10
“Historians may well conclude that Obama glimpsed a different world for Ameri-
can foreign policy but never exerted the kind of strategic direction needed to turn
that vision into reality.”
The Tragedy of Obama’s Foreign Policy
MICHAEL J. BOYLE
During his first campaign for the presidency in 2008, Barack Obama held out the prom-ise of a “post-post-9/11 foreign policy”
through which the United States would leave its
obsession with terrorism behind and begin to focus
on an array of other transnational challenges, such
as nuclear proliferation and climate change, that
demanded its attention. He promised to reduce the
burden on the armed forces by ending the wars
in Afghanistan and Iraq and reinvigorating the ci-
vilian elements of American power. Obama cast
himself as a brighter alternative to the prevailing
course of US foreign policy. He asked his followers
to imagine a world in which the United States had
not made the disastrous mistakes of the George W.
Bush administration (Iraq, Guantánamo Bay, and
torture, to name a few) but had instead forged a
more careful and pragmatic path. It was this world
that he promised to bring into being.
Eight years later, President Obama’s foreign-
policy legacy is a mixed one. There is no doubt
that he has racked up some noteworthy accom-
plishments, including easing the futile embargo
on Cuba, striking a deal to suspend and reduce
the stockpiles of Iran’s nuclear program, and sign-
ing a historic climate-change agreement with
China. Throughout most of Asia, Obama’s tenure
has been marked by improved diplomatic relation-
ships and economic ties facilitated in part by his
efforts to pass the now-shelved Trans-Pacific Part-
nership trade deal. In Latin America and Africa, he
has perhaps inevitably not lived up to lofty expec-
tations, but he has managed to improve ties with
a number of governments and to remove some of
the distrust that characterized US relations in those
regions. Obama has handled the United Nations
and other regional and international organizations
without the rancor that marked his predecessor’s
approach, and has even steered their agendas to-
ward American interests when possible. Although
he has not fully succeeded in restoring America’s
reputation, global public opinion of the United
States has rebounded from the darkest days of the
Bush administration.
In the eyes of Obama’s critics, these victories
pale in comparison with the magnitude of his de-
feats. Many critics have pointed out that the world
has become more unstable, violent, and divided
over the course of his term. As Obama prepares
to leave office, the Middle East has descended into
sectarian conflict with civil wars raging in Syria,
Iraq, Yemen, and Libya. Security in Afghanistan
has deteriorated and the major cities appear vul-
nerable to Taliban reconquest. A descendent of
al-Qaeda, the Islamic State (ISIS), has escalated
the gruesome spectacles of its predecessor and in-
spi ...
Who is a powerful leader of America, who is the possessor of racial free mentality,and who has been successful to establish global universality,particularly, these kinds of hints are given throughout the whole paper.
Stopping the Drift: Recalibrating the Transatlantic Relationship for a Multip...thinkingeurope2011
This document summarizes a report about the state of the transatlantic relationship between the United States and Europe. It discusses how the relationship has widened in recent years despite hopes that President Obama would renew the alliance. It analyzes President Obama's strategy to recalibrate American power in a multipolar world and encourage other nations to take on more responsibility in global governance. The report will examine the reasons for the divide between the US and Europe and discuss how cooperation can be strengthened across key issues.
This document provides an overview of the book "Rogue State: A Guide to the World's Only Superpower" by William Blum. It includes an author's foreword discussing how the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks in the US related to actions taken by the US globally. The foreword argues that the attacks were a form of retaliation for decades of US military, economic and political oppression in the Middle East. It also notes that US actions globally have created hatred and potential for terrorism in other regions like Latin America as well. The document then provides a table of contents, outlining 27 chapters that discuss various controversial US foreign policy actions and covert operations that have impacted other nations.
