This document provides an introduction to global issues and defines what constitutes a global issue. It discusses several current global issues including climate change, financial instability, poverty, migration, and others. It notes that these issues are interconnected and require global cooperation to solve as no single nation can address them alone. The document then categorizes global issues into five thematic areas: the global economy, global human development, the global environment and natural resources, peace and security, and global governance. It provides a brief overview of some of the key global issues that will be discussed in the subsequent chapters within each thematic area.
Globalization is the process by which ideas, knowledge, information, goods, and services spread around the world through integrated economies marked by free trade and movement of capital and labor. The document discusses the three main components of economic globalization: production, finance, and markets. It also examines cultural globalization through the globalization of food, sport, and converging consumption patterns. Political globalization is discussed through examples like the European Union and NATO, which establish international norms and ease movement and trade but can also decrease accountability. The global economy refers to interconnected worldwide economic activities between countries that can have positive or negative impacts, and emerging markets are important for long-term world economic outlook and microeconomic importance.
Globalization is a process of increasing interconnectedness between societies around the world through the international exchange of goods, services, money, ideas and culture. This has led to traditional societies merging to form a more homogeneous global society. While globalization has increased communication of ideas like democracy and human rights, it has also contributed to issues like unequal wealth distribution, global terrorism, and environmental damage. Debates around balancing the advantages and disadvantages of globalization continue.
This document provides an overview of the global business environment and key concepts related to globalization. It discusses the meaning and driving forces of globalization, dimensions of globalization including stages of globalization. It also introduces theories of international trade such as absolute advantage theory, comparative cost advantage theory, and factor endowment theory. Additionally, it covers the trading environment of international trade, including tariff and non-tariff barriers, trade blocs, and the rise of new economies. The document aims to explain globalization and its impact on the global business environment.
Global Issues In Gcse Geography
Homelessness: A Global Issue
Global Pollution Essay
Global Health Essay
The Reasons for Global Inequality
Global Issues In America
Global Issue: Women’s Rights
Global Issues Of The 21st Century Essay
The Issue Of Global Warming Essay
Terrorism : A Global Issue Essay
Global Warming Is A Global Issue Essay
Global Societies
Global Warming : A Global Issue
Global Environmental Issues Of The World
World Hunger Essay
An Introduction to Globalization Essay
Climate Change : A Global Issue
Global Problems Essay
Global issues are problems that affect large numbers of people across national boundaries, are beyond the capability of any one nation to resolve, and concern most or all countries. Key global issues include poverty, trade, inequality, migration, financial stability, debt, aid, water, forests, energy, fisheries, climate change, education, health, nutrition, infectious diseases, conflicts, corruption, and international governance. Understanding global issues requires examining their nature, underlying forces, current actions taken to address them, and potential consequences of inaction. While difficult to resolve due to failures of group decision making and public goods problems, global issues are addressed through international agreements, intergovernmental organizations, and partnerships between governments, businesses, civil society, and mult
Research Handbook on Climate Change, Migration and the Law - IntroductionGraciela Mariani
Synopsis
This comprehensive Research Handbook provides an overview of the debates on how the law does, and could, relate to migration exacerbated by climate change. It contains conceptual chapters on the relationship between climate change, migration and the law, as well as doctrinal and prospective discussions regarding legal developments in different domestic contexts and in international governance.
Globalization is the process by which ideas, knowledge, information, goods, and services spread around the world through integrated economies marked by free trade and movement of capital and labor. The document discusses the three main components of economic globalization: production, finance, and markets. It also examines cultural globalization through the globalization of food, sport, and converging consumption patterns. Political globalization is discussed through examples like the European Union and NATO, which establish international norms and ease movement and trade but can also decrease accountability. The global economy refers to interconnected worldwide economic activities between countries that can have positive or negative impacts, and emerging markets are important for long-term world economic outlook and microeconomic importance.
Globalization is a process of increasing interconnectedness between societies around the world through the international exchange of goods, services, money, ideas and culture. This has led to traditional societies merging to form a more homogeneous global society. While globalization has increased communication of ideas like democracy and human rights, it has also contributed to issues like unequal wealth distribution, global terrorism, and environmental damage. Debates around balancing the advantages and disadvantages of globalization continue.
This document provides an overview of the global business environment and key concepts related to globalization. It discusses the meaning and driving forces of globalization, dimensions of globalization including stages of globalization. It also introduces theories of international trade such as absolute advantage theory, comparative cost advantage theory, and factor endowment theory. Additionally, it covers the trading environment of international trade, including tariff and non-tariff barriers, trade blocs, and the rise of new economies. The document aims to explain globalization and its impact on the global business environment.
Global Issues In Gcse Geography
Homelessness: A Global Issue
Global Pollution Essay
Global Health Essay
The Reasons for Global Inequality
Global Issues In America
Global Issue: Women’s Rights
Global Issues Of The 21st Century Essay
The Issue Of Global Warming Essay
Terrorism : A Global Issue Essay
Global Warming Is A Global Issue Essay
Global Societies
Global Warming : A Global Issue
Global Environmental Issues Of The World
World Hunger Essay
An Introduction to Globalization Essay
Climate Change : A Global Issue
Global Problems Essay
Global issues are problems that affect large numbers of people across national boundaries, are beyond the capability of any one nation to resolve, and concern most or all countries. Key global issues include poverty, trade, inequality, migration, financial stability, debt, aid, water, forests, energy, fisheries, climate change, education, health, nutrition, infectious diseases, conflicts, corruption, and international governance. Understanding global issues requires examining their nature, underlying forces, current actions taken to address them, and potential consequences of inaction. While difficult to resolve due to failures of group decision making and public goods problems, global issues are addressed through international agreements, intergovernmental organizations, and partnerships between governments, businesses, civil society, and mult
Research Handbook on Climate Change, Migration and the Law - IntroductionGraciela Mariani
Synopsis
This comprehensive Research Handbook provides an overview of the debates on how the law does, and could, relate to migration exacerbated by climate change. It contains conceptual chapters on the relationship between climate change, migration and the law, as well as doctrinal and prospective discussions regarding legal developments in different domestic contexts and in international governance.
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to globalization, including definitions of globalization, metaphors used to describe globalization (solid, liquid, flows), and theories of cultural globalization (homogeneity vs heterogeneity). It discusses how early epochs led to more solid and fixed social relationships, while today's highly connected world is characterized by increasing liquidity and flow of people, information, goods, etc. across borders. Theories of cultural globalization include homogeneity, which posits a trend toward increasing cultural sameness, versus heterogeneity, which sees the emergence of new hybrid cultural forms from interactions between societies.
4. L4 Global Economy, Market Integration & Interstate System (Prelim).pptxElsieJoyLicarte
The document discusses key concepts relating to the global economy. It defines the global economy as the total world economy comprising international trade. It notes several international organizations that facilitate economic globalization, including the IMF and World Bank. It also discusses market integration, where prices across different markets follow similar patterns over time. Finally, it outlines the core-periphery model of the global economy, where core countries exploit peripheral countries for resources and labor, with semi-peripheral countries mediating between the two.
4. L4 Global Economy, Market Integration & Interstate System (Prelim).pptxElsieJoyLicarte
The document discusses key concepts relating to the global economy. It defines the global economy as the total world economy comprising international trade. It notes several international organizations that facilitate economic globalization, including the IMF and World Bank. It also discusses market integration, where prices across different markets follow similar patterns over time. Finally, it outlines the core-periphery model of the global economy, where core countries exploit peripheral countries for resources and labor, with semi-peripheral countries mediating between the two.
4. L4 Global Economy, Market Integration & Interstate System (Prelim).pptxElsieJoyLicarte
The document discusses key concepts relating to the global economy. It defines the global economy as the total economy of all humans in the world, involving international trade. It describes several actors that facilitate economic globalization, including international organizations, multilateral banks, transnational corporations, and countries. The document also discusses market integration, where prices across different locations become correlated over time. Finally, it outlines the division of the global economy into core countries that dominate trade, semi-peripheral countries that mediate economic activities, and peripheral countries that export raw materials and rely on other states.
Globalization, nationalism, and public administration present challenges and opportunities:
1. Globalization increases economic integration worldwide while nationalism promotes unique national identity, creating tensions.
2. Globalization impacts governance by increasing the influence of private actors and reducing the state's role, though the state still regulates economic policies.
3. It also blurs public-private distinctions as private firms provide more public services while governments operate more like businesses.
Contemporary issues and Challenges in Global Economic Environment - Indian perspective: Globalization and
its Advocacy, Globalization and its Impact on India, Fair Globalization and the Need for Policy Framework,
Globalization in Reverse Gear-The Threatened Re-emergence of Protectionism. Euro zone Crisis and its impact
on India, Issues in Brexit, World recession, inflationary trends, impact of fluctuating prices of crude oil, gold
etc.
Climate change is one of the biggest challenges that the world faces today. From everrising temperatures to natural catastrophes, climate change is not just limited to a single region or country but has become a phenomenon that has been affecting everyone in the world. It leads the issue to become one of the top complex global policy dilemmas. The impact of global warming and climate change are yet to be fully understood and observed, but the most adverse effects would be witnessed by the generations to come. Scientists working in different fields tend to accuse the gradual increase in temperature, the intensity of natural disasters and their strong impact on climate change (Field et al. 2012). It is not limited to domestic issue; for instance, if any country operationalizes an industrial process that affect the climate, it will have repercussions across the world. Therefore, climate change is undoubtedly a crucial international problem in the context of international relations and must be addressed in urgency. Although scientists and global thinkers attribute this problem to the highly industrialized countries while the lower class of the society will be most affected by its consequential impacts, the states including the developed ones hardly pay serious attention in resolving this international problem.
This document summarizes the key events and documents related to the development of international environmental governance:
- The Stockholm Declaration (1972) was the first international document to recognize the human right to a healthy environment and call on countries to cooperate to address environmental issues for the survival of humanity.
- The Brundtland Commission (1980s) linked economic growth and environmental preservation, recognizing the need to generate growth without harming the environment.
- The Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro (1992) brought together world leaders to reconcile economic development with environmental protection and resulted in agreements like Agenda 21.
The document discusses global issues and defines them as problems that affect many people across national boundaries, are beyond the capability of any single nation to resolve, and are of significant concern to most countries. It identifies key global issues such as poverty, trade, inequality, migration, financial stability, debt, aid, water, forests, climate change, education, health, infectious diseases, and conflicts. Resolving global issues is difficult due to failures of group decision making, the "tragedy of the commons" concept, and the public goods nature of many issues. Key players involved in addressing global issues include countries, UN organizations, international financial institutions, NGOs, corporations, and foundations. As individuals, we can work to better
Critical Analysis Of Sustainability PrinciplesTracy Berry
- The SDGs aim to build upon the Millennium Development Goals by setting new global development objectives for 2030.
- Goal 15 focuses on protecting terrestrial ecosystems and halting biodiversity loss. Specifically, targets 15.2 through 15.5 and 15.8 aim to promote sustainable forest management, combat desertification and land degradation, and protect biodiversity.
- However, some of the targets lack clear measurability, which could hinder assessing effectiveness. The success of Goal 15 will depend on establishing quantifiable indicators to monitor progress on these important environmental objectives over the next decade.
This course introduces students by examining the multifaceted phenomenon of globalization. The focus on these issues is a multidimentional approach that integrates political, economic, historical geographical and sociological perspectives that created an increasing awareness of the interconnected- ness of peoples and places around the globe. The Contemporary World course is designed to provide students with an understanding of world events. To this end, the course provides an overview of the various debates in global governance, development, and sustainability. Beyond exposing the student to the world outside the Philippines, it seeks to inculcate a sense of global citizenship and global ethical responsibility.
"Climate Crunch" : Scenarios for the global economic environmentFERMA
"Climate Crunch" : Scenarios for the global economic environment.
The recently published Global Risks 2014 report of the World Economic Forum identifies environmental risks as highest in terms of impact and likelihood. Those risks include both natural disasters, such as earthquakes and geomagnetic storms, and man-made risks such as
collapsing ecosystems, freshwater shortages, nuclear accidents and failure to mitigate or adapt to climate change. Failure of climate change mitigation and
adaptation is the fifth top risk concern according to
multi-stakeholders communities (see figure beside).
Climate change is evidence proven and this paper doesn’t intend to explore the causes. However, one can state that climate change is a systemic problem – it is one that touches all the others. As such by its systemic nature, it can cause breakdowns of entire systems and not only a component part. (
This is my personal essay whilst completing a Post Graduate Diploma in International Relations at the University of the West-Indies. I WILL REALLY APPRECIATE CONSTRUCTIVE DISCOURSE ON THIS TOPIC AS TO ME IT IS BECOMING INCREASINGLY MORE RELEVANT IN TODAY'S INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL LANDSCAPE.
GLOBAL EDUCATION AND CURRENT TRENDS FROM SOCIAL-abstract for the paperamita marwaha
Globalization is an economic, social, cultural, and environmental process that has led to increasing global integration and interdependence. It has driven major changes through technological innovations, broader political changes, and economic policies over the past decades. However, globalization has also been accompanied by inequality and conflicts between nations. Education can help address some of the controversies around globalization by promoting global awareness, sustainable development, human rights, democracy, and peace. Global education aims to develop attitudes and skills to avoid indifference, consider interdependencies among nations, and encourage responsible action to address global challenges.
Global education and current trends from social abstract for the paperAmarwaha
The last century intense with a dream and aspirations and major social experiments has ended with general collapse of initiative for social transformation and total disillusionment with efforts of ‘development’ of the so called ‘developing’ nations. The so called victorious ideology-capitalism- has sought to consolidate its triumph with a call for ‘globalization’ for freeing of market, for unchecked hunting by private capital within and across nations with total disregard for the sovereignty rights of nations across the world. Globalization did not develop evenly: indeed, it was accompanied by inequality and conflict. The global development of economic and social relations has been paralleled by wide disparities between North and South.
This document discusses globalization and its relationship to international relations. It begins by defining globalization and how it interconnects cultures and economies on a global scale. Both advantages and disadvantages of globalization are then examined. Key advantages include increased GDP, reduced unemployment, and greater competition. Key disadvantages include uneven distribution of wealth between developed and developing countries. The document concludes by stating that while globalization faces obstacles, its positive effects will prevail if people and governments make cooperative efforts to address issues like poverty and migration.
Globalization is the word used to describe the growing interdependence of the world’s economies, cultures, and populations, brought about by cross-border trade in goods and services, technology, and flows of investment, people, and information. Countries have built economic partnerships to facilitate these movements over many centuries. But the term gained popularity after the Cold War in the early 1990s, as these cooperative arrangements shaped modern everyday life.
According to WHO, globalization can be defined as ” the increased interconnectedness and interdependence of peoples and countries. It is generally understood to include two inter-related elements: the opening of international borders to increasingly fast flows of goods, services, finance, people and ideas; and the changes in institutions and policies at national and international levels that facilitate or promote such flows.”
What Is Globalization in Geography?
In geography, globalization is defined as the set of processes (economic, social, cultural, technological, institutional) that contribute to the relationship between societies and individuals around the world. It is a progressive process by which exchanges and flows between different parts of the world are intensified.
Globalization is deeply connected with economic systems and markets, which, on their turn, impact and are impacted by social issues, cultural factors that are hard to overcome, regional specificities, timings of action and collaborative networks. All of this requires, on one hand, global consensus and cooperation, and on the other, country-specific solutions, apart from a good definition of the adjective “just”.
This document discusses how globalization impacts cultural identity. It argues that globalization promotes the spread of globalized culture while threatening local and national cultures. While globalization increases cultural integration and connections worldwide through trade, travel, media, it can also lead to loss of national sovereignty and cultural traditions. This cultural homogenization generates contradictions with local cultures and can promote fundamentalism as a response. National cultures remain an important source of cultural identity, but globalization challenges the dominance of national cultures.
This document discusses perspectives on globalization from both pro-globalists and anti-globalists. It outlines some of the perceived benefits of globalization such as increased trade and economic growth. However, it also notes concerns of anti-globalists, including threats to national economies, environmental degradation, and loss of jobs in developed countries. Anti-globalist perspectives come from both developed and developing nations. The document provides an overview of the complex debate around the impacts of globalization.
1Annotated bibliographyBryant, R. A. (2000). Acute Stress .docxhyacinthshackley2629
1
Annotated bibliography
Bryant, R. A. (2000). Acute Stress Disorder: A Handbook of Theory, Assessment, and Treatment.
This article highlights the tools of avoiding the development of the PTSD through finding along with treating those with the Acute Stress Disorder. Moving on the clinical along with research experience, they review many problems as well as detail procedures for utilizing cognitive behavior therapy for treating the Acute Stress Disorder (Bryant, 2000).
