Whigs Whigs of of the the 1600s, 1600s, for for example,
example, harked harked back back to to thethe
classical classical Roman Roman ideal ideal of of a a
“republican “republican societysociety,” ,” in in whichwhich
governmental governmental power power was was curtailed
curtailed by by the the actions actions of of thethe
people, people, who who were were presumed presumed to to be
be virtuous virtuous and and willingwilling
to to sacrifice sacrifice for for the the public public good. good.
Drawing Drawing on on these these RoRo--
man man ideals, ideals, the the Radical Radical Whigs Whigs
outlined outlined a a theory theory accordaccord--
ing ing to to which which a a government government was was
legitimate legitimate only only when when itit
was was based based on on an an agreement agreement between
between the the members members of of aa
society society and and government. government. In In this this
formulation, formulation, membersmembers
of of society society would would agree agree to to sacrifice
sacrifice a a degree degree of of liberty liberty inin
exchange exchange for for the the government government
maintaining maintaining security security andand
orderorder, , but but otherwise otherwise avoid avoid infringing
infringing on on a a person’person’s s life,life,
libertyliberty, , or or propertyproperty. . Any Any ruler ruler

who who transgressed transgressed naturalnatural
laws laws was was considered considered a a tyrant, tyrant, and
and under under tyranny tyranny the the rere--
bellion bellion of of a a people people was was justifiable.
justifiable. (Republicanism (Republicanism waswas
different different from from liberalism, liberalism, which
which viewed viewed any any governmentgovernment
as as an an unwanted unwanted infringement infringement on on
individual individual libertyliberty.).)
Republican Republican ideas ideas spread spread throughout
throughout the the colonies colonies inin
the the 1700s, 1700s, mainly mainly by by the the work work of
of two two British British authors—authors—
John John TTrenchard renchard and and Thomas Thomas
Gordon—who Gordon—who wrote wrote aa
short short book book called called CatoCato’’s s
LettersLetters. . In In America, America, Cato’Cato’s s LetLet--
ters ters and and other other Radical Radical Whig Whig
writings writings were were quoted quoted everyevery
time time Britain Britain attempted attempted to to raise raise
taxes taxes after after the the FrenchFrench
and and Indian Indian WWarar..
But But the the best-known best-known expression expression
of of republicanrepublican
ideas ideas in in revolutionary revolutionary America America
was was corset corset makermaker
Thomas Thomas Paine’Paine’s s political political pamphlet
pamphlet Common Common SenseSense,,
published published in in January January 1776. 1776. Its Its
simple simple wording wording of of rere--
publican publican ideals ideals nudgednudged the the colonists
colonists further further towardtoward
independence. independence. Paine Paine asserted asserted that

that the the king king never never hadhad
the the welfare welfare of of his his subjects subjects in in mind
mind and and that that he he was was enen--
tirely tirely concerned concerned with with his his own own
exercise exercise of of powerpower. . PainePaine
also also argued argued that that independence independence
was was the the only only answer answer toto
this this problem, problem, using using language language so so
powerful powerful that that it it mademade
any any other other course course of of action action seem seem
absurd. absurd. He He set set forthforth
a a vision vision of of America America as as a a dynamic,
dynamic, independent independent nation,nation,
growing growing in in population population and and
prosperityprosperity, , with with a a kindlykindly
government government doing doing a a substantial substantial
amount amount of of economic economic
and and political political leveling leveling to to ensure ensur e
equalityequality. . PointingPointing
Colonists Colonists wwere ere reluctant reluctant to to
withdrawithdraw w from from the the BritishBritish
Empire Empire for for at at least least six six rreasons:easons:
Personal Personal cconnections onnections in in Britain.Britain.
Many Many still still ffelt elt a a strongstrong
attachment attachment to to Britain Britain and and the the king,
king, and and many many still still hadhad
family family and and friends friends in in Britain.Britain.
Economic Economic ties.ties. MManany y also also had had
strong strong commercommercial cial tiesties
with with Britain Britain (the (the slave-based slave-based
economy economy of of the the southsouth--
ern ern colonies colonies was was particularly particularly
dependent dependent on on suchsuch

trade). trade). TTo o rebel rebel was was to to risk risk their
their presenpresent t and and futurefuture
wealth.wealth.
Geopolitical Geopolitical concerns.concerns. Some Some
feared feared that that FFrance rance oror
Spain Spain might might take take over over if if Britain Britain
wwere ere driven driven out out of of thethe
colonies, colonies, and and they they prpreferred eferred British
British rule rule to to thathat t of of somesome
other other European European nation.nation.
FFears ears of of what what American American independence
independence mightmight
mean.mean. SSome ome of of the the smaller smaller rreligious
eligious groups groups ffeltelt
that that Britain Britain had had protected protected them them
from from mormore e powerfulpowerful
denominations denominations that that could could potentially
new new American American state state adopted adopted a a
national national rreligion.eligion.
Personal Personal motivmotives.es.
EconomicallyEconomically, , it it was was often often a a
mattermatter
of of settling settling small small scoresscores. . If, If, ffor or
instance, instance, your your landlordlandlord
was was a a revolutionaryrevolutionary, , you you were were
likely likely to to be be a a LLoyalist;oyalist;
if if your your landlord landlord was was a a LLoyalist, oyalist,
you you were were likely likely tto o be be aa
patriot.patriot.
Uncertainty Uncertainty about about American American

success.success. SSome ome colonistscolonists
doubted doubted the the coloniescolonies’’ ability ability to to
After After all, all, Britain Britain was was the the most most
powpowererful ful nation nation in in thethe
world, world, with with the the mightiest mightiest armarmyy..
republicanismrepublicanism The The theortheory y that that
gogovernment vernment should should be be based based
on on the the consent consent of of the the governed governed
and and thathat t the the governed governed had had a a duty
duty toto
ensure ensure that that their their govgovernment ernment did
did not not inf ringe inf ringe on on individual individual
rightsrights
CatoCato’’s s LettersLetters Book Book that that spread spread
republican republican ideas ideas thrthroughout oughout the the
colonies; colonies; written written by by British British authors
authors John John TTrenchard renchard and and Thomas
Thomas GordonGordon
Common Common SenseSense Inf luential Inf luential political
political pamphlet pamphlet written written by by Thomas
Thomas
PainePaine, , published published in in January January 1776,
1776, containing containing a a simple simple wording wording
of of
republican republican idealsideals
107107FrFrom om Rebellion Rebellion to to
RevolutionRevolution

to to the the tremendous tremendous growth growth ofof
the the American American colonies colonies in in thethe
eighteenth eighteenth centurycentury, , Paine Paine
arguedargued
that that America America was was more more than than justjust
capable capable of of maintaining maintaining indepenindepen--
dence dence from from Britain; Britain; America America
waswas
so so strong, strong, he he claimed, claimed, that that indeinde--
pendence pendence was was inevitable. inevitable. “Until“Until
an an independence independence is is declared,”declared,”
Paine Paine wrote, wrote, “the “the continent continent willwill
feel feel itself itself like like a a man man who who concon--
tinues tinues putting putting off off some some unpleasunpleas--
ant ant business business from from day day to to dayday, ,
yetyet
knows knows it it must must be be done, done, hates hates toto
set set about about it, it, wishes wishes it it overover, , andand

