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PASAR FAKTOR PRODUKSI:
TENAGA KERJA DAN TANAH
Microeconomy
KONSEP DASAR
• Derived demand The demand for resources (inputs) that is dependent
on the demand for the outputs those resources can be used to produce.
• Productivity of an input The amount of output produced per unit of
that input.
• Inputs are demanded by a firm if and only if households demand the
good or service provided by that firm.
• Inputs: Complementary and Substitutable Inputs can be
complementary or substitutable. Two inputs used together may enhance,
or complement, each other.
2
KONSEP DASAR
• Marginal product of labor (MPL) The additional output produced by 1
additional unit of labor.
• Marginal revenue product (MRP) The additional revenue a firm earns
by employing 1 additional unit of input, ceteris paribus.
3
MRPL = MPL × PX
FAKTOR-FAKTOR PENENTU PERMINTAAN
• Harga faktor produksi adalah upah dan gaji untuk tenaga kerja atau
sewa untuk barang modal dan tanah. Pada keadaan normal, makin
murah harganya, makin besar jumlah permintaannya.
• Permintaan terhadap output makin besar skala produksi, makin besar
permintaan terhadap input.
• Permintaan terhadap faktor produksi lain berlaku efek substitusi dan
komplementer.
• Harga faktor produksi yang lain sangat berkaitan dengan sifat
hubungan antar faktor produksi.
• Kemajuan teknologi mempunyai dampak yang mendua terhadap
permintaan faktor produksi.
4
PENAWARAN FAKTOR PRODUKSI
5
Kurva Penawaran Tenaga Kerja Individu dan Pasar
Penawaran tenaga kerja
adalah total jumlah
keinginan kerja (jam kerja)
yang diberikan oleh seluruh
individu yang ingin bekerja
(angkatan kerja) yang ada
dalam pasar.
PENAWARAN FAKTOR PRODUKSI
6
Jika upah makin rendah,
penawaran tenaga kerja
makin meningkat.
PASAR TENAGA KERJA (PPS)
7
• Jika yang berubah hanyalah
harga permintaan bergerak di
sepanjang kurva
(movement).
• Jika yang berubah adalah
faktor bukan harga, kurva
akan bergeser (shifting).
One Variable Input Model
PASAR TENAGA KERJA (PPS)
8
Multi Variables Input Model
PASAR TENAGA KERJA (MONOPOLI)
• Tenaga kerja dapat memiliki daya
monopoli faktor produksi,
misalnya dengan membentuk
serikat pekerja.
• Dengan daya monopoli, serikat
pekerja dapat menentukan
beberapa tingkat upah sesuai
dengan tujuan yang ingin
dicapai.
9
PASAR TENAGA KERJA (MONOPSONI)
10
• Monopsoni adalah suatu
keadaan di mana dalam pasar
faktor produksi hanya ada satu
pembeli.
• Karena posisinya sebagai
pembeli tunggal, monopsonis
mempunyai kemampuan
menentukan upah.
PASAR TANAH
11
Menurut David Ricardo,
harga sewa tanah sangat
ditentukan oleh tingkat
produktivitas tanah.
PASAR TANAH
12
Asumsi:
1. Tanah dibagi mejadi 3
kelas, yaitu kelas subur,
sedang, dan tidak subur.
2. Jumlah tanah yang
subur lebih sedikit dari
tanah yang sedang, dan
jumlah tanah yang
paling banyak adalah
tanah yang tidak subur.
PASAR TANAH
13
Permintaan tanah
ditentukan oleh
produktivitasnya.
REFERENCES
• Case, Karl E., Ray C. Fair & Sharon M. Oster. 2013. Principles of
Economics. Pearson Education Limited.
• Rahardja, Pratama dan Mandala Manurung. 2010. Teori Ekonomi Mikro:
Suatu Pengantar. Jakarta: LPFE-UI.
14

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11_PASAR FAKTOR PRODUKSI.pptx

  • 1. PASAR FAKTOR PRODUKSI: TENAGA KERJA DAN TANAH Microeconomy
  • 2. KONSEP DASAR • Derived demand The demand for resources (inputs) that is dependent on the demand for the outputs those resources can be used to produce. • Productivity of an input The amount of output produced per unit of that input. • Inputs are demanded by a firm if and only if households demand the good or service provided by that firm. • Inputs: Complementary and Substitutable Inputs can be complementary or substitutable. Two inputs used together may enhance, or complement, each other. 2
  • 3. KONSEP DASAR • Marginal product of labor (MPL) The additional output produced by 1 additional unit of labor. • Marginal revenue product (MRP) The additional revenue a firm earns by employing 1 additional unit of input, ceteris paribus. 3 MRPL = MPL × PX
  • 4. FAKTOR-FAKTOR PENENTU PERMINTAAN • Harga faktor produksi adalah upah dan gaji untuk tenaga kerja atau sewa untuk barang modal dan tanah. Pada keadaan normal, makin murah harganya, makin besar jumlah permintaannya. • Permintaan terhadap output makin besar skala produksi, makin besar permintaan terhadap input. • Permintaan terhadap faktor produksi lain berlaku efek substitusi dan komplementer. • Harga faktor produksi yang lain sangat berkaitan dengan sifat hubungan antar faktor produksi. • Kemajuan teknologi mempunyai dampak yang mendua terhadap permintaan faktor produksi. 4
  • 5. PENAWARAN FAKTOR PRODUKSI 5 Kurva Penawaran Tenaga Kerja Individu dan Pasar Penawaran tenaga kerja adalah total jumlah keinginan kerja (jam kerja) yang diberikan oleh seluruh individu yang ingin bekerja (angkatan kerja) yang ada dalam pasar.
  • 6. PENAWARAN FAKTOR PRODUKSI 6 Jika upah makin rendah, penawaran tenaga kerja makin meningkat.
  • 7. PASAR TENAGA KERJA (PPS) 7 • Jika yang berubah hanyalah harga permintaan bergerak di sepanjang kurva (movement). • Jika yang berubah adalah faktor bukan harga, kurva akan bergeser (shifting). One Variable Input Model
  • 8. PASAR TENAGA KERJA (PPS) 8 Multi Variables Input Model
  • 9. PASAR TENAGA KERJA (MONOPOLI) • Tenaga kerja dapat memiliki daya monopoli faktor produksi, misalnya dengan membentuk serikat pekerja. • Dengan daya monopoli, serikat pekerja dapat menentukan beberapa tingkat upah sesuai dengan tujuan yang ingin dicapai. 9
  • 10. PASAR TENAGA KERJA (MONOPSONI) 10 • Monopsoni adalah suatu keadaan di mana dalam pasar faktor produksi hanya ada satu pembeli. • Karena posisinya sebagai pembeli tunggal, monopsonis mempunyai kemampuan menentukan upah.
  • 11. PASAR TANAH 11 Menurut David Ricardo, harga sewa tanah sangat ditentukan oleh tingkat produktivitas tanah.
  • 12. PASAR TANAH 12 Asumsi: 1. Tanah dibagi mejadi 3 kelas, yaitu kelas subur, sedang, dan tidak subur. 2. Jumlah tanah yang subur lebih sedikit dari tanah yang sedang, dan jumlah tanah yang paling banyak adalah tanah yang tidak subur.
  • 14. REFERENCES • Case, Karl E., Ray C. Fair & Sharon M. Oster. 2013. Principles of Economics. Pearson Education Limited. • Rahardja, Pratama dan Mandala Manurung. 2010. Teori Ekonomi Mikro: Suatu Pengantar. Jakarta: LPFE-UI. 14