Thornton, L. L. (2001). Recovery From Schizophrenia.
This article has been the life experience story about Louise Thornton, the mother of 3 kids. 2 of them are diagnosed with the mental illness. Her son has been diagnosed with the schizoaffective disorder are living with symptoms for more than twenty years. Her daughter has the dual diagnosis as well as severe depression (Thornton, 2001).
References
Bryant, R. A. (2000). Acute Stress Disorder: A Handbook of Theory, Assessment, and Treatment.
Thornton, L. L. (2001). Recovery From Schizophrenia.
Running Head: GLOBALIZATION 1
GLOBALIZATION 11
Globalization
Student’s Name
Instructor’s Name
Course Title
Date
Introduction
In past few years globalization has been much discussed issue. In this essay, I would attempt to describe the meaning of word globalization along with I would evaluate the benefits as well as drawbacks of the global world. Globalization has altered the face of world. Apart from that, I would discuss major changes in the trade policies of globalization. And at last, I would evaluate the consequences for migration within the global world.
Globalization
Term ‘A Global Village’ has majorly been related to Marshall McLuhan (Baker, 2011). In its books he terms how world has contracted into single big village. Global Village is called as the effects about globalization, mass media along with information and communication technology. As per this philosopher and sociologist, there would be just major culture left within this world. Capability for somebody for gathering the information quite fast wherever they have been provides impression, which we live in similar virtual place, in similar village.
With increasing standards of world along with the present concepts as well as complexities within the political, economic along with the socio-cultural ideologies, man has often and regularly pondered on aspects about his nature. Unity, equality, trade as well as commerce have been at forefront of complexities of man.
Having those thoughts in mind, man has moved by history thus trying to satisfy its desires in regard to rest of the people. Advent of 21st century has given birth to concept about making world one village, therefore, globalization. World is getting smaller, has been the term utilized quite often for describing the nowadays world along with globalization. Economic growth has grasped majorly all the nations.
Globalization has been the process, which began to appear at finish of 19th cen.
CASE STUDY COMMENTARY• Individual written task in Harvard sty.docxmoggdede
CASE STUDY COMMENTARY
• Individual written task in Harvard style format, cover page, table of contents, blocked text and reference list.
• The student must build a coherent discussion or argument in essay format, analyzing theories and models. Ethical theories, legal cases and case studies may be referred to when providing examples. Cite all sources.
• Students must write in complete sentences and develop paragraphs. No bullet points are allowed. Provide spacing between the sentences.
• Prepare and Introduction, Body, and Conclusion paragraphs.
• Sources must be used, identified, and properly cited.
• Format: PDF submitted through Turnitin
• The answers should analyse the following based on the case study provided with this task below the Rubrics:
1. Identify and explain the relevant parties in this case study?
2. Identify and explain in order the ethical issues related to each party involved in this case study? Cite your sources.
3. What ethical theories can each party use to support their behavior or decisions? Cite your sources.
4. Identify and discuss the points of law raised in the case? Cite your sources.
5. Identify and explain an additional case that supports or differentiates this case/situation.
Case study:
Cyber Harassment
In many ways, social media platforms have created great benefits for our societies by expanding and diversifying the ways people communicate with each other, and yet these platforms also have the power to cause harm. Posting hurtful messages about other people is a form of harassment known as cyberbullying. Some acts of cyberbullying may not only be considered slanderous, but also lead to serious consequences. In 2010, Rutgers University student Tyler Clementi jumped to his death a few days after his roommate used a webcam to observe and tweet about Tyler’s sexual encounter with another man. Jane Clementi, Tyler’s mother, stated, “In this digital world, we need to teach our youngsters that their actions have consequences, that their words have real power to hurt or to help. They must be encouraged to choose to build people up and not tear them down.”
In 2013, Idalia Hernández Ramos, a middle school teacher in Mexico, was a victim of cyber harassment. After discovering that one of her students tweeted that the teacher was a “bitch” and a “whore,” Hernández confronted the girl during a lesson on social media etiquette. Inquiring why the girl would post such hurtful messages that could harm the teacher’s reputation, the student meekly replied that she was upset at the time. The teacher responded that she was very upset by the student’s actions. Demanding a public apology in front of the class, Hernández stated that she would not allow “young brats” to call her those names. Hernández uploaded a video of this confrontation online, attracting much attention.
While Hernández was subject to cyber harassment, some felt she went too far by confronting the student in the classroom.
Case Study Chapter 5 100 wordsTranscultural Nursing in the.docxmoggdede
Case Study Chapter 5
100 words
Transcultural Nursing in the Community Community health clients belong to a variety of cultural groups. To gain acceptance, nurses must strive to introduce improved health practices that are presented in a manner consistent with clients’ cultural values. The student nurse is going to visit two different homes with the community health nurse with different cultural beliefs. 1. In preparation for the student nurse’s visits to two different homes, what five transcultural principles will assist in guiding community health nursing practice in these settings? 2. During the first visit, the student nurse has to conduct a cultural assessment by questioning the patient and observing the family dynamics. The community health nurse has requested that the student nurse assess for appropriate information in six major areas. What six major areas should the student nurse consider? 3. After the conclusion of the first visit, the community health nurse cautions the student nurse to be consciously aware of any ethnocentrism attitudes toward other cultures and the importance of cultural diversity. What is ethnocentrism and why is it so important to be conscious of cultural diversity?
.
More Related Content
Similar to 11Introduction to Global Issues VINAY BHARGAVA.docx
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to globalization, including definitions of globalization, metaphors used to describe globalization (solid, liquid, flows), and theories of cultural globalization (homogeneity vs heterogeneity). It discusses how early epochs led to more solid and fixed social relationships, while today's highly connected world is characterized by increasing liquidity and flow of people, information, goods, etc. across borders. Theories of cultural globalization include homogeneity, which posits a trend toward increasing cultural sameness, versus heterogeneity, which sees the emergence of new hybrid cultural forms from interactions between societies.
4. L4 Global Economy, Market Integration & Interstate System (Prelim).pptxElsieJoyLicarte
The document discusses key concepts relating to the global economy. It defines the global economy as the total world economy comprising international trade. It notes several international organizations that facilitate economic globalization, including the IMF and World Bank. It also discusses market integration, where prices across different markets follow similar patterns over time. Finally, it outlines the core-periphery model of the global economy, where core countries exploit peripheral countries for resources and labor, with semi-peripheral countries mediating between the two.
4. L4 Global Economy, Market Integration & Interstate System (Prelim).pptxElsieJoyLicarte
The document discusses key concepts relating to the global economy. It defines the global economy as the total world economy comprising international trade. It notes several international organizations that facilitate economic globalization, including the IMF and World Bank. It also discusses market integration, where prices across different markets follow similar patterns over time. Finally, it outlines the core-periphery model of the global economy, where core countries exploit peripheral countries for resources and labor, with semi-peripheral countries mediating between the two.
4. L4 Global Economy, Market Integration & Interstate System (Prelim).pptxElsieJoyLicarte
The document discusses key concepts relating to the global economy. It defines the global economy as the total economy of all humans in the world, involving international trade. It describes several actors that facilitate economic globalization, including international organizations, multilateral banks, transnational corporations, and countries. The document also discusses market integration, where prices across different locations become correlated over time. Finally, it outlines the division of the global economy into core countries that dominate trade, semi-peripheral countries that mediate economic activities, and peripheral countries that export raw materials and rely on other states.
Globalization, nationalism, and public administration present challenges and opportunities:
1. Globalization increases economic integration worldwide while nationalism promotes unique national identity, creating tensions.
2. Globalization impacts governance by increasing the influence of private actors and reducing the state's role, though the state still regulates economic policies.
3. It also blurs public-private distinctions as private firms provide more public services while governments operate more like businesses.
Contemporary issues and Challenges in Global Economic Environment - Indian perspective: Globalization and
its Advocacy, Globalization and its Impact on India, Fair Globalization and the Need for Policy Framework,
Globalization in Reverse Gear-The Threatened Re-emergence of Protectionism. Euro zone Crisis and its impact
on India, Issues in Brexit, World recession, inflationary trends, impact of fluctuating prices of crude oil, gold
etc.
Climate change is one of the biggest challenges that the world faces today. From everrising temperatures to natural catastrophes, climate change is not just limited to a single region or country but has become a phenomenon that has been affecting everyone in the world. It leads the issue to become one of the top complex global policy dilemmas. The impact of global warming and climate change are yet to be fully understood and observed, but the most adverse effects would be witnessed by the generations to come. Scientists working in different fields tend to accuse the gradual increase in temperature, the intensity of natural disasters and their strong impact on climate change (Field et al. 2012). It is not limited to domestic issue; for instance, if any country operationalizes an industrial process that affect the climate, it will have repercussions across the world. Therefore, climate change is undoubtedly a crucial international problem in the context of international relations and must be addressed in urgency. Although scientists and global thinkers attribute this problem to the highly industrialized countries while the lower class of the society will be most affected by its consequential impacts, the states including the developed ones hardly pay serious attention in resolving this international problem.
This document summarizes the key events and documents related to the development of international environmental governance:
- The Stockholm Declaration (1972) was the first international document to recognize the human right to a healthy environment and call on countries to cooperate to address environmental issues for the survival of humanity.
- The Brundtland Commission (1980s) linked economic growth and environmental preservation, recognizing the need to generate growth without harming the environment.
- The Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro (1992) brought together world leaders to reconcile economic development with environmental protection and resulted in agreements like Agenda 21.
The document discusses global issues and defines them as problems that affect many people across national boundaries, are beyond the capability of any single nation to resolve, and are of significant concern to most countries. It identifies key global issues such as poverty, trade, inequality, migration, financial stability, debt, aid, water, forests, climate change, education, health, infectious diseases, and conflicts. Resolving global issues is difficult due to failures of group decision making, the "tragedy of the commons" concept, and the public goods nature of many issues. Key players involved in addressing global issues include countries, UN organizations, international financial institutions, NGOs, corporations, and foundations. As individuals, we can work to better
Critical Analysis Of Sustainability PrinciplesTracy Berry
- The SDGs aim to build upon the Millennium Development Goals by setting new global development objectives for 2030.
- Goal 15 focuses on protecting terrestrial ecosystems and halting biodiversity loss. Specifically, targets 15.2 through 15.5 and 15.8 aim to promote sustainable forest management, combat desertification and land degradation, and protect biodiversity.
- However, some of the targets lack clear measurability, which could hinder assessing effectiveness. The success of Goal 15 will depend on establishing quantifiable indicators to monitor progress on these important environmental objectives over the next decade.
This course introduces students by examining the multifaceted phenomenon of globalization. The focus on these issues is a multidimentional approach that integrates political, economic, historical geographical and sociological perspectives that created an increasing awareness of the interconnected- ness of peoples and places around the globe. The Contemporary World course is designed to provide students with an understanding of world events. To this end, the course provides an overview of the various debates in global governance, development, and sustainability. Beyond exposing the student to the world outside the Philippines, it seeks to inculcate a sense of global citizenship and global ethical responsibility.
"Climate Crunch" : Scenarios for the global economic environmentFERMA
"Climate Crunch" : Scenarios for the global economic environment.
The recently published Global Risks 2014 report of the World Economic Forum identifies environmental risks as highest in terms of impact and likelihood. Those risks include both natural disasters, such as earthquakes and geomagnetic storms, and man-made risks such as
collapsing ecosystems, freshwater shortages, nuclear accidents and failure to mitigate or adapt to climate change. Failure of climate change mitigation and
adaptation is the fifth top risk concern according to
multi-stakeholders communities (see figure beside).
Climate change is evidence proven and this paper doesn’t intend to explore the causes. However, one can state that climate change is a systemic problem – it is one that touches all the others. As such by its systemic nature, it can cause breakdowns of entire systems and not only a component part. (
This is my personal essay whilst completing a Post Graduate Diploma in International Relations at the University of the West-Indies. I WILL REALLY APPRECIATE CONSTRUCTIVE DISCOURSE ON THIS TOPIC AS TO ME IT IS BECOMING INCREASINGLY MORE RELEVANT IN TODAY'S INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL LANDSCAPE.
GLOBAL EDUCATION AND CURRENT TRENDS FROM SOCIAL-abstract for the paperamita marwaha
Globalization is an economic, social, cultural, and environmental process that has led to increasing global integration and interdependence. It has driven major changes through technological innovations, broader political changes, and economic policies over the past decades. However, globalization has also been accompanied by inequality and conflicts between nations. Education can help address some of the controversies around globalization by promoting global awareness, sustainable development, human rights, democracy, and peace. Global education aims to develop attitudes and skills to avoid indifference, consider interdependencies among nations, and encourage responsible action to address global challenges.
Global education and current trends from social abstract for the paperAmarwaha
The last century intense with a dream and aspirations and major social experiments has ended with general collapse of initiative for social transformation and total disillusionment with efforts of ‘development’ of the so called ‘developing’ nations. The so called victorious ideology-capitalism- has sought to consolidate its triumph with a call for ‘globalization’ for freeing of market, for unchecked hunting by private capital within and across nations with total disregard for the sovereignty rights of nations across the world. Globalization did not develop evenly: indeed, it was accompanied by inequality and conflict. The global development of economic and social relations has been paralleled by wide disparities between North and South.
This document discusses globalization and its relationship to international relations. It begins by defining globalization and how it interconnects cultures and economies on a global scale. Both advantages and disadvantages of globalization are then examined. Key advantages include increased GDP, reduced unemployment, and greater competition. Key disadvantages include uneven distribution of wealth between developed and developing countries. The document concludes by stating that while globalization faces obstacles, its positive effects will prevail if people and governments make cooperative efforts to address issues like poverty and migration.
Globalization is the word used to describe the growing interdependence of the world’s economies, cultures, and populations, brought about by cross-border trade in goods and services, technology, and flows of investment, people, and information. Countries have built economic partnerships to facilitate these movements over many centuries. But the term gained popularity after the Cold War in the early 1990s, as these cooperative arrangements shaped modern everyday life.
According to WHO, globalization can be defined as ” the increased interconnectedness and interdependence of peoples and countries. It is generally understood to include two inter-related elements: the opening of international borders to increasingly fast flows of goods, services, finance, people and ideas; and the changes in institutions and policies at national and international levels that facilitate or promote such flows.”
What Is Globalization in Geography?
In geography, globalization is defined as the set of processes (economic, social, cultural, technological, institutional) that contribute to the relationship between societies and individuals around the world. It is a progressive process by which exchanges and flows between different parts of the world are intensified.
Globalization is deeply connected with economic systems and markets, which, on their turn, impact and are impacted by social issues, cultural factors that are hard to overcome, regional specificities, timings of action and collaborative networks. All of this requires, on one hand, global consensus and cooperation, and on the other, country-specific solutions, apart from a good definition of the adjective “just”.
This document discusses how globalization impacts cultural identity. It argues that globalization promotes the spread of globalized culture while threatening local and national cultures. While globalization increases cultural integration and connections worldwide through trade, travel, media, it can also lead to loss of national sovereignty and cultural traditions. This cultural homogenization generates contradictions with local cultures and can promote fundamentalism as a response. National cultures remain an important source of cultural identity, but globalization challenges the dominance of national cultures.
This document discusses perspectives on globalization from both pro-globalists and anti-globalists. It outlines some of the perceived benefits of globalization such as increased trade and economic growth. However, it also notes concerns of anti-globalists, including threats to national economies, environmental degradation, and loss of jobs in developed countries. Anti-globalist perspectives come from both developed and developing nations. The document provides an overview of the complex debate around the impacts of globalization.
1Annotated bibliographyBryant, R. A. (2000). Acute Stress .docxhyacinthshackley2629
1
Annotated bibliography
Bryant, R. A. (2000). Acute Stress Disorder: A Handbook of Theory, Assessment, and Treatment.
This article highlights the tools of avoiding the development of the PTSD through finding along with treating those with the Acute Stress Disorder. Moving on the clinical along with research experience, they review many problems as well as detail procedures for utilizing cognitive behavior therapy for treating the Acute Stress Disorder (Bryant, 2000).
Thornton, L. L. (2001). Recovery From Schizophrenia.
This article has been the life experience story about Louise Thornton, the mother of 3 kids. 2 of them are diagnosed with the mental illness. Her son has been diagnosed with the schizoaffective disorder are living with symptoms for more than twenty years. Her daughter has the dual diagnosis as well as severe depression (Thornton, 2001).
References
Bryant, R. A. (2000). Acute Stress Disorder: A Handbook of Theory, Assessment, and Treatment.
Thornton, L. L. (2001). Recovery From Schizophrenia.