is is continually continually haunted haunted with with thethe
thoughts thoughts of of its its necessitynecessity.”.”
Paine’Paine’s s pamphlet pamphlet was was enormously
enormously influentialinfluential
in in changing changing the the minds minds of of those those
who who had had opposedopposed
inde inde pendence, pendence, especially especially in in
extending extending republican republican ideide--
als als to to colonists colonists beyond beyond the the educated
educated elite. elite. EmergEmerg--
ing ing just just as as local local conflicts conflicts spread
spread throughthrough--
out out the the colonies, colonies, was wasCommon Common
SenseSense
reprinted reprinted several several times; times; in in total,total,
Paine Paine estimated estimated that that 150,000150,000
copies copies were were distributeddistributed
throughout throughout the the colonies—acolonies—a
number number that that would would be be equivaequiva--
lent lent to to 15 15 million million copies copies beingbeing
distributed distributed in in the the United United StatesStates
todaytoday. . Historians Historians have have recentlyrecently
downgraded downgraded Paine’Paine’s s estimates estimates
byby
half half if if not not more, more, with with its its
influenceinfluence
most most widely widely felt felt in in the the north. north.
Still,Still,

all all of of them them credit credit with with providing
providing laylayCommon Common SenseSense --
man’man’s s terms terms for for the the case case of of
independence.independence.
66-1-1dd The The Declaration Declaration of of
IndependenceIndependence
The The increase increase in in local local conflicts, conflicts,
Britain’Britain’s s inflexibilityinflexibility, , andand
the the spreading spreading of of republican republican ideals
ideals made made a a breabreak k withwith
Britain Britain seem seem practically practically inevitable
inevitable by by 1776. 1776. But But indepenindepen--
dence dence was was expedited expedited further further by by
events events on on the the ground. ground. InIn
March March 1776, 1776, the the Continental Continental Army
Army forced forced the the British British toto
evacuate evacuate Boston, Boston, ending ending the the
eleven-month eleven-month siege siege of of thethe
city city that that had had begun begun after after Lexington
Lexington and and Concord Concord and and thethe
Battle Battle of of Bunker Bunker Hill. Hill. Rather Rather than
than sail sail for for home, home, howhow--
everever, , the the British British Army Army headed headed to
to New New YYork, ork, where where moremore
Loyalists Loyalists resided resided than than in in any any other
other colonycolony. . Choosing Choosing notnot
to to establish establish their their base base where where
colonists colonists were were united united in in opop--
position position (Boston), (Boston), the the British British
hoped hoped to to divide divide the the colocolo--
nies nies by by setting setting their their base base of of
operations operations in in an an area area lessless
committed committed to to independence independence (New
(New YYork).ork).

THE THE DRDR AFTINGAFTING
With With this this crisis crisis at at hand, hand, Richard
Richard Henry Henry Lee, Lee, a a VVirginiairginia
delegate delegate to to the the Continental Continental
Congress, Congress, proposed, proposed, on on JuneJune
7, 7, 1776, 1776, that that the the colonies colonies officially
officially declare declare their their indepenindepen--
dence. dence. With With regional regional balance balance in in
mind, mind, the the Congress Congress crecre--
ated ated a a committee committee of of five five to to draft
draft a a declaration. declaration. The The comcom--
mittee mittee consisted consisted of of John John Adams Adams
of of Massachusetts, Massachusetts, RogerRoger
Sherman Sherman of of Connecticut, Connecticut, Robert
Robert R. R. Livingston Livingston of of NewNew
YYork, ork, Benjamin Benjamin Franklin Franklin of of
Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, and and ThomasThomas
Jefferson Jefferson of of Virginia, Virginia, who who was was
selected selected as as the the principalprincipal
draftsman. draftsman. After After the the committee committee
made made minor minor revisionsrevisions
to to Jefferson’Jefferson’s s first first draft, draft, it it presented
presented the the Declaration Declaration ofof
IndependenceIndependence to to the the Congress Congress on
on June June 28, 28, 1776.1776.
>> >> LoLoyalist yalist Flag.Flag.
PoPowerwer ed ed bb y y LigLig htht /Ala/Ala n n SpeSpencnc
er/Alaer/Ala my my StSt ock ock PP hohototo
>> >> This This woodcut woodcut image image from from 1776
1776 shoshowsws
patriots patriots tearing tearing down down a a statue statue of
of KingKing
George George III,III, symbolically symbolically declaring

declaring theirtheir
independenceindependence..
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Declaration Declaration of of Independence Independence
Statement Statement adopted adopted by by thethe
Second Second Continental Continental CCongress ongress
declaring declaring that that the the thirteen thirteen
AmericanAmerican
colonies, colonies, then then at at babattle ttle with with
Britain, Britain, constituted constituted a a free free and and
independentindependent
state; state; drafted drafted primarily primarily by by Thomas
Thomas Jefferson Jefferson and and adopted adopted in in
17761776
Copyright Copyright 2018 2018 Cengage Cengage LeaLearning.
rning. All All Rights Rights Reserved. Reserved. May May not
not be be copied, copied, scanned, scanned, or or duplicated,
duplicated, in in whole whole or or in in part. part. Due Due to
to electronic electronic rights, rights, some some third third
party party content content may may be be suppressed
suppressed from from the the eBook eBook and/or and/or
eChapter(s).eChapter(s).

THE THE DECLDECL ARAR AATIOTIONN
The The document document consisted consisted of of two two
parts: parts: (1) (1) a a preamblepreamble
justifying justifying the the revolution revolution on on the the
basis basis of of natural natural rights,rights,
as as espoused espoused in in the the language language of of
republicanism; republicanism; and and (2)(2)
a a list list of of grievances grievances accusing accusing
George George III III of of tyranny tyranny andand
therefore therefore justifying justifying revolt. revolt.
Heretofore, Heretofore, the the colonists’colonists’
complaints complaints had had all all been been directed
directed toward toward Parliament. Parliament. ByBy
accusing accusing the the king king of of tyrannytyranny, , the
the Declaration Declaration signified signified aa
tremendous, tremendous, even even treasonable, treasonable,
break.break.
THE THE SIGNINGSIGNING
Once Once the the Congress Congress had had read read thethe
Declaration, Declaration, they they debated debated it it andand
made made several several major major changes changes
(the(the
most most important important was was deleting deleting JefJef-
-
ferson’ferson’s s tortured tortured assertions assertions thatthat
Britain Britain had had been been responsibleresponsible
for for implanting implanting the the institution institution ofof
slavery slavery in in the the New New WWorld orld and and