Obama Strategies; What Lies Beneath; Stupid or Subversive?Gerald Furnkranz
This document discusses President Obama's policies regarding terrorism and immigration, arguing that his actions have intentionally helped terrorist groups like ISIS grow stronger. It claims Obama has nurtured Muslim extremism through premature troop withdrawals from Iraq, weak responses to terrorism, and an open border policy that imports threats. The document also criticizes Obama's nuclear deal with Iran, saying he has lied about inspection protocols. Overall, it portrays Obama as deliberately sabotaging national security through failed strategies that empower America's enemies.
The document criticizes Barack Obama for continuing the same imperialist foreign policies as George W. Bush, despite campaigning on a message of change. It argues Obama's troop surge in Afghanistan mirrors Bush's surge in Iraq and is aimed at preserving American corporate and military dominance abroad rather than helping ordinary Afghans or Pakistanis. The document claims Obama, like Bush, ignores public opinion polls showing most people in the region want an end to foreign occupation and intervention.
This document provides an overview and contents of the book "Rogue State: A Guide to the World's Only Superpower" by William Blum. It discusses how the book examines US foreign policy and interventions around the world since 1945. It also includes quotes from reviews of the book praising its examination of little known facts about US actions abroad. The document then provides an author's foreword discussing the events of 9/11 and the subsequent US bombing of Afghanistan, questioning how many civilian lives were lost compared to the terrorist attacks. It raises issues around perceptions of terrorism and retaliation.
Ronald Lauder, a former Republican, expresses deep concern with President Obama's performance over the past four years. He argues that Obama has failed on the economy by adding greatly to the national debt. On national security, Lauder claims the U.S. is less secure under Obama and cites anti-American riots on the 9/11 anniversary and the killing of the U.S. ambassador in Libya. Lauder also criticizes Obama's treatment of Israel and asserts that Obama does not understand that a strong America benefits the entire world.
This document is a strategy research project analyzing key international relations concepts and the Bush Doctrine. It provides historical context on the evolution of US foreign policy from 1776 through the post-9/11 era. It discusses concepts like exceptionalism, unilateralism, preemption, and hegemonic stability. It examines how US strategy shifted from isolationism to engagement following World War II and the Cold War. It analyzes how the Bush Doctrine articulated in the 2002 National Security Strategy expanded the use of preemption in response to new threats like terrorism.
Who is a powerful leader of America, who is the possessor of racial free mentality,and who has been successful to establish global universality,particularly, these kinds of hints are given throughout the whole paper.
Stopping the Drift: Recalibrating the Transatlantic Relationship for a Multip...thinkingeurope2011
This document summarizes a report about the state of the transatlantic relationship between the United States and Europe. It discusses how the relationship has widened in recent years despite hopes that President Obama would renew the alliance. It analyzes President Obama's strategy to recalibrate American power in a multipolar world and encourage other nations to take on more responsibility in global governance. The report will examine the reasons for the divide between the US and Europe and discuss how cooperation can be strengthened across key issues.
This document provides an overview of the book "Rogue State: A Guide to the World's Only Superpower" by William Blum. It includes an author's foreword discussing how the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks in the US related to actions taken by the US globally. The foreword argues that the attacks were a form of retaliation for decades of US military, economic and political oppression in the Middle East. It also notes that US actions globally have created hatred and potential for terrorism in other regions like Latin America as well. The document then provides a table of contents, outlining 27 chapters that discuss various controversial US foreign policy actions and covert operations that have impacted other nations.
Obama Strategies; What Lies Beneath; Stupid or Subversive?Gerald Furnkranz
This document discusses President Obama's policies regarding terrorism and immigration, arguing that his actions have intentionally helped terrorist groups like ISIS grow stronger. It claims Obama has nurtured Muslim extremism through premature troop withdrawals from Iraq, weak responses to terrorism, and an open border policy that imports threats. The document also criticizes Obama's nuclear deal with Iran, saying he has lied about inspection protocols. Overall, it portrays Obama as deliberately sabotaging national security through failed strategies that empower America's enemies.