Running Head: GLOBALIZATION 1
GLOBALIZATION 11
Globalization
Student’s Name
Instructor’s Name
Course Title
Date
Introduction
In past few years globalization has been much discussed issue. In this essay, I would attempt to describe the meaning of word globalization along with I would evaluate the benefits as well as drawbacks of the global world. Globalization has altered the face of world. Apart from that, I would discuss major changes in the trade policies of globalization. And at last, I would evaluate the consequences for migration within the global world.
Globalization
Term ‘A Global Village’ has majorly been related to Marshall McLuhan (Baker, 2011). In its books he terms how world has contracted into single big village. Global Village is called as the effects about globalization, mass media along with information and communication technology. As per this philosopher and sociologist, there would be just major culture left within this world. Capability for somebody for gathering the information quite fast wherever they have been provides impression, which we live in similar virtual place, in similar village.
With increasing standards of world along with the present concepts as well as complexities within the political, economic along with the socio-cultural ideologies, man has often and regularly pondered on aspects about his nature. Unity, equality, trade as well as commerce have been at forefront of complexities of man.
Having those thoughts in mind, man has moved by history thus trying to satisfy its desires in regard to rest of the people. Advent of 21st century has given birth to concept about making world one village, therefore, globalization. World is getting smaller, has been the term utilized quite often for describing the nowadays world along with globalization. Economic growth has grasped majorly all the nations.
Globalization has been the process, which began to appear at finish of 19th cen.
Similar to 11Introduction to Global Issues VINAY BHARGAVA.docx (20)
CASE STUDY COMMENTARY• Individual written task in Harvard sty.docxmoggdede
CASE STUDY COMMENTARY
• Individual written task in Harvard style format, cover page, table of contents, blocked text and reference list.
• The student must build a coherent discussion or argument in essay format, analyzing theories and models. Ethical theories, legal cases and case studies may be referred to when providing examples. Cite all sources.
• Students must write in complete sentences and develop paragraphs. No bullet points are allowed. Provide spacing between the sentences.
• Prepare and Introduction, Body, and Conclusion paragraphs.
• Sources must be used, identified, and properly cited.
• Format: PDF submitted through Turnitin
• The answers should analyse the following based on the case study provided with this task below the Rubrics:
1. Identify and explain the relevant parties in this case study?
2. Identify and explain in order the ethical issues related to each party involved in this case study? Cite your sources.
3. What ethical theories can each party use to support their behavior or decisions? Cite your sources.
4. Identify and discuss the points of law raised in the case? Cite your sources.
5. Identify and explain an additional case that supports or differentiates this case/situation.
Case study:
Cyber Harassment
In many ways, social media platforms have created great benefits for our societies by expanding and diversifying the ways people communicate with each other, and yet these platforms also have the power to cause harm. Posting hurtful messages about other people is a form of harassment known as cyberbullying. Some acts of cyberbullying may not only be considered slanderous, but also lead to serious consequences. In 2010, Rutgers University student Tyler Clementi jumped to his death a few days after his roommate used a webcam to observe and tweet about Tyler’s sexual encounter with another man. Jane Clementi, Tyler’s mother, stated, “In this digital world, we need to teach our youngsters that their actions have consequences, that their words have real power to hurt or to help. They must be encouraged to choose to build people up and not tear them down.”
In 2013, Idalia Hernández Ramos, a middle school teacher in Mexico, was a victim of cyber harassment. After discovering that one of her students tweeted that the teacher was a “bitch” and a “whore,” Hernández confronted the girl during a lesson on social media etiquette. Inquiring why the girl would post such hurtful messages that could harm the teacher’s reputation, the student meekly replied that she was upset at the time. The teacher responded that she was very upset by the student’s actions. Demanding a public apology in front of the class, Hernández stated that she would not allow “young brats” to call her those names. Hernández uploaded a video of this confrontation online, attracting much attention.
While Hernández was subject to cyber harassment, some felt she went too far by confronting the student in the classroom.
Case Study Chapter 5 100 wordsTranscultural Nursing in the.docxmoggdede
Case Study Chapter 5
100 words
Transcultural Nursing in the Community Community health clients belong to a variety of cultural groups. To gain acceptance, nurses must strive to introduce improved health practices that are presented in a manner consistent with clients’ cultural values. The student nurse is going to visit two different homes with the community health nurse with different cultural beliefs. 1. In preparation for the student nurse’s visits to two different homes, what five transcultural principles will assist in guiding community health nursing practice in these settings? 2. During the first visit, the student nurse has to conduct a cultural assessment by questioning the patient and observing the family dynamics. The community health nurse has requested that the student nurse assess for appropriate information in six major areas. What six major areas should the student nurse consider? 3. After the conclusion of the first visit, the community health nurse cautions the student nurse to be consciously aware of any ethnocentrism attitudes toward other cultures and the importance of cultural diversity. What is ethnocentrism and why is it so important to be conscious of cultural diversity?
.
Case Study Chapter 10 Boss, We’ve got a problemBy Kayla Cur.docxmoggdede
Case Study: Chapter 10
Boss, We’ve got a problem
By Kayla Curry
Background
Charlie Upton was the most beloved citizen of the close knit village of Summit. Everyone knew and respected Charlie. As a 17 year veteran of the police department, he was valued and admired for his unyielding care for the community. Charlie Upton gained acclaim for his heavy involvement in youth activities. He coached the boys pee-wee football team to victory in back to back seasons. He was known to get passionate about a bad call by referees. Coach Upton cared so much for his team, he generously offered to reward the team with a trip to Disney World. The man was even President of the local school board at one time. The highlight of the Christmas season was when he would dress up as a convincing Santa Claus for all of Summit’s children and visit the elementary schools.
Cont.
Charlie Upton’s popularity within Summit was unparalleled. Upton was known to rub shoulders with the Village’s elite. Primarily Village Administrator Tim Bell, whose son was star quarterback of Upton’s pee-wee team, and his own boss Police Chief Martin Owens. It was safe to say, nobody was expecting the coming scandal that would forever shake the community of Summit.
When Chief Martin Owens first heard the news, he decided to run straight to Administrator Tim Bell for direction. Highly unsettled, together they came up with a plan to combat the coming storm.
Cont.
Chief Owens and Administrator Bell called Charlie Upton into the Chief’s office and demanded an explanation to the allegations brought against him. A 12 year old boy who was being treated by a social worker for emotional problems, claimed that he had been sexual molested by none other than the Department’s beloved Charlie Upton.
When confronted with the accusations Upton replied simply, “well, there goes 17 years of police work down the drain.” Taking Upton’s non-denial as admission of guilt, Bell furiously demands he surrenders his badge and places him on unpaid leave on the spot. An outside agency would handle a 3 week investigation into the charges and in the meantime nobody outside of those three parties would know why Charlie Upton was being investigated.
Cont.
The investigation was completed and Upton was charged with criminal sexual conduct with a minor. He was immediately terminated. Against legal advice Administrator Bell refused to pay Upton’s separation pay of $26,000 in unused vacation time and sick leave.
From that point, the Village of Summit turned into a political circus:
Anticipating tough questions, Bell and Owens crafted their responses ahead of time
Pending public announcement Administrator Bell held a closed door meeting with the Council informing them that the Officer in charge of youth offenses was a child molester
Three of the Council members didn’t believe Upton would do such a thing and demanded Bell put him back in a uniform and on the streets
When the public was made aware they went int.
CASE STUDY Caregiver Role Strain Ms. Sandra A. Sandra, a 47-year-o.docxmoggdede
CASE STUDY: Caregiver Role Strain: Ms. Sandra A. Sandra, a 47-year-old divorced woman, received a diagnosis of stage 3 ovarian cancer 4 years ago, for which she had a total hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo- oophorectomy, omentectomy, lymphadenectomy, and tumor debulking followed by chemotherapy, consisting of cisplatin (Platinol), paclitaxel (Taxol), and doxorubicin (Adriamycin). She did well for 2 years and then moved back to her hometown near her family and underwent three more rounds of secondline chemotherapy. She accepted a less stressful job, bought a house, renewed old friendships, and became more involved with her two sisters and their families. Sandra developed several complications, including metastasis to the lungs. Then she could no longer work, drive, or care for herself. She had been told by her oncologist that there was nothing else that could be done and that she should consider entering a hospice. She met her attorney and prepared an advance directive and completed her will. She decided to have hospice care at home and, with the help of her family, set up her first floor as a living and sleeping area. She was cared for by family members around the clock for approximately 3 days. Sandra observed that she was tiring everyone out so much that they could not really enjoy each other’s company. At this time, she contacted the Visiting Nurse Association (VNA) to seek assistance. Her plan was to try to enjoy her family and friend’s visits. After assessment, the VNA nurse prioritized her problems to include fatigue and caregiver role strain. Other potential problem areas that may need to be incorporated into the care plan include anticipatory grieving and impaired comfort.
Reflective Questions
1. What are some of the stresses on Sandra’s middle-aged sisters and their families?
2. What resources are available to manage these stresses and support the sisters while caring for their dying sister Sandra?
3. Describe Sandra’s feelings about dependency and loss of autonomy because she is unable to do her own activities of daily living any longer
.
Case Study Answers Week 7 and 8Group OneIn your grou.docxmoggdede
This document outlines case study assignments for four groups. Each group is assigned to analyze one of InFocus's four business units (Beverages, Snackfoods, Supplements, Sportswear) using the BCG matrix, GE-McKinsey matrix, and Synergy matrix. They must also provide a recommendation for what InFocus should do with that business unit. The document also provides InFocus business statistics and outlines portfolio analyses and recommendations for each business unit.
Case Study and Transition Plan TemplateCase StudyD.docxmoggdede
Case Study and Transition Plan Template
Case Study
Darren is a 17-year-old student. He is a junior at his local high school. Darren has a specific learning disability in reading. He attends the resource classroom for English classes. All other courses are in the general education setting with accommodations, modified grades (for some subjects), and push-in supports from the special education teacher at least three times per week for core courses requiring extensive reading and writing. He is currently decoding at the fifth grade reading level, but reading comprehension is at the third grade level. Fluency is at the fifth grade level.
Darren also has difficulty with written expression, and needs graphic organizers and pre-writing activities to help him develop a thesis statement and organize his written work. His handwriting is difficult to read and it takes him a long time to complete written assignments without assistive technology and software. He can be impulsive, and will sometimes miss important portions of written directions resulting in frequent errors on assignments. He frequently turns in assignments late or not at all. He needs assistance remembering to take his medication at school and at home. He has tried to pass a driver’s license exam so he can get a driver’s permit to learn how to drive. However, his impulsivity and reading ability have affected his performance and he has not been able to pass the written exam as required by the state motor vehicle department.
Darren loves cars. He can describe makes and models of practically any vehicle and describe the type of engine and standard features. He also helps his dad and older brother work on vehicles in the family’s car restoration business. Darren can wash the cars, detail the interior, and clean the windows. He has recently started doing oil changes with some supervision.
His parents are concerned about Darren’s impulsivity, his inability to remember directions, and his unrealistic views of his abilities. His mother is concerned about him needing prompts to brush his teeth, wear clean clothes, and comb his hair before leaving the house. He tends to blame others when he is not successful and makes excuses for not following through on responsibilities. His father expressed concern about Darren’s difficulty in putting tools away in the shop and cleaning up his work area after he changes the oil in a vehicle. Teachers express concern over late assignments, a reluctance to take responsibility for his own actions, and the need for constant prompts and reminders. Darren uses an electronic spelling dictionary and a word processor with word prediction software and spell check to complete assignments.
Darren’s parents indicated on a parent survey that they do not know if Darren would be eligible to receive adult services, social security, and they do not know how to contact adult service agencies.
During a student interview, Darren stated he wanted to become a professional foo.
Case Study AnalysisRead Compassion for Samantha Case Study.docxmoggdede
Case Study Analysis
Read
Compassion for Samantha Case Study
Samantha Lizonia has been with Prestige Shipping for 35 years. As one of the first employees hired when the business launched, she has weathered many storms with the company, including receiving late paychecks, times of slow growth, a year where she worked 7 days a week without fail, and working for 4 years in a row without a vacation or sick day. As the office manager, she greets all visitors and is the first point of contact when customers and vendors calls. The CEO always praises Samantha and often states that without her diligence and faithfulness all those years they may not have survived.
Unfortunately, Samantha’s job performance has been declining. She has submitted reports untimely and unfinished, been late to work, and has become cold and difficult to work with. Coworkers and vendors complain about her rude comments and harsh demeanor. The CEO spoke to Samantha about her performance and behavior, but nothing has changed. Actually, she did not appreciate being reprimanded, and her behavior got worse. However, during their meeting, the CEO did find out that Samantha is planning on retiring in 2 years, and the value of her retirement savings plan has drastically declined.
If Samantha would have been any other employee, she would have been fired a long time ago. Because of her age, years of loyal service, lack of retirement savings, and the CEO’s commitment to continuing the family-like environment, this is a difficult choice. However, he knows that he must come to a decision about her soon.
Consider
the following:
SHRM ethical guidelines
Ethical processes for hiring, evaluating, disciplining, and terminating employees
Regulations for equal opportunity and employee rights
Commonly held values such as compassion, courage, integrity, and wisdom that can help people clarify their differences with others, understand their positions, and communicate values more effectively
Disagreements about moral choices in an organization are a natural part of doing business. Appreciate the viewpoints of other parties instead of vilifying them. Anticipate these disagreements by developing strategies for dealing with the most common conflicts you will face in your work.
Your personal strengths, unique voice, core identity and desired self-image.
Potential arguments that others will use to support immoral or unethical behavior
Write
a 1,050- to 1,400-word analysis of the scenario. Include the following:
Describe the ethical dilemma presented in the scenario, and explain why it is an ethical dilemma.
Describe the government and industry regulations relevant to this scenario.
Explain why specific elements from SHRM guidelines would apply to this situation.
Describe the ethical way to resolve the issue with Samantha.
Justify your resolution.
Format
your paper according to APA guidelines.
Reference
2 peer-reviewed scholarly ariticles
.
Case Study AnalysisAn understanding of cells and cell behavi.docxmoggdede
Case Study Analysis
An understanding of cells and cell behavior is a critically important component of disease diagnosis and treatment. But some diseases can be complex in nature, with a variety of factors and circumstances impacting their emergence and severity.
Effective disease analysis often requires an understanding that goes beyond isolated cell behavior. Genes, the environments in which cell processes operate, the impact of patient characteristics, and racial and ethnic variables all can have an important impact.
An understanding of the signals and symptoms of alterations in cellular processes is a critical step in the diagnosis and treatment of many diseases. For APRNs, this understanding can also help educate patients and guide them through their treatment plans.
In this Assignment, you examine a case study and analyze the symptoms presented. You identify cell, gene, and/or process elements that may be factors in the diagnosis, and you explain the implications to patient health.
Scenario: Case study
An 83-year-old resident of a skilled nursing facility presents to the emergency department with generalized edema of extremities and abdomen. History obtained from staff reveals the patient has history of malabsorption syndrome and difficulty eating due to lack of dentures. The patient has been diagnosed with protein malnutrition
To prepare:
By Day 1 of this week, you will be assigned to a specific case study for this Case Study Assignment. Please see the “Course Announcements” section of the classroom for your assignment from your Instructor.
The Assignment (1- to 2-page case study analysis)
Develop a 1- to 2-page case study analysis in which you:
Explain why you think the patient presented the symptoms described.
Identify the genes that may be associated with the development of the disease.
Explain the process of immunosuppression and the effect it has on body systems
Develop a 1- to 2-page case study analysis, examining the patient symptoms presented in the case study. Be sure to address the following:
Explain why you think the patient presented the symptoms described.
28 (28%) - 30 (30%)
The response accurately and thoroughly describes the patient symptoms.
The response includes accurate, clear, and detailed reasons, with an explanation for the symptoms supported by evidence and/or research, as appropriate, to support the explanation.
25 (25%) - 27 (27%)
The response describes the patient's symptoms.
The response includes accurate reasons, with an explanation for the symptoms supported by evidence and/or research, as appropriate, to support the explanation.
23 (23%) - 24 (24%)
The response describes the patient's symptoms in a manner that is vague or inaccurate.
The response includes reasons for the symptoms, with explanations that are vague or based on inappropriate evidence/research.
0 (0%) - 22 (22%)
The response describes the patient symptoms in a manner that is vague and inaccurate, or the de.
Case Study Analysis and FindingsThe final assignment for this co.docxmoggdede
Case Study Analysis and Findings
The final assignment for this course is a Case Study Analysis and Findings. The purpose of the Case Study Analysis and Findings is for you to utilize the knowledge and skills developed in this course to evaluate the psychological methods and theoretical models of criminal behavior as well as the police psychology and the psychological aspects of all participants in the criminal justice process relative to a specific criminal episode. An overview of forensic psychology as it relates to the criminal justice process should be included.