then, then, through through LordLord
Dunmore, Dunmore, provoking provoking slave slave
rebellions). rebellions). On On July July 2,2,
the the Continental Continental Congress Congress voted voted
to to dissolve dissolve ties ties withwith
Britain, Britain, essentially essentially declaring declaring
independence, independence, whichwhich
is is why why John John Adams Adams later later wrote wrote
that that July July 2 2 could could bebe
called called the the birthday birthday of of the the United
United States. States. But But on on July July 4,4,
Congress Congress chose chose to to adopt adopt the the
document document we we now now callcall
the the Declaration Declaration of of Independence.
Independence. On On that that date, date, twotwo
people people signed signed it: it: John John Hancock Hancock
as as president president of of thethe
Congress, Congress, and and Charles Charles Thomson,
Thomson, the the CongressioCongressio--
nal nal secretarysecretary. . On On August August 2, 2,
approximately approximately 50 50 othersothers
signed signed a a clean clean copy copy of of the the
Declaration, Declaration, with with six six moremore
adding adding their their names names laterlater. . With With
the the July July 2 2 declaration,declaration,
the the Revolution Revolution had had a a goal—political
goal—political independenceindependence
would would have have to to fight fight for for it. it. But But
how how could could they? they? TheyThey
had had long long been been protected protected by by the the
British, British, and, and, other other thanthan
a a few few small small colonial colonial militias, militias, they
they had had no no standing standing armyarmy..
THE THE CONTINCONTIN ENTENTAL AL ARMYARMY

Efforts Efforts to to build build a a bona bona fide fide army
army began began even even beforebefore
the the Declaration Declaration of of Independence.
Independence. It It was was an an uphilluphill
battle battle from from the the start. start. Throughout
Throughout the the warwar, , the the army army ofof
the the patriots, patriots, called called the the Continental
Continental ArmyArmy, , was was often often illill
hungryhungry. . Recruitment Recruitment was was always
always aa
problem. problem. Many Many colonists colonists
wantedwanted
freedom, freedom, but but few few wanted wanted to to
givegive
their their lives lives for for it. it. The The
ContinentalContinental
Congress Congress had had to to offer offer large large
bounboun--
ties ties of of land land to to induce induce men men to to
enlist,enlist,
and and eventually eventually it it reduced reduced the the
termterm
of of service service to to just just three three months.months.
Although Although the the Congress Congress set set enlistment
enlistment quotas quotas for for all all thethe
new new states, states, the the states states rarely rarely met met
them. them. At At any any given given time,time,
there there were were usually usually 10,000 10,000 poorly
poorly trained trained troops troops in in thethe
Continental Continental ArmyArmy. . They They were were
often often hungry hungry and and unpaid,unpaid,
but but the the Continental Continental Congress Congress

could could not not help help because because itit
did did not not have have much much money money itself.
itself. As As fighting fighting progressed,progressed,
the the army army had had to to live live off off the the
kindness kindness of of surrounding surrounding farmfarm--
ers ers (hoping (hoping they they were were patriots patriots
and and not not Loyalists).Loyalists).
The The Continental Continental Army Army acted acted under
under tthehe ororddererss o off
George George WWashington, ashington, a a patrician patrician
Virginia Virginia tobacco tobacco farmerfarmer
whose whose wealth wealth came came from from his his
wife’wife’s s familyfamily. . He He believed believed inin
the the republican republican ideology ideology to to the the
very very marrow marrow of of his his bones.bones.
He He also also had had a a brilliant brilliant grasp grasp of of
the the war’war’s s military military strategystrategy..
He He recognized recognized that, that, because because of of
the the ideological ideological nature nature ofof
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>> >> As As commemorated commemorated on on
today’today’s s two-dollar two-dollar bill,bill, John John
TTrumbull’rumbull’s s 1819 1819 painting painting shows
shows the the fivfive-man e-man drdraftingafting
committee committee presenting presenting the the
DeclarDeclaration ation of of Independence Independence toto

the the Continental Continental Congress.Congress.
from from Britain. Britain. With With the the July July 44
Declaration Declaration of of Independence,Independence,
howeverhowever, , American American colonists colonists
hadhad
declared declared their their intention intention not not justjust
to to seek seek nationhood, nationhood, but but to to do do soso
in in the the belief belief that that all all men men werewere
created created equal equal and and that that all all
peoplepeople
possessed possessed certain certain rights rights that that nono--
body body could could denydeny..
6-2 6-2 THE THE WAR WAR FORFOR
INDEPENDENCEINDEPENDENCE
66-2-2aa The The Opposing Opposing SidesSides
The The colonists colonists had had declared declared theirtheir
independence, independence, but but now now theythey
The The main main way way theythey
raised raised money money waswas
simply simply to to print print itit
and and hope hope people people wouldwould
accept accept the the bills.bills.
109109The The WWar ar f or f or IndependenceIndependence

Learning Learning reserves reserves the the rigright ht to to
the the Revolution Revolution and and the the condition
condition of of his his ragtag ragtag armyarmy, , hishis
chances chances would would be be better better if if he he did
did not not try try to to win win every every batbat--
tle. tle. Indeed, Indeed, if if he he refused refused to to engage
engage the the British British at at all all andand
made made them them wear wear themselves themselves out out
pursuing pursuing him, him, he he couldcould
win win simply simply by by surviving. surviving. This This
strategystrategy, , of of course, course, dependeddepended
on on nonmilitary nonmilitary colonists colonists continuing
continuing to to resist resist and and harass harass thethe
British British governors governors and and troops. troops.
Without Without grassroots grassroots supportsupport
in in colonial colonial cities cities and and towns, towns, the the
British British might might have have starvedstarved
the the colonists colonists into into submission. submission. But
But WWashington ashington knewknew, , or or atat
least least hoped, hoped, that that he he could could find find
support support from from a a large large numnum--

ber ber of of colonists. colonists. He He also also knew knew
that that to to not not lose lose was was his his bestbest
chance chance to to win.win.
THTH E E RERE VVOLUOLUTIOTIONARY NARY
GOVEGOVE RR NMNMENTENT
AND AND FINFIN ANCESANCES
Despite Despite his his tactical tactical savvysavvy, ,
WWashington ashington received received his his ordersorders
from from the the Continental Continental Congress, Congress,
the the only only centralized centralized auau--
thority thority in in the the colonies, colonies, although
although it it had had no no legal legal standing standing oror
charter charter document. document. The The Continental
Continental Congress Congress could could onlyonly
request request assistance assistance from from the the various
various states, states, which which had had nono
obligation obligation to to grant grant those those requests.
requests. Although Although the the revolutionrevolution--
aries aries planned planned a a national national government
government in in 1777, 1777, its its foundingfounding
charter charter (the (the Articles Articles of of Confederation)
Confederation) was was not not completedcompleted
until until 1781. 1781. Throughout Throughout the the
Revolutionary Revolutionary WWarar, , then, then, thethe
revolutionaries revolutionaries had had no no official official
central central authorityauthority..
This This hindered hindered them them
organizationallyorganizationally, , and and worse, worse, itit
meant meant that that the the revolutionaries revolutionaries
could could not not easily easily raise raise moneymoney..
They They had had neither neither the the power power to to
levy levy taxes taxes nor nor the the infrainfra--
structure structure of of a a treasurytreasury. . The The main