This course has addressed issues of psychological theory and practice relative to the functioning of the criminal justice system. These impacts range from the offender, to law enforcement and investigations, to practices and legalities of law in the courtroom, to the participation and impact of victims and witnesses, and to treatment and sentencing rendered in the correctional environment. Research continues regarding the biological, genetic, psychological, and social impacts on mental health and resulting behavior. These findings will continue to find their way into the legal implications of the psychological influences on behavior.
The focus of your Case Study Analysis and Findings paper will be based, in large part, on the weekly assignments you completed throughout the course. In each of the weekly assignments, you address a particular aspect of the overall criminal case and offender that you selected in Week 1.
In the Week 1 Literature Review assignment, you provide the resources necessary for each phase of your final analysis and findings.
In the Week 2 Case Summary and Offender Profile assignment, you provide an analysis of the behavior of the offender relative to the psychological history and evaluation of the offender.
In the Week 3 Investigative Psychology assignment, you provide an analysis of the behavior of the investigators including the analysis of the crime scene. This assignment also describes the psychological, behavioral, environmental, and cognitive factors that influence the investigation, including intervention strategies to reduce the impact of stress on law enforcement.
In the Week 4 Legal Psychology and Victimization assignment, you provide a discussion on the role of the psychological profile of the offender and the victims have on the presentation of evidence in court, including the analysis of legal psychology as it is implemented in the criminal justice process.
Finally, in the Week 5 Psychological Treatment in Correctional Settings assignment, you provide a discussion on the impacts the psychological make–up of offenders have on the functional responsibilities of incarceration facilities and how the biases and assumptions of correctional service providers influence their assessment of and interaction with these offenders.
Utilizing your research and analyses completed for the Weeks 1 through 5 assignments, consider the psychological methods .
Case Study Analysis A TutorialWhat is it Case studies are a .docxmoggdede
Case Study Analysis: A Tutorial
What is it? Case studies are a popular and effective teaching tool for business and non-business students. Often described as the “Harvard method,” case studies permit students to apply learned concepts and techniques to “real world” situations. Although our assignments are individual work only, case studies may also allow students to use their knowledge of course material in addressing business/marketing problems or issues through collaboration (much as in the workplace). Case studies may be quite detailed or simple in scope. In some assignments, strong familiarity with financial analysis and operations management are needed to successfully complete the case.
How to be effective? For any case study assignment, common sense; research; and a good understanding of basic marketing/management concepts are needed. You should carefully read the case several times, highlighting information/details that you believe important. Understand what the assignment is requesting. In the Popchips and Grand Theft Auto cases, you are asked questions for response. In addressing each question, you should justify (document) your answer with case information and additional Internet research. All sources should be properly cited.
It is important that you do not assume anything. Many students err in case analysis by confusing personal opinion or inference (guess) with the facts presented in the case. It is permissible (and, often required) to supplement case information with various research methods (i.e., observation and/or Internet) gain a clearer understanding of the issues, forces, questions and requirements of the case. Rely on the text book and lecture notes to help you.
Put yourself in the case as the key decision maker(s). What needs to be addressed concerning marketing? What could have been done differently? What should the marketing strategy (plan) be going forward? Be prepared to explain your reasoning.
Most importantly, don’t procrastinate on this assignment. Your time well-spent will result in a well-done report.
In summary, to complete a case study assignment successfully, you must:
1. Read the case thoroughly several times.
2. Complete independent research about the case issue/topic.
3. Identify and verify sources.
4. Answer the questions contained in the case with completeness and accuracy using case and research information.
5. Write your report and proof it for grammar, spelling and punctuation mistakes.
A Rite of Passage Approach
Designed to Preserve the
Families of Substance-Abusing
African American Women
Vanesta L. Poitier, Makini Niliwaambieni, and
Cyprian Lamar Rowe
This article approaches the treatment of addicted
African American women in ways drawn from
traditional African culture. While the modern African
American woman is clearly not the same as her
continental African foremother, the reality of her life
is still predicated on the basis of her culture and
her material wealth or.
Case Study AlcoholCertain occasional behaviors can cause more tro.docxmoggdede
Case Study: Alcohol
Certain occasional behaviors can cause more trouble than one might think. For many college students, drinking does not seem dangerous and is often viewed as a normal. Alcohol absorption and factors involved with alcohol metabolism are rarely discussed.
Review the following case study and answer the questions in essay format.
Paulo is a sophomore in college. On the weekends he goes out with his friends and will have anywhere from 5-8 drinks during the evening. Paulo met his friends during freshman year and they all agree that drinking is part of the college experience. Paulo always has a hangover after a big night of drinking, but doesn't think it's an issue because he never drinks on the weekdays and it isn't affecting his schoolwork. On a football weekend that included a lot of drinking, one of Paulo's friends, Luke, got into a fight and ended up in the emergency room. The doctor told Luke his Blood Alcohol Concentration was so high that he nearly had alcohol poisoning. Although Paulo knew drinking and driving could be dangerous, Paulo was surprised that the doctor warned Luke about "binge drinking." Paulo began to wonder whether his drinking was affecting his own health.
How common is binge drinking in college? What factors increase an individual's risk for the short and long term effects of alcohol? Why do college students like Paulo feel it is part of the college experience to drink regularly? What should universities, parents, friends, and others do to address high risk drinking and to change these behaviors?
4 Essays, 1 essay per Part:
Part I: Finding the Perfect Balance
Chapter # 1 General Health Concepts
Chapter # 2 Promoting and Preserving Your Psychological Health
Chapter # 3 Managing Stress: Managing Stress and Coping with Life Challenges
Chapter # 4 Preventing Violence and Injury
Part II: Building Healthy Relationships
Chapter # 5 Understanding Sexuality
Chapter # 6 Considering your Reproductive Alternatives
Part III: Avoiding Risks Related to Bad Habits
Chapter # 7 Recognizing and Avoiding Addiction and Drug Use
Chapter # 8 Drinking Alcohol Responsibly and Ending Tobacco Use
Part IV: Building Healthy Lifestyles
Chapter # 9 Eating for a Healthier You
Chapter # 10 Reaching and Maintaining a Healthy Weight
.
Case study A group of nurse educators are having a discussion about.docxmoggdede
Case study: A group of nurse educators are having a discussion about the minority student nurses. The nurse educators believe that there are numerous barriers to minority student success in nursing education. The nurse educators want to develop strategies to increase the success rate in graduation of these students.
1. The nurse educators make a list of the barriers that exist for minority student success. What are common barriers for minority student success?
2. The group of nurse educators is acutely aware that different generations are represented in nursing today. These different generations have different attitudes and value systems, which greatly affect the settings in which they work. What are the key characteristics of the four generational groups that are present in today’s workforce?
3. Analyze and describe how the different generations present in nursing today affect nursing care and the nursing workplace.
.
Case study ;1Callista Roy and Betty Neumans theories view the.docxmoggdede
Case study ;1
Callista Roy and Betty Neuman's theories view the person (individual, group, or community) as a holistic adaptive system that constantly interacts with the internal and external environments. Both theories view the person as being the center of nursing and present health/wellness and illness as parts of the same continuum, however there are some key assumptions that are different. As such, select one of the theories and identify1 assumption of the theory and discuss how the care rendered for this patient by an advanced practice nurse would be structured (assessment, diagnosis, planning, intervention, evaluation) according to the theory. Give 2 specific examples of interventions that you anticipate will be included in the patient's care.
Mr. Reynolds is a 32 year-old male patient hospitalized on the orthopedic unit of the hospital. He is status-post motorcycle accident and right leg below the knee amputation. He has a history of Depression and Schizophrenia. He is currently separated from his wife and estranged from his family. He is awaiting social work for placement in a rehabilitation facility, where he will continue his recovery.
.
Case Study 9Running head BP & THE GULF OF MEXICO OIL SPILLC.docxmoggdede
Case Study 9
Running head: BP & THE GULF OF MEXICO OIL SPILL
Case Study: BP & The Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill
Central Michigan University
Organizational Dynamics & Human Behavior – MSA 601
Abstract
This paper will focus on the monumental disaster and ensuing public relations nightmare of British Petroleum (BP). This disaster of course was brought about by the oil rig explosion and fire in the Gulf of Mexico. BP is a multinational conglomerate of gargantuan proportions. They have molded and perfected their public image over decades. This paper will take a look at the lapses in BP’s management and public relations efforts and what measures the company should have taken.
BP & the Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill
The reason that the authors selected to evaluate British Petroleum (BP) for a case study was due in no small part to the endless media attention given to the oil spill in the Gulf. BP is an extremely popular brand that everyone in this country undoubtedly is effected by in one way or another. One of the initial reasons for choosing BP was the unmitigated disaster put forth on the public relations front in explaining the company’s efforts at dealing with the Gulf of Mexico oil crisis. The authors were further intrigued at this assignment for the poor leadership and decision making acumen of the former CEO Tony Hayward (CMU, 2009, p. 227). With this multi-focal approach, the study will highlight the conflicting messaging presented to the public and the lackluster and ultimately ineffective leadership within the organization.
BP is a huge multinational conglomerate whose primary focus is the petroleum industry. The company does business in over 30 countries around the globe. Its annual operating income is $239 billion dollars with over $14 billion dollars in profit in the year 2009. The company employs over 80,300 individuals and owns 16 refineries worldwide. BP operates several subsidiaries under the names AM/PM markets, BP and ARCO gas stations, Aral gas stations in Germany, Wild Bean Café, and Castrol Motor Oil (BP at a glance, 2010).
The competition within the petroleum industry is not as plentiful as one might think. There are actually very few players in the game. Due to the limited number of refiners of crude in this country the oil from various sources are blended prior to coming to the consumer. BP doesn’t have much use for the service station business anymore. In 2007, it announced plans to sell the last 700 stations that it hadn’t already sold to franchisees. The company chose to focus on finding and collecting oil. Once companies make a discovery, it comes out of the ground and ends up at a refinery. There, it can be mixed with oil that a variety of companies have poured into the tanks. This is further evidenced by BP’s plans to divest itself of its remaining 700 gas service stations. The highest percentage of income is made from oil exploration and extraction and not in the selling of gasoline at its stations (Lieber, 2010).
BP.
Case Study 9-1 IT Governance at University of the Southeast. Answer .docxmoggdede
The University of the Southeast had an IT governance system in place that involved decision rights and structure. The IT governance structure included an IT steering committee that was responsible for making strategic IT decisions and an IT coordinating council that implemented the decisions of the steering committee. This ensured that IT decisions were made strategically with input from stakeholders and then properly implemented.
Case Study 7-2 Sony Pictures The Criminals Won. Answer question 2 W.docxmoggdede
Case Study 7-2 Sony Pictures: The Criminals Won. Answer question 2 What access and data protection controls would you recommend Sony use to provide better security for unreleased digital films and emails?
Note: Minimum 300 words not including title and reference page. References should be taken from peer revived
.
Case Study 8.1 Team DenialEmory University Holocaust studies pr.docxmoggdede
Case Study 8.1: Team Denial
Emory University Holocaust studies professor Deborah Lipstadt faced an uphill battle when she was sued by British amateur historian David Irving in 1995. Irving was the world’s best known Holocaust denier. He claimed that Hitler didn’t order the killing of Jews. Instead, the Führer’s subordinates acted on their own, without his knowledge. Irving’s most audacious assertion was that no Jews and other victims were gassed at the Auschwitz concentration camp. He denied that there were gas chambers. Instead, deaths were caused by typhus and other illnesses, not murder. Speaking before neo-Nazi groups, Irving declared that more people died in the back of Senator Edward Kennedy’s car (one young woman) than were deliberately killed at Auschwitz.
In her book Denying the Holocaust: The Growing Assault on Truth and Memory, professor Lipstadt called Irving “a Hitler partisan wearing blinkers” who distorted historical evidence to “reach historically untenable conclusions.”1 Irving then threatened to sue unless she retracted her comments. He likely thought she would settle out of court. Not Lipstadt. Surrender would give deniers a victory, meaning a “second death” to the victims of Auschwitz and other Jews who perished under the Nazis. But Irving had the upper hand. Under British law, Lipstadt had to defend herself from the allegations. (In the United States, accusers have to prove that they have been libeled and defamed.) The lengthy court case would cost over a million dollars to fight and would be held in London, thousands of miles from Atlanta, where Lipstadt taught.
Fortunately for Dr. Lipstadt, others rallied to her cause. Emory gave her financial support and paid leave while hiring adjuncts to teach her classes. (School officials believed that canceling Holocaust courses would be a victory for Irving.) Penguin, her publisher, provided legal and financial support and Jewish groups raised money for her defense. Most important, she gained the support of a top-notch legal team who believed in her cause. This team included (1) those who prepared her case—a team of researchers who gathered information and the attorneys who assembled court documents; and (2) a pair of barristers who argued in front of the judge. (In Britain, one set of attorneys prepares the case while a different set of attorneys presents the case in court.) Lipstadt needed all the help she could get. Preparation for the trial took five years. Researchers had to sift through thousands of documents checking footnotes as well as hundreds of Irving’s personal diaries. They generated an eight-foot-tall stack of trial notebooks.
The legal team decided to put Irving on trial, demonstrating how he systematically altered historical evidence to support his anti-Semitic views. That meant that Deborah wouldn’t testify, turning her into a spectator at her own trial. Lipstadt, a skilled public speaker, objected to these restrictions but eventually gave in. She said, “Being q.
Case Study 7 Solving Team Challenges at DocSystems Billing, Inc.docxmoggdede
Case Study 7: Solving Team Challenges at DocSystems Billing, Inc.
Read the DocSystems Billing case, including the briefing document and four scenes, and consider the following questions:
What problems exist in this organization? How do these problems differ based on the employees’ roles? Why do employees object to Jim’s proposed solution?
Make a recommendation to the client about what could be done next based on the data included. Summarize your observations for Jim, offer possible interpretations, and suggest an approach for next steps.
Briefing Document: DocSystems Billing, Inc.
About the Company
DocSystems Billing, Inc., processes insurance billing paperwork for a network of small health care clinics throughout the United States. Privately owned physician practices, as well as specialists such as cardiologists and physical therapists, contract with DocSystems to process the billing paperwork through the maze of health care insurance companies and networks. DocSystems charges either a flat fee for each bill it processes or a percentage of the total, depending on the contract with the provider.
About the Call Center
Forty full-time employees work at the onsite call center: 30 Medical Insurance Specialists (who handle cases of moderate complexity) and 10 Senior Insurance Consultants (who handle very complex cases). The senior consultants have usually worked up through the ranks, often first working on basic billing, then as medical insurance specialists. Most of them have a long tenure with DocSystems, ranging from 17 to 23 years.
An additional 100 employees (called Billing Specialists) work at an outsourced call center. DocSystems contracts out the initial processing of claims and basic computer input. The contract employees used to work at DocSystems until the outsourcing.
285
The call center was outsourced a year ago to another organization. Almost all of the former DocSystems employees were offered jobs with the new company, but the pay and benefits were not comparable. Word has spread to the former colleagues who remain at DocSystems that the outsourcing company treats its employees poorly.
Call Center Reorganization
The remaining group of 40 employees was reorganized into two new teams about 3 months ago. Initially, there had been two managers—Alex managed the senior insurance consultants, and Dana managed the medical insurance specialists. Both reported to Jim, the senior director. In the new structure, Alex and Dana both manage 20 employees, with each managing half of the specialists and half of the consultants.
That meant that some of each group remained with their former manager, while some moved to a new manager. Senior management hoped that the integrated teams would start to share knowledge between more senior and more junior practitioners.
Roles and Work Process
Billing Specialist
The billing specialists do the initial computer input and handle the majority of the cases. Normally this occurs without any need .
Case Study 5.2 Hiding the Real Story at Midwestern Community Acti.docxmoggdede
Case Study 5.2: Hiding the Real Story at Midwestern Community Action
Recently, life at Midwestern Community Action has been anything but smooth. The nonprofit runs a variety of programs in a midsized city, including preschools, teen drop-in centers, a food pantry, a medical clinic, and low-income housing. Health problems forced founding executive director Sally May, who was well loved by staff, to quit after 20 years in her position. The board then appointed Josiah Lang, who had served as the manager of a local government service agency, as the next executive director.
When Lang arrived at Community Action, he discovered that May had been a hands-off leader. She allowed coordinators to run their programs without much supervision. Used to operating on their own, they resisted Lang’s efforts to institute performance evaluations, to evaluate the effectiveness of each program, and to reallocate funds between programs. It didn’t help that Lang made little effort to get to know his subordinates and has an abrasive personality. Three coordinators and a half dozen front-line staff quit. Lang has the support of the board, which believes that the organization needs more structure and accountability, but staff morale is low. Employees have lost faith in the organization’s leadership. However, they remain committed to helping the disadvantaged and to Community Action’s mission. For that reason, they largely keep their frustrations to themselves and are careful to protect the organization’s public image. Community Action continues to be well regarded by clients, government officials, donors, and the public at large.
This week Community Action will interview an applicant for its housing coordinator position, a vacancy created when the previous coordinator left in frustration. This is the most important open position to fill. The housing coordinator oversees three apartment complexes with 200 tenants and manages the most employees. Failure to fill the vacancy soon could reduce Community Action’s outreach to the homeless. The applicant, Albert Singh, appears to be highly qualified. If he takes the position, Singh will move his family from out of state. He has no idea that Community Action is dealing with significant conflict and poor morale.
Singh will make a brief presentation to the entire staff during his visit and then meet for an extended time with the current program coordinators. During this session, the coordinators (without the director present) will question him and present an overview of Community Action. Albert will also have an opportunity to ask questions of the coordinators.
Discussion Probes
1. What ethical duties are in conflict in this situation?
2. Are Community Action employees justified in keeping their concerns “in house,” out of the public eye? Why or why not?
3. If you were one of the current program coordinators, how much would you reveal about the turmoil at Community Action to Singh?
4. As a coordinator, what would you say if Singh.
Case Study 5.1Write a 3 to 4 (not including title or reference.docxmoggdede
Case Study 5.1
Write a 3 to 4 (not including title or reference page) page paper that describes some your state laws protecting data or security of personal information (the state you live in ,have lived in, or want to live in). First, list the state you chose. Then provide the name and a brief description of the law, to include when it was enacted, punishment if not followed, and who/what the law protects. Make sure you follow the grading rubric and write your paper in APA format. Cite all sources appropriately.
Writing Requirements
4 pages in length (excluding cover page, abstract, and reference list)
Include at least two peer reviewed sources that are properly cited
APA format, Use the
APA template
located in the
Student Resource Center
to complete the assignment.
Please use the Case Study Guide as a reference point for writing your case study.
.
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀
تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
This presentation was provided by Racquel Jemison, Ph.D., Christina MacLaughlin, Ph.D., and Paulomi Majumder. Ph.D., all of the American Chemical Society, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
How Barcodes Can Be Leveraged Within Odoo 17Celine George
In this presentation, we will explore how barcodes can be leveraged within Odoo 17 to streamline our manufacturing processes. We will cover the configuration steps, how to utilize barcodes in different manufacturing scenarios, and the overall benefits of implementing this technology.
Geography as a Discipline Chapter 1 __ Class 11 Geography NCERT _ Class Notes...
11Introduction to Global Issues VINAY BHARGAVA.docx
1. 1
1
Introduction to
Global Issues
VINAY BHARGAVA
More than at any other time in history, the future of humankind
isbeing shaped by issues that are beyond any one nation’s
ability
to solve. Climate change, avian flu, financial instability,
terrorism, waves of
migrants and refugees, water scarcities, disappearing fisheries,
stark and
seemingly intractable poverty—all of these are examples of
global issues whose
solution requires cooperation among nations. Each issue seems
at first to be
little connected to the next; the problems appear to come in all
shapes and
from all directions. But if one reflects a moment on these
examples, some
common features soon become apparent:
■ Each issue affects a large number of people on different sides
of
national boundaries.
■ Each issue is one of significant concern, directly or
indirectly, to all or
2. most of the countries of the world, often as evidenced by a
major
United Nations (UN) declaration or the holding of a global
conference
on the issue.
■ Each issue has implications that require a global regulatory
approach;
no one government has the power or the authority to impose a
solu-
tion, and market forces alone will not solve the problem.
These commonalities amount almost to a definition of global
issue, and
awareness of them will help throughout this book in identifying
other such
issues besides those named above. First, however, a few other
definitions and
distinctions will further clarify just what we mean by global
issues.
I would like to thank Cinnamon Dornsife, Michael Treadway,
Jean-François Rischard, and Asli
Gurkan for their advice and comments on earlier versions of
this chapter.
Global Issues for Global Citizens : An Introduction to Key
Development Challenges, edited by Vinay K. Bhargava, World
Bank
Publications, 2006. ProQuest Ebook Central,
http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/ashford-
ebooks/detail.action?docID=459339.
Created from ashford-ebooks on 2017-12-11 23:00:39.
C
o
4. ll
ri
g
h
ts
r
e
se
rv
e
d
.
Some Definitions
Global issues, globalization, and global public goods are related
but differing
concepts. Globalization generally refers to the increasing
integration of
economies around the world, particularly through trade,
production chains
(where parts for a final good, such as an automobile, are
produced in one
country and assembled in another), and financial flows. The
term increasingly
also refers to the movement of people and of information
(including not only
financial and other raw data but ideas, fashions, and culture as
well) across
international borders. Globalization can be understood as a
driving force
affecting many global issues, from migration to fair trade to
5. debt relief.
The concept of global public goods is a more recent one, and
indeed its
dimensions and implications are still being worked out by
researchers and
policy analysts. The International Task Force on Global Public
Goods has
defined international public goods (a term that includes both
global and
regional public goods) as goods and services that “address
issues that: (i) are
deemed to be important to the international community, to both
developed
and developing countries; (ii) typically cannot, or will not, be
adequately
addressed by individual countries or entities acting alone; and,
in such cases
(iii) are best addressed collectively on a multilateral basis.”1 By
this definition,
most but not all of the global issues addressed in this book
involve the creation
of—or the failure to create—global public goods. We will return
to the topic
of global public goods later in the chapter.
What Global Issues Do We Face Today?
Global issues are present in all areas of our lives as citizens of
the world. They
affect our economies, our environment, our capabilities as
humans, and our
processes for making decisions regarding cooperation at the
global level
(which this book will call global governance). These issues
often turn out to be
interconnected, although they may not seem so at first. For
6. example, energy
consumption drives climate change, which in turn threatens (a)
marine fish-
eries through changes in ocean temperature and chemistry and
(b) other food
resources through changes in rainfall patterns. For purposes of
this book, we
group global issues into the five thematic areas shown in table
1.1. Of course,
there are also other possible categorizations and other
approaches to global
issues.2
Not all of the issues listed in table 1.1 are discussed in this
book. Rather,
we have tried to cover the most important ones in each of the
categories in
table 1.1 where the World Bank has expertise. Global issues in
the area of
Global Issues for Global Citizens2
Global Issues for Global Citizens : An Introduction to Key
Development Challenges, edited by Vinay K. Bhargava, World
Bank
Publications, 2006. ProQuest Ebook Central,
http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/ashford-
ebooks/detail.action?docID=459339.
Created from ashford-ebooks on 2017-12-11 23:00:39.
C
o
p
yr
ig
8. h
ts
r
e
se
rv
e
d
.
peace and security are also very important but are beyond the
expertise and
mandate of the World Bank. The book therefore has four parts,
covering the
global economy, global human development, the global
environment and
natural resources, and global governance. Each part has several
chapters, each
of which covers one of the global issues listed in table 1.1.
Each chapter begins by defining the issue and identifying what
makes it
global in scope. The chapter then explores the key underlying
forces that
shape the issue, the consequences of addressing or not
addressing it, and pos-
sible solutions, controversies, and international actions already
under way or
proposed. Each chapter ends with a brief review of the World
Bank’s own
perspectives on the issue and its role in seeking solutions. What
follows is a
9. brief introduction to the four thematic areas and the global
issues discussed
within each.
The Global Economy
National and regional economies around the world are becoming
increasingly
integrated with each other through trade in goods and services,
transfer of
technology, and production chains. The interconnectedness of
financial mar-
kets is also expanding rapidly. Such integration offers greater
opportunity for
Introduction to Global Issues 3
T A B L E 1 . 1 A List of Global Issues by Thematic Area
Thematic area Global issues
Global economy International trade,* financial stability,*
poverty and inequality,*
foreign aid,* debt relief,* international migration,* food
security,*
intellectual property rights
Global Human Universal education,* communicable diseases,*
humanitarian
development emergencies, hunger and malnutrition,* refugees
Global environment Climate change,* deforestation,* access to
safe water,*
and natural loss of biodiversity, land degradation, sustainable
energy,*
resources depletion of fisheries*
12. e
d
.
people to tap into more and larger markets around the world,
and so increase
both their incomes and their ability to enjoy all that the world
economy has
to offer.
At the same time, however, economic integration poses serious
inherent
risks: in a globalized world economy, an adverse event such as
a financial
crisis in one part of the world can easily spread to other parts,
just as a con-
tagious disease spreads from person to person. An example of
such conta-
gion was the East Asian financial crisis of 1997–98, in which a
financial and
currency crisis in Thailand quickly triggered similar upheavals
in the Repub-
lic of Korea, Indonesia, and elsewhere, prompting international
intervention
to avert a global crisis. (See chapter 3 for more about the East
Asian and other
financial crises.) Another example involves the globalization of
trade and
labor markets: concerns about the fairness of recent
international trade
agreements and about the effects of freer trade on jobs and
working condi-
tions led to violent protests at the World Trade Organization
meeting in Seat-
13. tle in 1999; these protests helped change the dynamic of the
latest round of
international trade negotiations. (See chapter 7 for a discussion
of these
ongoing negotiations.) There are also concerns that the world
economy is
growing in an unbalanced way, with rising inequalities in
incomes and
opportunities.
Part One of the book is devoted to those global issues that fall
under the
heading of the global economy. Of the many issues that could
be addressed,
the book considers the following: poverty and inequality,
financial stability,
aid, debt, migration, trade, and food security.
Poverty and Inequality
Substantial progress has been made in recent decades in
reducing poverty—
the proportion of people living in extreme poverty worldwide
has halved
since 1980. Yet poverty remains deep and widespread: more
than a billion
people still subsist on less than one dollar a day, and income
per capita in
the world’s high-income countries, on average, is 65 times that
in the low-
income countries.
Income is not the only measure of poverty, nor is it the only one
for which
the recent numbers are grim. Over three-quarters of a billion of
the world’s
16. rv
e
d
.
better their lives and the social recognition and voice to demand
such oppor-
tunity. These, too, are real and important aspects of poverty.
Accompanying widespread poverty is widespread inequality,
again as mea-
sured both by income and by other yardsticks. Measured in
absolute terms,
the income gap between rich and poor countries has widened
over the past
several decades. The economic divide within countries is
likewise large.
In an increasingly interdependent world, the high prevalence
and stubborn
persistence of poverty and inequality in developing countries—
the subject of
chapter 2 of this volume—have implications for all countries.
Deep depriva-
tion weakens the capacity of states to combat terrorism,
organized crime,
armed conflict, and the spread of disease, and these in turn can
have severe
economic, environmental, and security consequences for
neighboring states
and the global community. Poverty and inequality and their
associated out-
comes can no longer be contained within national boundaries.
This makes
17. them a global problem of huge proportions, and it means that
alleviating
poverty and reducing inequality are critical to maintaining and
strengthen-
ing regional and global stability. That is why the UN has made
reducing world
poverty a top priority—it is a target under the first of the
Millennium Devel-
opment Goals (MDGs) adopted at the UN Millennium Summit—
and that is
why the World Bank takes as its fundamental mission to build a
world free of
poverty.3
Financial Stability
The emergence of a global, market-based financial economy has
brought
considerable benefits to those middle-income countries at the
forefront of
economic reform and liberalization—the so-called emerging
market economies.
Thanks largely to the opening of the financial sector in these
countries, investors
in other countries can now better diversify their investment
choices across
domestic and international assets, increasing their expected rate
of return. Busi-
nesses within these countries, meanwhile, are better able to
finance promising
ideas and fund their expansion plans. As a result, financial
resources worldwide
are invested more efficiently, boosting economic growth and
living standards on
both sides of these transactions.
20. se
rv
e
d
.
systems in that episode imposed high economic and social costs,
such as
rampant unemployment, increased migration, social conflict,
and social
instability—and not only in the countries directly affected. In
the wake of
this and other crises, an urgent debate has been launched over
reform of the
international financial architecture to reduce the chances of
further finan-
cial instability.
Aid for Development
Foreign aid has been one of the foundations of international
cooperation for
many decades. A large part of such aid is intended to promote
development
in low- and middle-income countries: almost every country in
the world has
benefited from aid at some time in its development history. Aid
comes from
both government sources (in which case it is called official
development assis-
tance) and private sources. Among government sources are the
bilateral aid
programs of national governments, such as the U.S. Agency for
21. International
Development, and international financial institutions, such as
the Interna-
tional Monetary Fund and the World Bank. Private sources
include a grow-
ing number of charitable and other nongovernmental
organizations, among
others. Besides directly financing a vast range of development
activities, aid
also comes in the form of debt relief for the world’s heavily
indebted countries.
Aid for development plays, and is expected to continue to play,
a vital role
in addressing many of the global issues discussed in this book.
Meanwhile the
growth of global programs and funds and the emergence of new
bilateral and
private donors are increasing the channels by which aid is
delivered. With this
expansion in the volume and sources of aid, more and better
coordination
among donors will be essential if aid is to be delivered
effectively. Chapter 4
discusses the basic concepts of international assistance, the
forces shaping aid
for development, the various criticisms levied against existing
aid programs,
international responses to increase the volume and the
effectiveness of aid
flows, and the prospects for increasing worldwide aid and for
better moni-
toring of its use and impact.
Debt Relief and Debt Sustainability
24. se
rv
e
d
.
must then be devoted to debt service rather than to serving the
country’s
development needs. As chapter 5 explains, debt that is rising
rapidly relative to
a country’s output or exports can threaten that country’s very
future.
This threat became increasingly and painfully evident in the
case of a num-
ber of low-income countries in the 1980s and 1990s. Their
plight sparked an
international advocacy campaign, popularly know as the Jubilee
movement,
to forgive the debts of the poorest countries with huge debt
burdens. This
campaign led in turn to the launch of the Heavily Indebted Poor
Countries
(HIPC) Initiative in 1996, to address the excessive debt burdens
of the world’s
poorest nations. Since then, 38 of these countries—32 of them
in Sub-
Saharan Africa—have qualified or potentially qualify for HIPC
assistance, and
of these, 18 are now receiving irrevocable debt relief and 10 are
receiving
interim relief. The rest have been beset by persistent social
difficulties that
25. make debt relief infeasible for now. However, at their summit in
Gleneagles,
Scotland, in 2005, the leaders of the Group of Eight major
industrial nations
pledged to eventually write off 100 percent of the debt of the
poorest African
countries. In line with this proposal, officially known as the
Multilateral Debt
Relief Initiative, efforts are under way to provide $37 billion in
debt relief to
countries that are at the HIPC completion stage.
International Migration
Increasing flows of people across national borders are both a
contributor to and
a consequence of a more interconnected world. About 180
million people
worldwide already live outside their country of birth, and
pressure for interna-
tional migration will continue, driven by differences in
demographics and real
incomes between countries. Research shows that although the
largest economic
gains from immigration accrue to the immigrants themselves,
the international
migration of labor can also benefit both the countries receiving
immigrants and
the countries sending them, and that on balance it boosts world
income and
reduces poverty. In the receiving countries, migrants can fill
labor shortages in
certain industries. In the sending countries, they can help ease
unemployment
and other social pressures while increasing financial inflows, in
the form of
26. remittances from the migrants to their families back home.
Remittances also
help level out the distribution of income both within and across
countries.
Worldwide remittances have doubled in the past decade,
reaching $216 billion
in 2004, according to official statistics, of which $151 billion is
estimated to have
gone to developing countries. Actual remittances are most likely
higher,
because remittances through informal channels fail to be
counted.
Migration is not without its costs, however. For the migrants
themselves,
the journey itself and the search for fair employment and
humane treatment
Introduction to Global Issues 7
Global Issues for Global Citizens : An Introduction to Key
Development Challenges, edited by Vinay K. Bhargava, World
Bank
Publications, 2006. ProQuest Ebook Central,
http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/ashford-
ebooks/detail.action?docID=459339.
Created from ashford-ebooks on 2017-12-11 23:00:39.
C
o
p
yr
ig
h
t
28. r
e
se
rv
e
d
.
in the host country can be arduous and risky. The host country
government
may bear added costs to assimilate the migrants, and wages for
some native
workers may fall. The home country may suffer a loss of
valuable skilled
workers. The sum of these and other costs depends, of course,
on the num-
ber of migrants, and so the major issues surrounding
international migration
today, which chapter 6 examines, are how to help countries
adapt to large-
scale migration and how to improve its global development
impact. Equitable
migration is also ultimately linked to other broader issues such
as poverty
reduction and human rights, making it a global concern.