main way way they they raised raised moneymoney
was was simply simply to to print print it it and and hope hope
people people would would accept accept thethe
bills. bills. The The Continental Continental Congress Congress
issued issued these these bills bills of of creditcredit
throughout throughout the the warwar. . The The states states
issued issued their their own own money money asas
well, well, almost almost all all of of which which was was
generally generally more more stable stable thanthan
the the Conti Conti nental nental dollars. dollars. TToward
oward the the end end of of the the warwar, , thethe
phrase phrase “not “not worth worth a a Continental”
Continental” became became common, common, sugsug--
gesting gesting the the centralized centralized
currency’currency’s s lack lack of of buying buying power
power andand
the the widespread widespread lack lack of of faith faith in in it.
it. Only Only after after 1781, 1781, whenwhen
Robert Robert Morris Morris became became superintendent
superintendent of of finance finance for for thethe
fledgling fledgling nation, nation, did did monetary monetary
conditions conditions improve, improve, mainlymainly
because because he he could could borrow borrow from from
friendly friendly European European nations.nations.
But But throughout throughout the the warwar, , the the United
United States States endured endured thethe
highest highest inflation inflation in in its its historyhistory. .
This This took took a a tremendous tremendous tolltoll
on on consumers, consumers, which which is is to to saysay, ,
all all colonists.colonists.
THTH E E BRBR ITISITISH H ARMARMYY
The The British, British, on on the the other other hand, hand,
had had the the most most powerfulpowerful
army army in in the the world, world, supremacy supremacy of

of the the seas, seas, and and an an organizedorganized
hierarchy hierarchy of of authority authority that that extended
extended all all the the way way to to the the king.king.
But But they they also also had had the the more more difficult
difficult military military task task of of trytry--
ing ing to to destroy destroy WWashington’ashington’s s
armyarmy, , which which was was adept adept at at runrun--
ning ning up up hills hills and and into into forests forests to to
avoid avoid being being captured. captured. TheThe
Crown Crown sent sent seasoned seasoned British British troops
troops who who were were well well armedarmed
and and accustomed accustomed to to large large battles battles
on on vast vast battlefields. battlefields. ItIt
also also hired hired German German mercenaries, mercenaries,
the the Hessians, Hessians, to to fight fight thethe
revolutionaries. revolutionaries. Many Many times, times, the
the British British outnumbered outnumbered thethe
revolutionaries revolutionaries and and were were better better
trained trained and and better better armed,armed,
>>>> Sho Shown wn here here is is the the original original
cover cover of of thethe
pamphlet,pamphlet, Common Common Sense.Sense. The The
pampletpamplet
was was rereprinted printed severseveral al times; times; in in
total,total,
Paine Paine estimated estimated that that 150,000 150,000
copies copies wwereere
distributed distributed throughout throughout the the
colonies,colonies,
although although historians historians hahave ve cut cut that
that nnumberumber
in in half.half. Nevertheless, Nevertheless, it it put put the the
conflict conflict inin
lalayman’yman’s s terms,terms, helping helping increase
increase supportsupport

for for declaring declaring independenceindependence..
©
©
E
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Im
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s
bills bills of of credit credit Currency Currency printed printed
by by the the Continental Continental CCongressongre ss
during during the the Revolutionary Revolutionary WWar; ar;
printing printing these these bills bills in in huge huge numbers
numbers andand
without without any any backing backing led led to to high high
inf lationinf lation

>>>> Continental Continental Congress Congress bills bills of
of credit credit wwereere
unpredictaunpredictabble le and and sometimes sometimes
worthless.worthless.
Pictured Pictured here here arare e severseveral al varieties
varieties of of thethe
bills bills of of credit.credit.
but but they they nonetheless nonetheless confronted confronted
three three insurmountableinsurmountable
problems: problems: (1) (1) Britain Britain could could never
never supply supply its its troops troops adad--
equatelyequately, , especially especially as as WWashington
ashington prolonged prolonged the the warwar
by by constantly constantly retreating retreating inland, inland,
away away from from placesplaces
where where British British ships ships could could easily
easily resupply resupply BritishBritish
troops; troops; (2) (2) WWashington ashington avoided avoided
directly directly engagingengaging

the the British British troops, troops, so so the the regimented
regimented British British ArmyArmy
was was subjected subjected to to unaccustomed unaccustomed
guerrilla guerrilla warfarewarfare
as as it it chased chased him him around around the the
countryside;countryside;
and and (3) (3) other other European European nations nations
(notably(notably
France) France) eventually eventually supported supported the
the revorevo--
lutionaries. lutionaries. These These other other nations nations
werewere
only only too too glad glad to to see see mighty mighty
BritainBritain
humbled humbled by by upstart upstart New New WWorldorld
backwoodsmenbackwoodsmen..
66-2-2bb The The Second Second Phase Phase ofof
the the WarWar, , 1776–17791776–1779
Historians Historians have have identified identified three three
phases phases of of the the warwar..
The The first first took took place place mostly mostly in in
New New England England fromfrom
1774 1774 to to 1777 1777 and and was was viewed viewed by
by Britain Britain mostly mostly as as aa
police police action. action. The The purpur--
suits suits in in Lexington Lexington andand
Concord, Concord, as as well well as as the the Battle Battle of
of BunkerBunker
Hill, Hill, represented represented Britain’Britain’ss attempts
attempts toto
bring bring their their colonial colonial upstart upstart back
back intointo

line. line. The The second second phase, phase, which whi ch
began began inin
1776, 1776, was was generally generally fought fought in in the
the MidMid--
dle dle Colonies Colonies and and was was a a more more
traditionaltraditional
battle, battle, with with the the British British trying trying to to
fightfight
large large military military battles battles and and take take
what what waswas
then then the the capital capital citycity, , PhilaPhila--
third third and and final final phase phase waswas
fought fought in in the the South South and and ledled
to to widespread widespread guerrilla guerrilla warwar--
fare. fare. Generally Generally speaking,speaking,
the the Americans’ Americans’ strategy strategy waswas
--
tacked tacked only only when when they they werewere
EARLEARLY Y BRITISHBRITISH SUCCES SUCCESSESSES
After After evacuating evacuating Massachusetts Massachusetts
in in March March 1776, 1776, the the BritBrit--
ish ish Army Army repositioned repositioned on on Long Long
Island Island and and pressed pressed toto
drive drive patriot patriot forces forces from from New New
YYork ork CityCity, , thus thus initiatinginitiating
the the second second phase phase of of the the warwar. . Their
Their goal goal was was to to isolateisolate
New New England England (which (which it it saw saw as as
the the center center of of resistance)resistance)
by by taking taking control control of of New New YYork ork

City City and and the the Great Great Lakes,Lakes,
then then subduing subduing the the South, South, leaving
leaving Massachusetts Massachusetts strandstrand--
ed ed in in its its revolutionary revolutionary fervorfervor..
In In July July 1776, 1776, 34,000 34,000 British British troops
troops delivered delivered a a crushcrush--
ing ing defeat defeat to to the the patriots patriots on on LLong
ong Island Island and and forced forced thethe
revolutionary revolutionary army army of of 18,000 18,000 to to
give give up up New New YYork ork CityCity..
The The patriots patriots withdrew withdrew all all the the way
way to to New New JerseyJersey, , thenthen
to to Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania. Fleeing Fleeing was was
militarily militarily embarrassing embarrassing andand
bad bad for for morale, morale, but but it it was was tactically
tactically sound: sound: so so long long asas
the the Continental Continental Army Army remained remained
intact, intact, the the colonies colonies werewere
still still fighting fighting for for independence.independence.
CRCR OSSIOSSI NG NG THTH E E DEDE LAWARELAWARE
As As recruitment recruitment suffered suffered because
because of of the the demoralizdemoraliz--
ing ing loss loss at at New New YYork, ork, WWashington
ashington realized realized he he needneed--
ed ed a a victoryvictory. . Furthermore, Furthermore, most most
of of his his soldiers soldiers werewere
enlisted enlisted only only through through the the end end of of
1776, 1776, and and he he fearedfeared
that that without without a a victory victory before before the
the end end of of the the yearyear, , thethe
majority majority of of his his soldiers soldiers would would

not not reenlist. reenlist. WWashingtonashington
decided decided on on a a bold, bold, brilliant brilliant action.
action. On On Christmas Christmas nightnight
1776, 1776, the the army army crossed crossed the the ice-filled
ice-filled Delaware Delaware RiverRiver
and and captured captured TTrenton, renton, New New
JerseyJersey, , which which at at the the timetime
was was held held by by 1,500 1,500 Hessian Hessian
mercenaries mercenaries working working for for thethe
British British ArmyArmy. . The The American American
victory victory at at TTrenton renton had had littlelittle
strategic strategic significance, significance, but but it it
boosted boosted morale morale and and enerener--
gized gized the the Revolution.Revolution.
>> >> George George WWashington.ashington.
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FoFortrt Oswego Oswego
FoFortrt Ticonderoga Ticonderoga
Crown Crown PointPoint
OriskanyOriskany
Aug. Aug. 6, 6, 17771777
Fort Fort StanwixStanwix
Aug. Aug. 23, 23, 17771777
Long Long IslandIsland
Aug. Aug. 27, 27, 17761776
Arnold’sArnold’s
naval naval battlebattle
Oct. Oct. 11, 11, 17761776
Monmouth Monmouth Court Court HouseHouse
June June 28, 28, 17781778
Trenton Trenton Dec. Dec. 26, 26, 17761776
Princeton Princeton Jan. Jan. 3, 3, 17771777
Fort Fort Washington Washington Nov. Nov. 16, 16, 17761776
Germantown Germantown Oct. Oct. 4, 4, 17771777

Brandywine Brandywine Sept. Sept. 11, 11, 17771777
Québec Québec Dec. Dec. 17761776
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siege siege 1775–17761775–1776
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AlbanyAlbany
NewburyportNewburyport
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VIRGINIAVIRGINIA
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SaratogaSaratoga
Burgoyne Burgoyne surrenderssurrenders
Oct. Oct. 17, 17, 1777.1777.
Arnold Arnold andand
MontgomeryMontgomery
begin begin retreatretreat
May May 7, 7, 1776.1776.
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American American forcesforces
British British forcesforces
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American American victoryvictory
British British victoryvictory
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Map Map 6.16.1 Re Revolutionary volutionary War War in in
the the NorthNorth
>> >> This This map map details details the the major major
battles battles of of the the RevRevolutionary olutionary WWar
ar in in the the northern northern colonies colonies andand
shows shows both both land land and and wwater ater battles
battles stretching stretching from from NeNew w JerseJersey y
to to NeNew w YYork, ork, and and demonstrdemonstratesates
the the rerevolutionaries’ volutionaries’ attempts attempts to to
win win the the war war bby y fleeing fleeing inland inland to
to prevprevent ent being being captured.captured.

THTH E E BABATT TLE TLE OOF F SARSAR AATOGTOG
AA
Because Because the the loss loss at at TTrenton renton was was
of of minor minor strategic strategic imporimpor--
tance, tance, the the British British let let it it go, go, and, and,
in in 1777, 1777, British British leadersleaders
planned planned a a two-pronged two-pronged invasion invasion
that that they they hoped hoped wouldwould
finish finish off off the the warwar. . British British general
general John John Burgoyne Burgoyne waswas
to to lead lead his his army army south south from from Canada.
Canada. At At the the same same time,time,
General General William William Howe Howe was was to to
capture capture Philadelphia, Philadelphia, thethe
seat seat of of the the colonial colonial government,
government, and and then then sail sail up up thethe
Hudson Hudson River River to to join join Burgoyne, Burgoyne,
completely completely isolatingisolating
New New England England and and testing testing the the
revolutionaries’ revolutionaries’ unityunity..
At At first, first, the the plan plan was was successful.
successful. Burgoyne’Burgoyne’s s armyarmy
captured captured outposts outposts in in upstate upstate New
New YYork ork (Fort (Fort TTiconicon--
deroga) deroga) and and began began moving moving south.
south. Meanwhile, Meanwhile, HoweHowe
drove drove the the patriots patriots from from Philadelphia
1777 1777 (forcing (forcing the the Continental Continental
Congress Congress to to flee flee the the
capital), capital), and and headed headed north.north.

But But then then the the British British faced faced obstacles.
obstacles. General General BurBur--
goyne’goyne’s s troops troops were were slowed slowed by by
assorted assorted Loyalists Loyalists seekseek--
ing ing protection protection from from the the revolutionary
revolutionary fervor fervor of of thethe
northern northern states, states, and and the the delay delay in
in managing managing supporterssupporters
fleeing fleeing from from the the retribution retribution of of
patriots patriots allowed allowed guerguer--
rilla rilla fighters fighters and and an an organized organized
campcamp of of the the ContinentalContinental
Army Army to to catch catch up up and and harass harass the
the British British troops. troops. By By thethe
time time Burgoyne Burgoyne neared neared the the Hudson
Hudson RiverRiver, , the the AmeriAmeri--
cans cans had had forced forced him him to to halt, halt, and,
and, while while he he waited waited forfor
reinforcements, reinforcements, he he found found himself
himself surrounded surrounded by by 6,0006,000
Continental Continental soldiers soldiers and and up up to to
11,000 11,000 militiamen militiamen whowho
left left their their homes homes in in order order to to join join
thethe
battle. battle. Recognizing Recognizing their their advantage,
advantage, thethe
Americans Americans attacked.attacked.
At At the the end end of of the the fighting, fighting,
BurgoyneBurgoyne
surrendered surrendered all all 5,700 5,700 men men remaining
remaining in in
his his armyarmy. . This This was was the the Battle Battle of of
SaratogaSaratoga..