International Trade
In an ever more integrated world economy, international trade
matters more
than ever before. As chapter 7 argues, a robust and equitable
trading system
29. is central to the fight against global poverty, because it drives
economic
growth and provides jobs in developing countries where they
are sorely
needed. Measured by the volume of goods and services traded,
world trade
continues to grow, and just since 2000, the exports of
developing countries as
a group have increased their share of world markets by more
than a fifth, from
19 percent to 23 percent. Yet growth in trade in many low-
income countries
has long been held back by protectionist policies in the more
developed
countries. Many rich countries offer subsidies to politically
favored domestic
industries such as sugar, textiles, apparel, and steel. These
subsidies are a
serious barrier to low-income countries’ exports.
The Doha Development Round of multilateral trade talks, now
under way
under the auspices of the World Trade Organization (WTO), is
the first such
round to place developing country interests at the center of the
negotiations.
Although progress on the Doha round stalled following the
collapse of the
September 2003 WTO Ministerial Conference in Cancún,
Mexico, WTO
members have committed themselves to make progress as the
talks proceed.
Delivering on the promise of lowering tariffs as well as
nontariff barriers in
both developed and developing countries could stimulate
worldwide increases
30. in income that would lift an estimated 144 million people out of
poverty.
Food Security
In a world of growing prosperity and agricultural abundance,
about 800 mil-
lion people still do not get enough to eat. Eliminating hunger is
thus one of
the most fundamental challenges facing humanity. The
challenge is a complex
one—so much so that this book devotes two chapters to
unraveling its
multiple dimensions. As chapter 8 explains, the task of reducing
hunger—
another one of the targets under the first of the MDGs—is
shaped by
Global Issues for Global Citizens8
Global Issues for Global Citizens : An Introduction to Key
Development Challenges, edited by Vinay K. Bhargava, World
Bank
Publications, 2006. ProQuest Ebook Central,
http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/ashford-
ebooks/detail.action?docID=459339.
Created from ashford-ebooks on 2017-12-11 23:00:39.
C
o
p
yr
ig
h
t
32. r
e
se
rv
e
d
.
interlinked issues of food availability, access to food, food
security, and food
distribution. Food availability refers to the supply of food,
whether at the
global, regional, national, or local level, without regard to the
ability of
individuals to acquire it. Sources of supply may include
production within the
household, domestic commercial food production, food stocks
accumulated
in earlier periods, commercially purchased imports, and food
aid. There are
presently no signs of a food availability problem at the global
level. In fact,
global food production has more than kept pace with growing
world popula-
tion in recent decades, increasing in per capita terms by 0.9
percent annually
and even faster in such populous developing countries as China
and India.
In most circumstances, the main cause of food insecurity is not
lack of
availability but lack of access at the household level: because of
33. weak
purchasing power and insufficient household agricultural
production—both
characteristics associated with poverty—millions of people
cannot obtain
enough of the food that is available locally to meet their dietary
needs. And
even access to sufficient food at the household level does not
guarantee that
all individuals will have an adequate food intake. That depends
upon the
distribution of food among household members, methods of
food prepara-
tion, dietary preferences, and mother-child feeding habits—
issues taken up
further in chapter 11.
Global Human Development
Part Two of the book covers three global issues related to the
development
and preservation of human capability: communicable diseases,
education, and
malnutrition. The Human Development Reports team of the UN
Develop-
ment Programme has defined the task of human development as
“creating an
environment in which people can develop their full potential
and lead
productive, creative lives in accord with their needs and
interests.”4 Build-
ing human capabilities through education, health services, and
access to
resources and knowledge is fundamental to human development.
Most of the
actions needed lie within the domain of national governments,
but broad-
34. based human development also has significant externalities, or
spillover
effects, that make it a global issue. Education, good health, and
good nutrition
are all vital not only for the earning capacity and general well-
being of
individuals but also for the prosperity of national economies
and, in a
globalizing world, for the global economy. Controlling the
global spread of
diseases is determined in part by the effectiveness of national
public health
programs, but also by the degree of international cooperation in
containing
outbreaks, and the weakest link in the chain determines the risk
for all. The
importance of education, health, and nutrition both for
individuals and for
Introduction to Global Issues 9
Global Issues for Global Citizens : An Introduction to Key
Development Challenges, edited by Vinay K. Bhargava, World
Bank
Publications, 2006. ProQuest Ebook Central,
http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/ashford-
ebooks/detail.action?docID=459339.
Created from ashford-ebooks on 2017-12-11 23:00:39.
C
o
p
yr
ig
h
36. ts
r
e
se
rv
e
d
.
human society at all levels explains why several of the MDGs
focus on these
human development issues.
Communicable Diseases
HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria are just a few of the
infectious diseases
that continue to plague humankind, especially in the developing
world.
Meanwhile new threats such as avian flu and severe acute
respiratory
syndrome (SARS) continue to emerge. With essential vaccines
and immu-
nizations still underprovided in many developing countries,
communicable
diseases are an international public health issue that has caught
the attention
of the global public and its leaders. There is increasing global
awareness that
communicable diseases do not respect national borders and that
how these
diseases are dealt with in developing countries has
37. consequences both for
global public health and for the global economy.
As chapter 9 reports, this view is well grounded in years of
research, which
has produced some important breakthroughs but also reported
some
dismaying findings: 40 million people worldwide are now
infected with HIV,
and those infected experience a decline in life expectancy of 6
to 7 years on
average; communicable diseases represent 7 of the top 10
causes of child
mortality in developing countries, even though 90 percent of
these deaths are
avoidable. Improvements in global public health not only
promise relief from
human suffering on a vast scale but also have important
economic benefits,
as reductions in mortality, reduced incidence of disease,
improved nutrition
leading to improved intellectual capacity, and other gains feed
through to a
larger, more productive, and more capable world labor force.
Education
In today’s global economy, education has become more vital
than ever before
in determining whether people, their local communities, and
their countries
achieve their potential and prosper. The world economy is
undergoing
changes that make it much more difficult for individuals in any
country to
thrive without the skills and tools that a quality education
40. e
se
rv
e
d
.
major social and economic benefits, including catch-up gains
for the poor
and marginalized. Countries that fail to recognize the challenge
and respond
to it risk stagnating or even slipping backward, widening social
and economic
gaps and sowing the seeds of unrest.
Malnutrition
As chapter 11 reminds us, malnutrition remains the world’s
most serious
health problem and the single biggest contributor to child
mortality. Nearly
one-third of all children in the developing world are either
underweight or
stunted, and more than 30 percent of the developing world’s
population suffer
from micronutrient deficiencies. Without investments to reduce
malnutrition,
many countries will fail to achieve the MDGs, and other major
international
efforts in health may be derailed. In Sub-Saharan Africa,
malnutrition rates are
increasing, and in South Asia, which has the highest prevalence
of undernu-
41. trition of any region, the situation is improving only slowly.
There is now unequivocal evidence that workable solutions to
the malnu-
trition problem are available. An example is the strikingly low
cost at which
micronutrients could be provided to those in need of them: one
estimate is that
all of Africa’s micronutrient needs could be met for a mere
$235 million a year.
Indeed, interventions such as these have been shown to be
excellent economic
investments. The May 2004 Copenhagen Consensus of eminent
economists,
which included a number of Nobel laureates, concluded that,
among a lengthy
list of interventions proposed to meet the world’s myriad
development chal-
lenges, nutrition interventions pay some of the highest returns.
Global Environment and Natural Resources
Part Three of the book focuses on issues related to conserving
and more equi-
tably sharing the planet’s environmental and natural resources
in ways that
meet present needs without undermining future uses. This is the
essence of
environmental sustainability—a concept reflected in yet another
of the
MDGs. Resources such as a stable world climate, energy, clean
and fresh
water, fisheries, and forests are all part of the global commons,
and all are
already under stress. Those stresses will only become more
intense as world
population and incomes increase, and as today’s developing
44. rv
e
d
.
the absence of foresightful and globally coordinated policies,
exploitation of
these resources can easily become a race to grab whatever one
can grab before
nothing is left. The chapters in this part of the book discuss
these issues of how
to manage shared global resources and use them in a sustainable
fashion.
Climate Change
Virtually all climate scientists now agree that climate change is
occurring and
is due largely to human activity, and that further change is
inevitable. Recent
studies indicate that human activity over the past 100 years has
triggered a
historically unprecedented rise in global surface temperatures
and ocean levels,
with a worrisome acceleration particularly over the past two
decades. The con-
sequences will affect billions of people, particularly in poor
countries and in
subtropical regions, through decreases in agricultural
productivity, increased
incidence of flooding and of severe weather events, an expanded
range of
waterborne diseases, loss of biodiversity, and a number of other
45. effects. Beyond
this, if the global climate is pushed far out of balance, it may
become launched
on an irreversible course toward catastrophe, with worldwide
repercussions.
Thus, as chapter 12 argues, there is an urgent need to develop
an effective
response to climate change. That response will necessarily be
twofold,
requiring, on the one hand, internationally coordinated efforts
to prevent still
further climate change, and on the other, cost-effective
adaptations to a world
in which a changing climate is certain to affect the livelihoods
of all, and
especially the poor.
Energy
The world economy of 2035 will be three to four times its
present size, thanks
largely to rising incomes in developing countries. Even if
dramatic improve-
ments in energy efficiency are achieved, this vastly expanded
activity will
consume much more energy than the world uses today.
Pressures to supply
enough fossil fuel, biomass, and electricity to meet world
demand will there-
fore only get worse. As chapter 13 explains, world economic
activity must
become radically less carbon intensive, to avoid not only
environmental dis-
aster through climate change but also health disasters on an epic
scale, as cities
48. rv
e
d
.
sixfold. Some rivers that formerly reached the sea no longer do
so—all of the
water is diverted to human use before it reaches the river’s
mouth. Half the
world’s wetlands have disappeared in the same period, and
today 20 percent
of freshwater species are endangered or extinct. Many important
aquifers are
being depleted, and water tables in many parts of the world are
dropping at
an alarming rate. Worse still, world water use is projected to
increase by about
50 percent in the next 30 years. It is estimated that, by 2025, 4
billion people—
half the world’s population at that time—will live under
conditions of severe
water stress, with conditions particularly severe in Africa, the
Middle East,
and South Asia. Currently, an estimated 1.1 billion people lack
access to safe
water, 2.6 billion are without adequate sanitation, and more
than 4 billion do
not have their wastewater treated to any degree. These numbers
are likely to
only grow worse in the coming decades.
This potentially bleak outlook makes water supply a critical
issue and one
that cuts across national and regional economies and many
49. productive
sectors. Many observers predict that disputes over scarce water
resources will
fuel an increase in armed conflicts. The issue has fortunately
caught the atten-
tion of policy makers and, as discussed in chapter 14, efforts are
under way at
both the national and the international level to address water
scarcity issues.
Fisheries
The continuing depletion of the world’s marine fisheries is a
global issue of
increasing concern. Fish is an important food for billions of
people and pro-
vides a livelihood for an estimated 200 million worldwide.
Fishers follow
migrating schools of fish from sheltered bays and estuaries to
the open ocean
and from one sea to another, harvesting a global resource that
benefits all but
is managed by none. Small-scale fishers from Senegal and
Ghana fish in the
waters of many other countries in West Africa and in the Gulf
of Guinea;
European and Asian industrial tuna fleets operate throughout
the Atlantic,
Indian, and Pacific Oceans. Nations, too, act much like
individual fishers,
each seeking its own individual benefit from the common
resource. In the
past half century, the growth of human populations and
economies, the
spread of new technologies such as fishing nets made from
synthetic materi-
52. se
rv
e
d
.
efforts to provide such regulation have been beset with
problems. Many existing
international instruments designed to regulate high-seas and
transboundary
fishing are weak. The existing Law of the Sea Convention and
its subsidiary
instruments have important gaps, and effective enforcement of
measures for
responsible high-seas fishing has proved elusive. The World
Bank and other
organizations have started a major global initiative under a
global partnership
program called PROFISH to focus attention on the actions
needed.
Forests
The world’s forests cover about 25 to 30 percent of its land
surface, or between
3.3 billion and 3.9 billion hectares, depending on the definitions
used. It is esti-
mated that during the 1990s the world suffered a net loss of 95
million hectares
of forests—an area larger than República Bolivariana de
Venezuela—with most
of the losses occurring in the tropics. These losses matter
because forests pro-
53. vide a complex array of vital ecological, social, and economic
goods and services.
From an ecological point of view, forests are the repository of
the great
bulk of terrestrial biodiversity. In some countries in the Asia-
Pacific region,
forest destruction is responsible for global biodiversity losses
on the order of
2 to 5 percent per decade, resulting in inestimable harm to
ecosystem stabil-
ity and human well-being. Forests also contain large amounts of
sequestered
carbon, and their destruction or degradation (especially by
burning) is
thought to contribute between 10 and 30 percent of all carbon
dioxide gas
emissions into the atmosphere. Deforestation is thus a major
factor in global
warming. In addition, mismanagement of woodlands in humid
tropical and
subtropical countries contributes significantly to soil losses
equivalent to
10 percent of agricultural output in those countries each year.
From an eco-
nomic and social point of view, about 60 million people (mainly
indigenous
and tribal groups) are almost wholly dependent on forests, and
another
350 million people who live within or adjacent to dense forests
depend on
them heavily for subsistence and income. In developing
countries, about
1.2 billion people (including more than 400 million in Africa)
rely on open
woodlands or agroforestry systems that help to sustain
54. agricultural pro-
ductivity and generate income. Some 1 billion people worldwide
depend on
medicines derived from forest plants or rely on common-
property forest
resources for meeting essential fuel wood, grazing, and other
needs.
As chapter 16 argues, conservation and production must coexist
if the full
potential of forests for poverty reduction and protection of the
global envi-
ronment is to be realized. Much of the world’s forest area will
inevitably be
used for productive purposes. But large areas must be preserved
intact for
their ecological and cultural value.
Global Issues for Global Citizens14
Global Issues for Global Citizens : An Introduction to Key
Development Challenges, edited by Vinay K. Bhargava, World
Bank
Publications, 2006. ProQuest Ebook Central,
http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/ashford-
ebooks/detail.action?docID=459339.
Created from ashford-ebooks on 2017-12-11 23:00:39.
C
o
p
yr
ig
h
t
56. r
e
se
rv
e
d
.
Global Governance
The need for a global governance system comprising
international institutions,
agreements, and regulations has long been recognized. After
World War I, the
League of Nations was created as the first attempt at such a
global system.
However, the League proved ineffective, and after World War II
a new inter-
national system was designed,5 with the UN, the World Bank,
the International
Monetary Fund (IMF), and the General Agreement on Tariffs
and Trade
(succeeded in the 1990s by the WTO) as its cornerstones. This
system remains
in place today as the primary means for addressing the global
issues agenda.
However, the inherited system suffers from many problems such
as lack of
perceived legitimacy, lack of resources, lack of effective
enforcement mecha-
nisms, and lack of representativeness. As global issues and
challenges have
57. intensified, demands for reform to make these global
governance mecha-
nisms more effective have grown ever more urgent, and many
proposals have
been offered in response. Some progress has also been made in
the adoption
of global compacts, in which countries agree to work together
toward global
development goals and to prevent and resolve violent conflicts.
Part Four of
the book discusses two key issues in global governance (conflict
prevention
and international actions to curb corruption), the two principal
groups of
global governance institutions (the UN system and the
international finan-
cial institutions), and the main global compacts and the
processes that led to
them.
Conflict and Development
Some 1.1 billion people are either affected currently by violent
conflict or at
extremely high risk of being affected in the foreseeable future.
The majority
of violent conflicts today are intrastate, or civil, rather than
interstate, or
between nations, and the prevalence of both kinds of conflict is
declining.
Most of the world’s conflicts now occur in low-income
countries, particularly
in Africa.
With globalization, however, the persistence of conflict
anywhere has
58. ripple effects that range far and wide. Neighboring countries, in
particular,
suffer reduced income and increased incidence of disease, and
often they must
absorb large numbers of refugees fleeing the conflict. Civil
conflicts frequently
result in large territories lying outside the control of any
recognized govern-
ment, which may then become epicenters of crime and disease.
In the post-
September 11 world, these areas are also often linked to
terrorism, making
them a truly global concern. These concerns have prompted
world leaders to
initiate new measures under the auspices of the UN, including a
new Peace-
building Commission. This and other measures are discussed in
chapter 17.
Introduction to Global Issues 15
Global Issues for Global Citizens : An Introduction to Key
Development Challenges, edited by Vinay K. Bhargava, World
Bank
Publications, 2006. ProQuest Ebook Central,
http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/ashford-
ebooks/detail.action?docID=459339.