The The American American victory victory there there proved
proved twotwo
things: things: (1) (1) that that the the patriots patriots could
could in in factfact
defeat defeat sizeable sizeable regiments regiments of of the the
largerlarger
British British Army Army and and (2) (2) that, that, if if the
the BritishBritish
were were to to win win this this warwar, , it it was was going
going to to be be aa
long, long, expensive expensive affairaffair..
THTH E E FREFRE NCNCH H ALLIAALLIA NCENCE
The The Battle Battle of of Saratoga Saratoga was was also also
signifisignifi--
cant cant in in that that it it convinced convinced several
several EuropeanEuropean
powers, powers, including including Spain Spain and and the
the Dutch,Dutch,
to to fight fight against against the the British. British.
Obtaining Obtaining thethe
support support of of France, France, howeverhowever, , was
was keykey. . TheThe
French French allied allied themselves themselves with with the
the AmeriAmeri--
cans cans for for two two reasons: reasons: (1) (1) they they
wanted wanted toto
help help weaken weaken the the British British Empire,
Empire, and and (2)(2)
they they wanted wanted access access to to New New WWorld
orld tradingtrading
posts, posts, which which they they had had lost lost in in the
the FrenchFrench
and and Indian Indian WWarar. . Up Up until until this this

point, point, the the French French had had beenbeen
reluctant reluctant to to support support what what had had
looked looked like like a a losing losing cause.cause.
The The victory victory at at Saratoga Saratoga helped helped
alleviate alleviate these these concerns.concerns.
In In addition addition to to France’France’s s backing, backing,
the the Americans Americans alsoalso
received received aid aid from from an an influential influential
Frenchman. Frenchman. The The MarquisMarquis
de de Lafayette, Lafayette, a a nineteen-yearnineteen-year-old -
old nobleman nobleman committed committed toto
the the republican republican cause cause in in France, France,
volunteered volunteered for for the the AmeriAmeri--
can can fight. fight. Lafayette Lafayette became became an an
instrumental instrumental leader leader in in thethe
American American Army Army and and played played a a key
key role role in in several several pivotalpivotal
American American victories. victories. The The youngest
youngest of of all all the the generals generals in in thethe
warwar, , he he successfully successfully lobbied lobbied the
the French French to to more more fully fully supsup--
port port the the patriots’ patriots’ cause.cause.
In In the the end, end, French French support support was was
vital. vital. The The FrenchFrench
naval naval fleet fleet battled battled Britain’Britain’s s mighty
mighty navy navy in in both both the the east-east-
ern ern (European) (European) and and western western
(American) (American) Atlantic. Atlantic. TheThe
French French also also fought fought naval naval battles
battles in in the the WWest est Indies, Indies, thethe
Mediterranean, Mediterranean, and and India, India, further
further diverting diverting British British efef--
forts forts from from the the American American Revolution.
Revolution. With With the the French French inin--

volved, volved, the the British British now now had had to to
defend defend their their entire entire empire,empire,
not not just just their their North North American American
colonies. colonies. By By 1780, 1780, FrenchFrench
armies armies were were actively actively fighting fighting
alongside alongside WWashington’ashington’ss
armyarmy, , giving giving a a considerable considerable boost
boost to to the the revolutionaries.revolutionaries.
>>>> The The American American victory victory at at
TTrenton,renton, after after WWashington’ashington’ss
crossing crossing the the DelaDelaware,ware, depicted depicted
in in the the Currier Currier and and IvesIves
lithograph,lithograph, had had little little stratestrateggic ic
significancesignificance,, but but it it boostedboosted
morale morale and and enerenerggized ized the the
ReRevolution.volution.
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Battle Battle of of Saratoga Saratoga Battle Battle in in New
New YYork ork State State in in 1777 1777 between between
the the Continental Continental ArmArmy y and and General
General BurgoyneBurgoyne’’s s British British Army Army
troops; troops;
Burgoyne Burgoyne surrendersurrendered, ed, giving giving
hope hope tto o the the revolutionary revolutionary ef f ortef f
ort
THTH E E WWAR AR II N N THE THE WWESTEST
In In the the American American WWest—west est—west of of
the the Appalachian Appalachian MounMoun--

tains, tains, south south of of the the Great Great Lakes, Lakes,
and and east east of of the the MissisMissis--
sippi sippi River—the River—the Revolutionary Revolutionary
WWar ar was was a a brutal brutal andand
violent violent “Indian “Indian WWarar,” ,” where where the
the British British and and the the revolurevolu--
tionaries tionaries vied vied for for Indian Indian allies allies
and and control control of of the the variousvarious
forts forts European European settlers settlers had had built
built since since first first contact. contact. LikeLike
the the colonists, colonists, many many Indians Indians were
were greatly greatly divided divided as as toto
which which side side to to support, support, and and the the
stakes stakes for for them them were were inin--
credibly credibly high, high, considering considering their their
already already plummeting plummeting forfor--
tunes tunes in in North North America. America. If If they they
picked picked the the wrong wrong side,side,
they they could could easily easily be be destroyed. destroyed.
Several Several major major Indian Indian nana--
tions, tions, including including the the Iroquois, Iroquois,
Cherokee, Cherokee, and and Shawnee,Shawnee,
divided divided into into factions factions over over which
which side side to to support.support.
The The British, British, in in general, general, had had more
more success success finding finding alal--
lies lies and and establishing establishing forts forts near near
the the Great Great Lakes, Lakes, and and theythey
often often used used those those forts forts as as staging
staging grounds grounds for for raids raids intointo
western western New New YYork ork and and Pennsylvania.
Pennsylvania. As As always always duringduring
the the warwar, , as as they they advanced, advanced, they they
encountered encountered a a variety variety ofof
Indians Indians and and settlers, settlers, and and they they

never never could could be be quite quite suresure
whose whose side side these these people people were were on.
on. This This uncertainty uncertainty mademade
the the war war in in the the WWest est a a violent violent and
and unstable unstable concoction.concoction.
In In western western New New YYork, ork, for for instance,
instance, where where therethere
were were numerous numerous Iroquois Iroquois sympathetic
sympathetic to to the the British,British,
Congress Congress in in 1779 1779 authorized authorized the
the use use of of 4,500 4,500 soldierssoldiers
to to fight fight under under the the command command of of
General General John John SullivanSullivan
to to eradicate eradicate all all Indian Indian villages. villages.
The The troops troops succeeded.succeeded.
Not Not only only did did they they destroy destroy up up to to
forty forty villages, villages, but but theythey
also also chopped chopped down down every every fruit fruit
tree tree and and confiscated confiscated every every
domesticated domesticated plant plant theythey
could could find. find. In In the the midst midst
of of battle, battle, Sullivan’Sullivan’s s officersofficers
offered offered a a toast: toast: “Civilization“Civilization
or or death death to to all all AmericanAmerican
Savages.”Savages.”
In In Ohio Ohio countrycountry, , the the VirVir--
ginian ginian George George Rogers Rogers ClarkClark
sought sought to to end end British British controlcontrol
in in Detroit Detroit and and in in other other vitalvital
throughways throughways to to the the WWest. est. InIn
1779, 1779, Clark Clark captured captured somesome
key key British British and and Indian Indian troopstroops
and and controlled controlled parts parts of of OhioOhio

territoryterritory. . Despite Despite this this adad--
vantage, vantage, a a decisive decisive victoryvictory
proved proved ephemeral, ephemeral, and and unun--
certainty certainty reigned.reigned.
In In perhaps perhaps the the mostmost
horrific horrific example example of of thethe
brutality brutality of of the the war war in in thethe
WWest, est, on on one one occasion occasion inin
1782, 1782, more more than than 150 150 Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania militiamen militiamen were were onon
the the hunt hunt for for enemy enemy warriors. warriors.
Instead, Instead, they they came came acrossacross
nearly nearly 100 100 Delaware Delaware Indians Indians who
who had had converted converted toto
Christianity Christianity and and were were noncombata nts
noncombatants in in the the warwar. . TheThe
Indians Indians were were starving starving and and were were
in in an an unexpected unexpected localoca--
tion tion searching searching for for food. food. Uncertain
Uncertain of of the the veracity veracity of of thethe
Delaware Delaware Indians’ Indians’ storystory, , the the
militiamen militiamen held held a a councoun--
cil cil and and voted voted to to massacre massacre the the
whole whole lot, lot, leading leading to to thethe
execution execution (they (they were were scalped) scalped) of
and and 39 39 children. children. TTwo wo boys boys escaped
escaped the the vicious vicious execuexecu--
tion, tion, telling telling the the story story of of what what has
has come come to to be be called called thethe
Gnadenhutten Gnadenhutten Massacre, Massacre, named named
after after the the PennsylvaniaPennsylvania
town town in in which which it it occurred. occurred. Several
Several militiamen militiamen refusedrefused

to to participate participate in in the the slaughterslaughter, ,
but but the the violence violence and and thethe
uncertainty uncertainty that that surrounded surrounded it it
suggest suggest the the frightful frightful nana--
ture ture of of the the war war in in the the WWest.est.
TTHEHE WI WINN TETERR O OF F 11777–777–11778778
Aside Aside from from the the victory victory at at Saratoga
Saratoga and and the the FrenchFrench
commitment commitment to to enter enter the the conflict,
conflict, the the Americans Americans werewere
slowly slowly losing losing the the warwar. . General General
Howe’Howe’s s forces forces were were concon--
tinually tinually besting besting George George
WWashington’ashington’s s troops, troops, enablingenabling
the the British British to to capture capture Philadelphia
Philadelphia and and other other locations.locations.
And And WWashington, ashington, keeping keeping with with
his his chief chief tactic, tactic, kept kept onon
running. running. As As a a result, result, while while
Howe’Howe’s s army army wintered wintered inin
the the comforts comforts of of Philadelphia, Philadelphia,
WWashington ashington and and his his armyarmy
stayed stayed 20 20 miles miles away away in in the the
wilderness wilderness of of VValley alley Forge,Forge,
Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania. It It was was a a harsh harsh
winterwinter, , too, too, and and WWashingashing--
ton’ton’s s men men were were close close to to starvation.
starvation. They They were were poorlypoorly
>> >> VictorVictory y at at the the Battle Battle of of
SarSaratoga atoga was was so so significant significant that that
CongressCongress
commissioned commissioned this this 1821 1821
painting,painting, showing showing BurgoBurgoyne’yne’s s

surrendersurrender, , toto
displadisplay y in in the the rotunda rotunda of of the the
UU.S..S. Capitol, Capitol, where where it it hangs hangs
todaytoday..
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at
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at
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it
ete
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i
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equipped, equipped, and, and, although although the the country
country had had enjoyed enjoyed oneone
of of its its best best harvests harvests everever, , the the
Congress Congress had had allowed allowed thethe
military military supply supply system system to to deterior ate
deteriorate to to the the point point of of alal--
most most non-existence. non-existence. The The men’men’s s
clothes clothes were were threadbarethreadbare
and and the the troops troops were were losing losing heart.
heart. From From the the perspectiveperspective
of of the the winter winter at at VValley alley Forge, Forge, the
the Revolutionary Revolutionary WWarar
wouwould ld nnot ot lalast st llong. ong. The The British British
would would win win easily easily andand
quicklyquickly..
And And VValley alley Forge Forge wasn’wasn’t t alone. alone.
Later Later in in the the warwar, , inin
1779, 1779, the the army army encamped encamped at at
Morristown, Morristown, New New JerseyJersey,,
nearly nearly disbanded disbanded so so that that soldiers
soldiers could could search search for for foodfood
and and clothes clothes during during a a particularly
particularly harsh harsh spell spell of of winterwinter..
For For most most soldiers soldiers who who experienced
experienced it, it, Morristown Morristown waswas
truly truly the the low low point point of of the the warwar..

66-2-2cc The The Third Third Phase Phase of of the the
WarWar, , 1778–17811778–1781
But But the the victory victory at at Saratoga Saratoga had had
still still another another ssurprisurpris--
ing ing effect, effect, one one that that would would change
change the the shape shape of of the the warwar..
When When the the snow snow finally finally melted, melted,
colonists colonists realized realized thethe
British British had had changed changed tactics tactics once
once again, again, this this time time in in rere--
sponse sponse to to Saratoga. Saratoga. The The patriots’
patriots’ victory victory there there mademade
it it apparent apparent that that Britain Britain would would
have have to to commit commit moremore
troops troops in in order order to to win, win, and and to to do
do this this it it needed needed to to raiseraise
moneymoney, , most most plausibly plausibly by by raising
raising taxes taxes in in Britain. Britain. ThisThis
was was wildly wildly unpopular unpopular in in Britain,
Britain, and and the the people’people’s s rere--
sistance sistance to to increased increased taxes taxes forced
forced Parliament Parliament to to makemake
a a peace peace offering offering to to the the revolutionaries.
revolutionaries. Parliament’Parliament’ss
peace peace offering offering would would have have
maintained maintained the the colonialcolonial
status status of of America America but but abandoned
abandoned British British attempts attempts toto
tax tax the the colonists—returning colonists—returning things
things to to the the way way they they hadhad
been been in in 1763. 1763. In In some some ways, ways, it it
was was an an offer offer to to returnreturn
to to the the days days of of salutary salutary neglect. neglect.
But But to to the the patriots, patriots, thisthis
offer offer was was unacceptable; unacceptable; they they now