Created from ashford-ebooks on 2017-12-11 23:00:39.
C
o
p
yr
ig
h
60. ts
r
e
se
rv
e
d
.
Corruption
Chapter 18 addresses what former World Bank President James
Wolfensohn
called the “cancer of corruption”—the abuse of public
institutions for private
gain. Recent studies have shown conclusively what has long
been widely
assumed, namely, that corruption is detrimental to both the
economic and
the political well-being of countries. Corruption creates
distortions and inef-
ficiencies in public administration and in private economic
activity, and it
increases inequality: it unfairly benefits the few with access to
the powerful,
while especially harming the poorest. In 2004 the World Bank
estimated that,
worldwide, more than $1 trillion, or the equivalent of 3 percent
of gross world
product, is paid in bribes each year. This form of corruption
takes place at
both the national and the international level. The victims are
61. usually people
in developing countries, whose precious foreign aid and
investment are
siphoned off from badly needed development projects and into
the pockets
of corrupt government officials, their family members or
cronies, or corrupt
brokers or middlemen. Recent years have seen a major step
forward to
address transnational corruption and its effects, with the launch
of the UN
Convention Against Corruption.
The United Nations System
Effective management of global issues requires effective
international cooper-
ation, and the UN is the principal body within which such
cooperation takes
place. The Charter of the UN sets out the basic principles of
international rela-
tions and entails obligations on all its member states. According
to the Char-
ter, the UN has four purposes: to maintain international peace
and security, to
develop friendly relations among nations, to cooperate in
solving international
problems and in promoting respect for human rights, and to
serve as a center
for harmonizing the actions of sovereign nations. The UN itself
consists of six
principal organs: the General Assembly, the Security Council,
the Economic
and Social Council, the Trusteeship Council, the International
Court of
Justice, and the Secretariat. The extended UN family, however,
62. is much larger,
encompassing various agencies, funds, programs, and other
bodies, such as the
UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and the UN Development
Programme. In
addition to these are the specialized agencies, such as the World
Health Orga-
nization, the World Bank, and the International Monetary Fund,
which are
administered autonomously but are considered part of the UN
system.
The UN today faces many challenges to its effectiveness and is
undertak-
ing a variety of reforms in response. The success or failure of
these reforms
will have significant implications for the global issues
discussed in this book.
The organization also suffers from an unfortunate rift between
developed and
Global Issues for Global Citizens16
Global Issues for Global Citizens : An Introduction to Key
Development Challenges, edited by Vinay K. Bhargava, World
Bank
Publications, 2006. ProQuest Ebook Central,
http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/ashford-
ebooks/detail.action?docID=459339.
Created from ashford-ebooks on 2017-12-11 23:00:39.
C
o
p
yr
64. g
h
ts
r
e
se
rv
e
d
.
developing countries, which will make movement on reform
extremely diffi-
cult going forward. Chapter 19 reviews the numerous efforts
over the years of
the UN Secretariat, the other UN bodies, the member states, and
their advis-
ers to reform the system so as to improve coordination among
the various
bodies and so better serve the UN mission.
International Financial Institutions
Addressing global issues requires international cooperation in
the economic
as well as the political sphere. Whereas the latter is primarily
the domain of
the UN system, as described just above, the mobilization of
economic and
financial cooperation, including transfers of resources, to
address global
issues falls mainly within the purview of the international
65. financial institu-
tions (IFIs). IFIs are institutions that provide financial support
and profes-
sional advice for economic and social development activities in
developing
countries, or that promote international economic cooperation
and
stability—or both. They include the IMF, the World Bank, and
the four
regional development banks: the African Development Bank,
the Asian
Development Bank, the Inter-American Development Bank, and
the Euro-
pean Bank for Reconstruction and Development. (The World
Bank and the
regional development banks are also called multilateral
development banks.)
As with the UN, there are many proposals on the table for
reform of the IFIs,
to enable them to play a more effective role in the global issues
agenda.
Chapter 20 provides an overview of the IFIs, the role they play
in addressing
global issues, and the main proposals to improve their
effectiveness.
Global Compacts
At the start of the 21st century, world leaders laid out, in
remarkable unison,
a series of global compacts for a sustainable world, including
most promi-
nently the Millennium Development Goals. The most recent
global summits
have sought to evaluate progress toward the MDGs and to
advocate the
66. creation of institutional mechanisms to deal with the global
development
challenges ahead. Global compacts have great potential to
prevent the
world from growing further out of balance. However, progress
so far has been
slow, and there are real concerns that the targets will not be
achieved by the
established deadlines.
Chapter 21 discusses the global initiatives of recent decades
that triggered
the consolidation of a global development agenda through
global compacts.
It highlights the issues and controversies that have influenced
these efforts to
make a better world for all. Besides the MDGs, the key
meetings and compacts
covered include
Introduction to Global Issues 17
Global Issues for Global Citizens : An Introduction to Key
Development Challenges, edited by Vinay K. Bhargava, World
Bank
Publications, 2006. ProQuest Ebook Central,
http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/ashford-
ebooks/detail.action?docID=459339.
Created from ashford-ebooks on 2017-12-11 23:00:39.
C
o
p
yr
ig
68. h
ts
r
e
se
rv
e
d
.
■ The WTO ministerial conference in Doha, Qatar, in 2001
■ The International Conference on Financing and Development
in
Monterey, Mexico, in 2002
■ The World Summit on Sustainable Development in
Johannesburg,
South Africa, also in 2002
■ The UN World Summit of 2005.
What Are the Forces Shaping Today’s Global Issues?
The global issues identified in the previous section are not
static but rather
dynamic, and their evolution in the coming years will be shaped
by many
factors. The forces driving these issues, the consequences
thereof, and the
appropriate solutions vary from issue to issue, but certain broad
forces are
common to many of them. These include demographics, growth
of the global
69. economy, technology and innovation, global interdependencies,
and global
advocacy.
Demographics
After doubling from 3 billion in 1960 to 6 billion in 2000, the
world’s popu-
lation is expected to increase to 8 billion by 2030. It should
then stabilize in
the 21st century at 9 billion to 10 billion, which would be 20 to
30 percent
fewer than forecast in the 1960s and 1970s. Most of this growth
will occur in
developing countries; population in the developed countries as a
group will
actually decline. Meanwhile the dependency ratio—the number
of nonwork-
ing people supported by the average worker—will decline in the
developing
countries, boosting their ability to save and so to raise
productivity. This in
turn will increase their capacity to finance on their own the
investments
needed to meet basic human needs, maintain and improve public
health,
educate the next generation, and create job opportunities.
However, given that some 2.5 billion to 3 billion people in
developing coun-
tries (about half the current world population) now live on less
than two dol-
lars a day, the ability of these countries to take care of all their
people is at
present extremely limited and will remain so for some time to
come. Unless
the richer nations help them through increased aid and trade,
72. rv
e
d
.
Economic Growth
Even if we assume, conservatively, real global economic growth
of 3 percent
a year, the global economy will grow from $35 trillion in 2005
to $75 trillion
in 2030 (both figures are at 2001 market exchange rates and
prices).6 This vast
expansion of output will have major consequences for both
production and
consumption, particularly of food, water, and energy, and will
make today’s
environmental stresses still more acute. Within this expanding
global econ-
omy, the developing countries as a group are projected to grow
at 5 percent a
year in real terms, while industrial country growth is projected
to be just
2.5 percent a year. In this scenario, the share of the developing
world in gross
world product climbs substantially from just over a fifth to a
third, with a
major share going to China.
Although the share of the developing countries in world income
rises sig-
nificantly in this scenario, and absolute poverty in the world
declines, the gap
in income per capita between the rich and the poor countries
nonetheless
73. widens. Without deliberate intervention, persisting inequality
both within
and across countries will retard global development.7
Scientific and Technological Innovation
Future breakthroughs in science and technology have the
potential to dramat-
ically improve the health and productivity of the world’s poor,
mitigate climate
change and environmental degradation, and feed a larger world
population in
a sustainable manner. Whether they actually will do so depends
in large mea-
sure on collective decisions about the funding, implementation,
and dissemi-
nation of technological innovation. Some technologies may also
make global
issues harder to grapple with. For example, the safe long-term
disposal of
nuclear waste is becoming a global issue, and some emerging
technologies
(such as genetic engineering) are beginning to pose legal and
ethical dilemmas.
Increasing Interconnectedness and Interdependence
The ever-greater interconnectedness of people around the
world—the very
spirit of globalization—can be seen in the growth of
international migra-
tion, tourism, and education, and in increased traffic on
telephone
exchanges, satellite television and radio, and of course the
Internet. Unfor-
tunately, that same interconnectedness also manifests itself in
an increase
in diseases that spread across borders, in international
76. public security concerns related to drug trafficking,
transnational crime,
terrorism, and human rights; and in concerns about the overuse
of world
resources and the preservation of the environment. These two
forces—
interconnectedness and interdependence—are themselves
interrelated and
mutually reinforcing: growing interconnectedness increases
awareness of
our interdependence, and vice versa. Both are powerful drivers
of increased
concern about global issues and demand for effective action.
The fact that
different nations, communities, and individuals experience the
benefits and
costs of this increasing globalization differently generates
controversies; it
also complicates, and sometimes undermines, the effective and
timely res-
olution of global issues.
Global Advocacy
The continuing revolution in communications technologies and
networks,
cited just above, is enabling the global flow of information to
all corners of
the world instantaneously. People in today’s world know much
more, and in
real time, about what is going on elsewhere in the world than
their grandpar-
ents or even their parents could have imagined. We are all
becoming more
and more aware of the differences between the world’s haves
77. and its have-
nots, the interconnections between local human activity and
global ecology,
and the increased vulnerability of all of us everywhere to
diseases, crises, and
conflicts arising anywhere. Some nations are throwing the doors
open to these
new communications technologies, while others are trying,
usually in vain, to
control their spread.
The flow of information through these new communications
technologies
is neither one-way nor top-down. Rather, the new technologies
are empow-
ering people everywhere to express their views to a global
audience (for exam-
ple, through blogs) and enabling them to connect with like-
minded persons
to promote social (or in some cases antisocial) activities and
advocate for their
causes. This phenomenon has serious implications for the
manner in which
global issues are addressed and for the maintenance of peace
and security
across borders. Growth in instant worldwide communications is
generating
a parallel growth in public advocacy and activism, elevating
formerly local or
regional issues to global status, while mobilizing public opinion
and demand
for action on a global scale. For many of the global issues
discussed in this
book, instant communications and advocacy are already playing
a crucial role
in global policy making; examples include the debt relief
80. It may be only a fortunate coincidence that the new
communications tech-
nologies that have made such global grassroots interaction
possible are the
same technologies that have shown us the uses to which such
interaction can
and should be put—and that it is urgent to do so. Thanks in part
to these
technologies and the information they impart, we know not only
that migra-
tion is an issue in Guatemala, and sea-level rise an issue in
Maldives, and debt
relief an issue in Uganda. Rather, our instantaneous technology
allows us to
consider these disparate issues simultaneously, side by side, and
to under-
stand that they are all issues of great importance whose impact
is felt
everywhere—that they are indeed global issues.
And that means they are our issues. Because these issues are
global, the con-
sequences of action, inaction, or inadequate action on these
issues will, by def-
inition, be felt globally—not just somewhere on the other side
of the world,
but here, where we live. If that is not sufficient reason to care
about these
issues, and to use our newfound interconnectedness to join with
others and
do something about them, then what in the world is?
But what do we really know about those consequences just
alluded to? One
thing we can say is that although they will vary from global
issue to global
81. issue, there is also significant interaction between issues and
consequences.
The consequences of inaction can be grouped into economic,
social, security,
health, and environmental effects:
■ Economic consequences. If the world and its leaders fail to
address such
global economic issues as fairness in international trade, greater
equal-
ity of income and opportunity, financial stability, sustainable
debt, and
corruption, the growth and stability of the global economy
could be
undermined and overall prosperity reduced. These
consequences—
weaker growth and greater inequality—would grow, feeding
frustra-
tion and social stress. The insistence of the antiglobalization
movement
on turning back the clock would grow stronger, for example,
and its
protests more disruptive.
■ Social consequences. As populations grow, as communities
around the
world become more and more interconnected, and as global
flows of
information accelerate and expand their bandwidth, more and
more of
the world’s people will know more and more about what is
going on
outside their local communities and national borders. Those
suffering
from inequality and deprivation will become increasingly aware
of the
84. development
issues such as health and education, social issues such as
inclusiveness
and social cohesiveness, and governance issues such as
institutional
accountability. Failure to address these issues adequately could
have
serious implications for civil peace and harmony in societies all
around
the world.
■ Security consequences. The widening gap between rich and
poor,
together with intensifying competition for increasingly scarce
natural
resources, both nationally and internationally, will fuel conflict
and
extremism, which will inevitably spill across national borders.
Lagging
development could also lead to the failure of states, some of
which
would likely become havens for terrorists or drug cartels. The
damage
would soon spread to other states, developing and developed,
that
remain otherwise intact.
■ Health consequences. Failure to address malnutrition and the
spread
of preventable and communicable diseases would perpetuate and
indeed increase human suffering and mortality wherever these
scourges strike. The unchecked spread of disease would also
have
economic consequences, through reduced productivity and an
increased disease burden, and these, too, would spread beyond
national borders.
85. ■ Environmental consequences. Today’s patterns of production
and con-
sumption cannot simply be scaled up to a world with $75
trillion or
$100 trillion in annual gross product. Something will have to
give, and
that something is likely to be our shared environment. If today’s
devel-
oping countries replicate the consumption patterns of today’s
rich
countries, great damage to the global environment, and to the
planet’s
ability to sustain life and growth, is in store. The technologies
needed
to change these consumption patterns and develop alternatives
are
among the most valuable of global public goods, yet their
development
is now largely neglected. If present trends in the deterioration
of biodi-
versity continue, the world of tomorrow will be biologically
much
poorer than that of today, even if the many poor communities
depen-
dent on fragile ecosystems can be moved to alternative locations
and
livelihoods. The financing needed to compensate these
communities,
so as to preserve biodiversity for the benefit not only of the
countries
involved but of the world, is huge—well beyond the means of
those
countries alone.
Global Issues for Global Citizens22
87. u
b
lic
a
tio
n
s.
A
ll
ri
g
h
ts
r
e
se
rv
e
d
.
How Are Today’s Global Issues Being Addressed?
It is clear that how today’s global issues are addressed, or not
addressed, will
have a profound impact on the shape of the future world in
which we all
will live. Yet, as noted above, there is no global government to
address these
88. global issues, set global public policies and priorities, collect
taxes on a world-
wide basis, and allocate resources accordingly. Thus progress
on most of these
issues depends on a deliberate—and deliberative—process of
building
international consensus for collective action. This consensus
can be expressed
in many forms, for example:
■ International agreements signed by both industrial and
developing
countries. Programs based on international agreements enjoy
strong
legitimacy, thanks to their formal authorization, especially
when there
is strong participation of developing countries in their design
and
implementation, and when there are equitable governance
agreements.
Examples include the MDGs and the 1987 Montreal Protocol on
the
control of ozone-depleting chlorofluorocarbons.
■ International law. The International Law Commission of the
United
Nations prepares drafts on various aspects of international law,
which
can then be incorporated into conventions and submitted for
ratifica-
tion by the member states. Once a nation has ratified a
convention, it is
legally bound thereto. Thus the ratification constitutes
consensus.
Some of these conventions form the basis of law governing
relations
89. among states, such as conventions on diplomatic relations and
the
Geneva Conventions.
■ Declarations signed by participants at international
conferences. These
declarations represent a less explicit and less binding form of
interna-
tional consensus than formal conventions or treaties and are
largely
oriented toward advocacy.
■ Actions of the G-8, G-20, G-77, and other such groupings.
The declarations
of these intergovernmental groups are similar to international
confer-
ences in that they advocate and mobilize their members to take
action,
whether it is on doubling aid for Africa, debt relief, or any of a
number
of other issues. Of course, these statements signify consensus
only
among their members, not a global consensus. The economic
and politi-
cal power of the group (greatest for the G-8, less for the others)
largely
determines its potential to engage in effective problem solving
on global
issues. Their choice of issues on which to focus may in turn be
driven by
the advocacy efforts of civil society and other organizations.
Introduction to Global Issues 23
Global Issues for Global Citizens : An Introduction to Key
Development Challenges, edited by Vinay K. Bhargava, World
91. a
tio
n
s.
A
ll
ri
g
h
ts
r
e
se
rv
e
d
.