now wanted wanted freedom.freedom.
GG IVIIVI NG NG UP UP OON N NENE W W ENEN GLGL
ANAN DD
InsInsteatead d of of attempting attempting the the costly costly
venture venture of of replacingreplacing
Burgoyne’Burgoyne’s s troops troops in in an an effort effort to
to capture capture New New England,England,
the the British British planned planned to to contain contain
New New England England by by holdingholding
New New YYork ork while while harassing harassing the the
coastline coastline and and the the SouthSouth
(see (see Map Map 6.2). 6.2). They They also also aimed aimed
to to demoralize demoralize the the patripatri--
ots ots and and break break the the will will of of the the
fighters. fighters. For For example, example, thethe
British British recognized recognized that that the the American
American treasury treasury had had littlelittle
to to offer offer its its generals, generals, so so they they tried
tried to to “buy” “buy” major major AmeriAmeri--
can can leaders, leaders, hoping hoping the the defection
defection of of prominent prominent patriotspatriots
would would spread spread disaffection. disaffection. The The
purchase purchase of of GeneralGeneral
Benedict Benedict Arnold Arnold in in 1779 1779 (for (for
£20,000) £20,000) was was their their chiefchief
victory victory on on this this front. front. Arnold Arnold had
had been been a a revolutionaryrevolutionary
hero, hero, serving serving in in many many of of the the
war’war’s s major major battles, battles, includinclud--
ing ing TTiconderoga iconderoga and and Saratoga, Saratoga,
where where he he had had been been badlybadly
injured. injured. After After having having invested invested his
his personal personal fortune fortune inin

the the war war effort, effort, he he was was somewhat
somewhat suddenly suddenly charged charged withwith
corruption corruption by by political political adversaries
adversaries and and was was investigatedinvestigated
by by the the Congress. Congress. He He thus thus was was a a
readyready, , bitter bitter target target forfor
bribing. bribing. But But aside aside from from Arnold, Arnold,
Britain’Britain’s s bribery bribery policypolicy
proved proved largely largely unsuccessful.unsuccessful.
BRBR ITITAIAI N’S N’S SOUTHERSOUTHER N N
PLANPLAN
MeanwhilMeanwhile, e, the the British British prepared
prepared to to invade invade the the southsouth--
ern ern colonies. colonies. Understanding Understanding that
that the the South South possessedpossessed
more more natural natural resources resources than than the the
North, North, they they sought sought toto
preserve preserve their their claim claim to to at at least least
that that region. region. They They alsoalso
believed believed that that Loyalists Loyalists were were
abundant abundant in in the the South,South,
so so they they hoped hoped to to exacerbate exacerbate
divisions divisions along along Loyalist–Loyalist–
patriot patriot lines. lines. They They had had several several
reasons reasons to to believe believe this,this,
the the main main one one being being that, that, in in the the
South, South, the the Revolutionary Revolutionary
WWar ar really really was was a a civil civil war war between
between frontiersmen, frontiersmen, whowho
generally generally favored favored independence,
independence, and and landholders,landholders,
who who usually usually sided sided with with the the British
British in in order order to to protectprotect
their their assets.assets.

The The British British miscalculated miscalculated the the
amount amount of of LoyalistLoyalist
support support in in the the South, South, howeverhowever. .
For For one one thing, thing, LoyalistsLoyalists
lacked lacked the the fervor fervor and and militancy militancy
of of the the patriots. patriots. For For anan--
otherother, , Loyalists Loyalists were were not not as as
prevalent prevalent as as British British leadersleaders
had had hoped. hoped. The The British British plan plan was
was therefore therefore doomed doomed fromfrom
the the beginning.beginning.
Indeed, Indeed, throughout throughout the the colonies,
colonies, north north and and south,south,
it it had had become become a a dangerous dangerous thing
thing to to admit admit sympathy sympathy toto
the the British British this this late late in in the the warwar. .
As As the the British British movedmoved
through through the the area area hoping hoping to to unearth
unearth Loyalist Loyalist support,support,
the the region region broke broke into into what what has has to
to be be called called civil civil warwar,,
as as old old grudges grudges and and family family squabbles
squabbles led led to to widespreadwidespread
violence. violence. Patriots Patriots often often subjected
subjected Loyalists Loyalists to to publicpublic
humiliation, humiliation, as as they they looted looted their
their land land and and ransackedransacked
their their homes.homes.
“I “I saw saw several several of of the the men men roast roast
theirtheir
old old shoes shoes and and eat eat them,them, and and I I
wwasas
afterwafterwards ards informed informed by by one one of of

thethe
officers’ officers’ wwaitersaiters,, that that some some of of
thethe
officers officers killed killed and and ate ate a a favorite
favorite littlelittle
dog dog that that belonged belonged to to one one of of
them.them.””
—— JJ pp mm ,, CC ,,oo ssee pp hh ll uu
mm bb aa rrtt ii nn oo nn tt ii nn ee nn ttaa ll ss oo ll dd ii ee rr
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nn ss oo ff tt hh ee ww ii nn tt ee rr oo ff 11778800
Editorial Editorial review review has has deedeemed med that

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JERSEYJERSEY
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MoultrieMoultrie
Fort Fort SunburySunbury
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CharlotteCharlotte
NewNew
YorkYork
PhiladelphiaPhiladelphia
CharlottesvilleCharlottesville
NorfolkNorfolk
PortsmouthPortsmouth
HillsboroHillsboro
CharlotteCharlotte
CherawCheraw
Elk Elk HillHill
SalemSalem
ElizabethtownElizabethtown
WilmingtonWilmington
GeorgetownGeorgetown
BeaufortBeaufort
SalisburySalisbury
OrangeburgOrangeburg
RichmondRichmond
PetersburgPetersburg

SavannahSavannah
Oct. Oct. 9, 9, 17791779
CharlestonCharleston
May May 12, 12, 17801780
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of of the the CapesCapes
Sept. Sept. 5, 5, 17811781
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Jan. Jan. 17, 17, 17811781

Kings Kings MountainMountain
Oct. Oct. 7, 7, 17801780 YorktownYorktown
Aug. Aug. 3030–O–Oct. ct. 19, 19, 17811781
Surrender Surrender of of CornwallisCornwallis
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American American movementsmovements
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Map Map 6.26.2 Re Revolutionary volutionary War War in in
the the SouthSouth
>> >> This This map map details details the the American
American RevolutionarRevolutionary y WWar ar in in the the
southern southern colonies, colonies, strstretchingetching
from from NeNew w YYork ork to to Georgia,Georgia, and and
shows shows hohow w far far inland inland manmany y of of the
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