■ Civil society campaigns and associations. In some instances,
global
action is driven by civil society campaigns such as the Jubilee
move-
ment, the Live Aid concerts, the Global Call to Action Against
Poverty, and the Make Poverty History campaign. Some well-
known
annual global forums such as the World Economic Forum and
the
World Social Forum also frequently focus on global issues and
92. can
profoundly influence the debate.
■ Global partnerships. Often partnerships to address global
issues are
established by groups of donors, including governments, private
sector
and civil society organizations, and international organizations.
Some
recent examples in the health field are the Global Alliance for
Vaccina-
tion and Immunization; Roll Back Malaria; the Global Fund to
Fight
AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria; and the Partnership for
Maternal,
Newborn, and Child Health. Many of these partnerships promote
ownership among developing countries by focusing on issues of
rele-
vance to them and by demonstrating that they can have an
impact.
■ Global governance institutions. Nations of the world have set
up many
international organizations with mandates to work on a wide
array
of global issues in the economic, social, cultural, education,
health,
and other fields. Among these multilateral organizations are the
UN
and its agencies, the IMF, the WTO, the World Bank and the
regional
development banks, and the International Labour Organization.
All
of these are involved in managing global issues as mandated by
their
governance bodies, which consist of representatives of the
93. member
nations.
What Makes Global Issues So Difficult to Address?
Dissatisfaction with the current structures for addressing global
issues is wide-
spread. Many people feel that some of the most important global
issues are
not being addressed adequately, and they worry that the current
generation
may leave the planet in worse shape than when it was inherited.
The public
goods nature of many global issues, which was touched upon
earlier in this
introduction, is a key reason why action commensurate with the
challenge
can be slow to emerge.
Public goods are defined by two characteristics: the benefits
they produce
can be enjoyed without paying for them (nonexcludability), and
consumption
of the good by one person does not detract from its consumption
by another
(nonrivalrousness). An often-cited example of a public good is a
lighthouse—
but perhaps a more timely example would be a global
positioning satellite
Global Issues for Global Citizens24
Global Issues for Global Citizens : An Introduction to Key
Development Challenges, edited by Vinay K. Bhargava, World
Bank
Publications, 2006. ProQuest Ebook Central,
http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/ashford-
95. n
s.
A
ll
ri
g
h
ts
r
e
se
rv
e
d
.
(GPS). The signal from such a satellite can be captured by
anyone with a GPS
receiver (which must normally be paid for, but the signal itself
need not), and
so it is nonexcludable; the number of people who can access the
signal simul-
taneously is effectively limitless, and so it is nonrivalrous as
well. Most types
of knowledge and know-how are also public goods, after any
patent or copy-
right restrictions on their use have expired. Global commons are
goods or
resources that are usually of natural origin, such as wilderness
96. forests or ocean
fisheries. They share the characteristics of public goods to a
certain extent: they
are largely nonexcludable, and they are nonrivalrous to the
extent that their
use does not exceed their capacity to regenerate themselves.
When usage
passes a certain point, the resource will be degraded or even
destroyed.
Markets, whether national or international, typically fail to
provide public
goods: since it is impossible to make the user pay for them,
there is no incen-
tive for businesses to produce them. Nor are markets by
themselves able to
address the problem of managing global commons. At the
national level, gov-
ernments step in to provide many public goods, paying for them
through
taxes and other revenues. However, in the case of global public
goods, no
global tax or other mechanism exists to finance their production
and supply.
Countries looking only to their own narrow self-interest will be
unlikely to
agree on which global public goods should be provided, or on
how to share
the burden of financing them. At the same time, there is
overproduction of
global public “bads,” such as communicable diseases, drug
smuggling, cli-
mate change, and human rights abuses.
Global public goods have nonetheless been provided, some
more successfully
97. than others. Global Monitoring Report 2003 (World Bank and
IMF 2003) cites
the following examples, starting with the most successful:
aviation safety, postal
systems, the Internet, the eradication of smallpox, advances in
agricultural
research, and protection of the ozone layer.8 Examples where
success has so far
proved elusive include the prevention of climate change and the
sustainable use
of fisheries. Institutional arrangements such as UN
peacekeeping programs,
global funds such as the Global Environment Facility, and
research groups such
as the Consultative Group on International Agricultural
Research have emerged
and are very active in addressing global issues. These, too, are
public goods, and
their modest successes thus far are welcome and need to be
expanded.
What the World Bank Is Doing About Global Issues
Over the past few years the World Bank has put significant
resources into activ-
ities related to global issues, including the creation of global
public goods. One
important vehicle for such activities is the MDGs, which the
Bank vigorously
Introduction to Global Issues 25
Global Issues for Global Citizens : An Introduction to Key
Development Challenges, edited by Vinay K. Bhargava, World
Bank
Publications, 2006. ProQuest Ebook Central,
http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/ashford-
99. n
s.
A
ll
ri
g
h
ts
r
e
se
rv
e
d
.
supports along with its country members, the UN system, and
numerous other
organizations. The Bank is increasingly being called upon to
take a lead role in
addressing global issues because of its global membership and
reach, its power
to convene technical and financial expertise, its ability to
mobilize resources,
and its multisectoral experience and institutional knowledge. As
the only
global institution among the multilateral development banks,
the World Bank
has increased its support for global programs rapidly in recent
100. years. The Bank
is now participating in some 70 different programs involving
the following
global issues (some of which are covered in this book), among
others:
■ Biodiversity
■ Climate change
■ Coastal and marine management
■ Conflict prevention and postconflict reconstruction
■ Corruption
■ Debt relief
■ Disaster management
■ Energy
■ Environment
■ Financial sector
■ Fisheries and aquaculture
■ Forests and forestry
■ Health, nutrition, and population
■ HIV/AIDS
■ Hunger
■ Land resources management
■ Malaria
■ Natural resources management
■ Poverty reduction
■ Protection of the ozone layer (the Montreal Protocol)
■ Renewable and rural energy
■ Safe motherhood
■ Sustainable development
■ Tuberculosis
■ Water resources management
■ Water supply and sanitation.
The Bank’s support for global programs—as distinct from the
single-
country projects and programs that make up the bulk of its
103. vener and donor to CGIAR, as well as a lender to developing
countries for
complementary activities. CGIAR, which brings together
leading agricultural
research institutes from around the world, has had some notable
successes in
creating global public goods such as the high-yielding varieties
of crops that
were the backbone of the Green Revolution. A major expansion
of the Bank’s
work on global issues began in the late 1990s, when the Bank
increased its ori-
entation toward global partnerships and associated program
support activi-
ties. This change in policy reflected the Bank’s recognition of
the rapid pace
of globalization and the sharply increased attention to global
issues within the
development community. In September 2000, the Development
Committee
of the Bank and the IMF endorsed the Bank’s priorities in
supporting global
public goods; those priorities focus on five areas: public health,
protection of
the global commons, financial stability, trade, and knowledge.
Finally, in addition to its own programs, the World Bank is
active in many
global partnership programs that address global issues. Through
its participa-
tion in these programs, the Bank plays an important role in
collective action on
a variety of global issues. Besides CGIAR, examples include the
Global Fund to
Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria; the Global Environment
Facility; and
104. the Consultative Group to Assist the Poorest. The Bank looks
forward to con-
tinuing and strengthening these partnerships while continuing to
pursue its
own initiatives on global issues—alongside its traditional
country-based pro-
jects, many of which also contribute to building a healthier
global community.
Notes
1. The International Task Force on Global Public Goods
(http://www.gpgtaskforce.org) was created
through an agreement between France and Sweden signed in
April 2003. The Task Force’s man-
date is to assess and prioritize international public goods, both
global and regional, and make rec-
ommendations to policy makers and other stakeholders on how
to improve and expand their
provision.
2. See, for example, Lomborg (2004), Rischard (2002), and the
Web site Facing the Future
(http://www.facingthefuture.org). An alternative list of global
issues can be found at
http://www.un.org/issues.
3. The full list of MDGs appears in chapter 21 of this book; for
more on the MDGs go to
http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals.
4. The team consists of leading scholars, development
practitioners, and experts from around the
world and is supported by the Human Development Report
Office of the UN Development
Programme. For more details go to http://hdr.undp.org/hd.
107. .
Selected Readings and Cited References
Dervis, Kemal, and Ceren Ozer. 2005. A Better Globalization:
Legitimacy, Governance,
and Reform. Washington, DC: Center for Global Development.
Diamond, Jared. 2005. Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail
or Succeed. New York:
Penguin Group. (See especially chapters 14 and 16.)
Lomborg, Bjorn, ed. 2004. Global Crises, Global
Solution
s. Cambridge, United
Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
Rischard, Jean-François. 2002. High Noon: Twenty Global
Problems, Twenty Years to
Solve Them. New York: Basic Books.
Sachs, Jeffrey D. 2005. The End of Poverty: Economic
Possibilities for Our Time. New
York: Penguin Press. (See especially chapter 1.)
Stiglitz, Joseph E. 2003. Globalization and Its Discontents. New
108. York: Norton. (See
especially chapter 2.)
Wolfensohn, James, and François Bourguignon. 2004.
“Development and Poverty
Reduction: Looking Back, Looking Ahead.” Paper prepared for
the October 2004
Annual Meetings of the World Bank and the International
Monetary Fund, World
Bank, Washington, DC. (See especially Parts 1 and 2.)
World Bank. 2003. World Development Report 2003:
Sustainable Development in a
Dynamic World. New York: Oxford University Press. (See
especially the Overview.)
. 2006a. World Development Report 2006: Equity and
Development.
Washington, DC.
. 2006b. The Road to 2050: Sustainable Development for the
21st Century.
Washington, DC.
112. To Test or Not to Test: Ethics in Animal Testing
Student Name
GEN 499 General Education Capstone
Professor Millie Jones
November 16, 2050*
113. *This sample paper was adapted by the Writing Center from an
original paper by a stu-
dent. Used by permission.
ANIMAL TESTING 2
To Test or Not to Test: Ethics in Animal Testing
The subject of animal testing raises questions of necessity.
Animal testing is
something that has been done for many years for several
different reasons. It has been
used since the dawn of medicine by physicians and scientists.
From biomedical research
114. to testing cosmetics, people claim that animal testing is
necessary to benefit people in sa-
tiating their need for certain products as well as saving lives.
There is an idea that animals
are the best way to find treatments and cures for people, but the
treatment of animals is of
concern for some members of society. Society is feeling more
and more that animals
have as much right to live freely in this world as humans do,
and our obligation to see to
this makes animal testing a societal problem. Due to these
concerns and others, there
have been several laws and acts formed to protect animals and
minimize their suffering.
And with the advances of technology and other discoveries, the
question of the necessity
of animal testing is becoming an issue for animal activists and
115. lovers everywhere. The
future of medicine and biomedical research should not rely on
animals for testing. In-
stead, we should use alternative testing methods and work
toward making different life-
style choices. These solutions create the ethical outcome of
ending the suffering of these
animals, which will have a positive influence on society and
culture.
Problem
Animal testing has been deemed necessary for many reasons.
Animal testing has
been done to determine the safety of household cleaning
products, cosmetics including
The introduction should introduce your topic and share the
116. societal problem that you see. At the end of the introduction,
you
should state your thesis, which should include your proposed
solution to the problem. You may also state the positive ethical
effects of your proposed solution.
The introduction
ends with a the-
sis statement
that includes the
student’s pro-
posed solu-
tion(s) to the
societal prob-
lem. She also
has included the
positive ethical
outcome of the
solution(s).
117. The introduction
includes a very
brief discussion
of why this is a
societal problem.
{
}
Use section headers for
each of the major
sections of your paper.
Background
Here, the
student is
introducing the
topic of animal
testing to the
118. reader.
This first body section of your paper
should provide some background
information on your topic and discuss why
this is a societal problem.
ANIMAL TESTING 3
skin care, shampoo and makeup, as well as biomedical research
that provides medicine
and treatments for humans and pets alike. The BioIndustry
Association (2002) argues that
“Animal research has made a vital contribution to the
development of medicines that save
many lives every day” (Taylor, 2005, p. 7). In 1938 Congress
passed the Food, Drug and
119. Cosmetic Act because of public demands after tragic incidents
involving an untested
product (Why Do Companies Test Cosmetics or Other Products
on Animals?, 2013).
There have been many arguments and evidence that shows the
“good” that animal re-
search has done in regards to biomedical research. Studies
involving dogs, rats, rabbits,
cats, chickens, pigs and sheep have all helped to contribute to
the understanding of heart
disease. Drugs and vaccines that can be a possible solution to
the devastating HIV/AIDS
virus are present due to the tests that have been performed on
chickens, cats and monkeys
with a similar virus. Animals have been used as models for
research for almost every dis-
ease that is known to man (Lee, 2015). If animal testing has
120. contributed to creating drugs
for diseases as serious as cancer and HIV/AIDS, naturally
animals are being used to find
cures and treatments for many other diseases and sicknesses.
Therefore, how could animal testing be wrong? Indeed, research
has shown that
animal testing is helpful to progress in the field of medicine and
biomedical research as
well as developing treatments that are yielding promising
results. However, it comes with
a high cost. It comes with the cost of animals being subjected to
tests that put them
through distress and can harm or kill them. Humans and animals
are both sentient beings;
sentient meaning a person or being that has feelings or that can
feel (Sentient, 2015). Re-
121. search shows that 37% percent of animals used for science
suffer moderate to severe
stress and discomfort or severe pain (National Statistics, 2014).
When it comes to using
This paragraph
discusses the first
reason that ani-
mal testing is a
societal problem
and provides evi-
dence to support
this.
Reason #1
In this paragraph,
the student has
given the reader
some background
information on the
topic.
122. ANIMAL TESTING 4
animals for science and experimentation, people tend to focus
on the fact that non-human
animals are inferior to humans. Regardless of whether or not
this is true it does not take
away from the fact that animals are sentient and that they
experience pain and seek pleas-
ure. Animals and people react to pain in similar ways by
screaming or trying to avoid the
source of the pain. “The American Veterinary Association
defines animal pain as an un-
pleasant sensory and emotional experience perceived as arising
from a specific region of
123. the body and associated with actual or potential tissue damage”
(Dunnuck, n.d, para. 6).
Some of the animals used in biomedical research are not given
any pain relief. They are
subjected to painful conditions and physical procedures that
leave them in intense cold or
heat, or have limbs crushed and spinal cords damaged
(Callanan, 2009). Pain and suffer-
ing are unique to every individual. Every person’s and even
animal’s pain threshold is
different. However, evidence clearly shows the pain that is
experienced by these animals
is experienced the same way that it is in humans.
Physical pain is unfortunately not the only problem that these
animals undergo.
Psychological distress, fear, and sadness have been
demonstrated amongst a wide variety
124. of species (Ferdowisiann & Beck, 2011). The use of
chimpanzees and other primates for
animal testing has generated a lot of controversy because of
their similarities to humans.
Ironically enough, it is also the reason that so many researchers
have wanted to use them
as models. Indeed chimpanzees are highly emotional and
intelligent creatures that are
evolutionarily and genetically similar to human beings. This is
the argument of research-
ers that makes them great candidates for biomedical research.
Philosophy Department
Chair Lori Gruen states, “They’re very similar to us in terms of
their emotional lives and
This next para-
graph discusses a
second reason
125. that animal testing
is a societal prob-
lem and again
provides evidence
to support this.
Reason #2
ANIMAL TESTING 5
their intellectual and physical and social experiences, and using
them in painful, invasive
ways is to harm them; they don’t consent to it” (Lee, 2015, p.
3).
Besides the obvious reasons of the pain and suffering that these
animals feel, there
is the question of the necessity for animal testing in regards to
medical advances. Despite
126. the increasing number of technological alternatives to animal
testing, over 100 million
animals are legally used for animal experiments each year for
medical research alone. In
2007, England, Wales and Scotland used 3.1 million animals for
genetic and biomedical
experimentation (Callanan, 2009). In October of 2006 attendees
of the opening day of the
Joint World Congress for Stroke in Cape Town, South Africa
were devastated at the fail-
ure of a drug that was intended for ischemic stroke. The drug,
NXY-059, had reached
phase III of clinical trials and failed to do what the animals
used for the research had
promised. The drug was supposed to “stop the cascade of the
necrosis in the event of a
stroke, and protect the remaining viable brain cells”
127. (Gawrylewski, 2007, para. #). Direc-
tor of Michigan Alzheimer’s Diseases Research Center in the
Department of Neurology
at the University of Michigan Sid Gilman says that one of the
major faults in the trials for
NXY-059 was its use of animal models (Gawrylewski, 2007).
Besides the millions of
dollars wasted, there was a waste of life and unnecessary use of
animals for painful re-
search. This is one of many examples of disappointing let-
downs of drugs that were test-
ed on animals that did not work.