The document criticizes Barack Obama for continuing the same imperialist foreign policies as George W. Bush, despite campaigning on a message of change. It argues Obama's troop surge in Afghanistan mirrors Bush's surge in Iraq and is aimed at preserving American corporate and military dominance abroad rather than helping ordinary Afghans or Pakistanis. The document claims Obama, like Bush, ignores public opinion polls showing most people in the region want an end to foreign occupation and intervention.
This document provides an overview and contents of the book "Rogue State: A Guide to the World's Only Superpower" by William Blum. It discusses how the book examines US foreign policy and interventions around the world since 1945. It also includes quotes from reviews of the book praising its examination of little known facts about US actions abroad. The document then provides an author's foreword discussing the events of 9/11 and the subsequent US bombing of Afghanistan, questioning how many civilian lives were lost compared to the terrorist attacks. It raises issues around perceptions of terrorism and retaliation.
Ronald Lauder, a former Republican, expresses deep concern with President Obama's performance over the past four years. He argues that Obama has failed on the economy by adding greatly to the national debt. On national security, Lauder claims the U.S. is less secure under Obama and cites anti-American riots on the 9/11 anniversary and the killing of the U.S. ambassador in Libya. Lauder also criticizes Obama's treatment of Israel and asserts that Obama does not understand that a strong America benefits the entire world.
This document is a strategy research project analyzing key international relations concepts and the Bush Doctrine. It provides historical context on the evolution of US foreign policy from 1776 through the post-9/11 era. It discusses concepts like exceptionalism, unilateralism, preemption, and hegemonic stability. It examines how US strategy shifted from isolationism to engagement following World War II and the Cold War. It analyzes how the Bush Doctrine articulated in the 2002 National Security Strategy expanded the use of preemption in response to new threats like terrorism.
IK um«raiuVER THE LAST TWO CENTURIES, p r o m i n e n t .docxwilcockiris
IK um«
raiu
VER THE LAST TWO CENTURIES, p r o m i n e n t A m e r i c a n s
have described the United States as an "empire of lib-
erty," a "shining city on a hill," the "last best hope
of Earth," the "leader of the free world," and the
"indispensable nation." These enduring tropes ex-
plain why all presidential candidates feel compelled
to offer ritualistic paeans to America's greatness and
why President Barack Obama landed in hot water for say-
ing that while he believed in "American exceptionalism,"
it was no different from "British exceptionalism," "Greek
exceptionalism," or any other country's brand of patriotic
chest-thumping.
Most statements of "American exceptionalism" pre-
sume that America's values, political system, and history are
unique and worthy of universal admiration. They also imply
that the United States is both destined and entitled to play a
distinct and positive role on tbe world stage.
The only thing wrong with this self-congratulatory por-
trait of America's global role is that it is mostly a myth.
Although the United States possesses certain unique quali-
ties—from high levels of religiosity to a political culture that
privileges individual freedom—the conduct of U.S. foreign
policy has been determined primarily by its relative power
and by the inherently competitive nature of international
politics. By focusing on their supposedly exceptional quali-
ties, Americans blind themselves to tbe ways that they are a
lot like everyone else.
This unchallenged faith in American exceptionalism
makes it harder for Americans to understand why others
are less enthusiastic about U.S. dominance, often alarmed
by U.S. policies, and frequently irritated by what they see as
U.S. hypocrisy, whether the subject is possession of nuclear
weapons, conformity with international law, or America's
tendency to condemn the conduct of others while ignoring
its own failings. Ironically, U.S. foreign policy would prob-
ably be more effective if Americans were less convinced of
their own unique virtues and less eager to proclaim them.
What we need, in short, is a more realistic and critical
assessment of America's true character and contributions.
In that spirit, I offer here the Top 5 Myths about American
Exceptionalism.
MYTH1
There Is Something Exceptional
About American Exceptionalism.
WHENEVER AMERICAN LEADERS refer to the "unique" re-
sponsibilities of the United States, they are saying that it is
different from other powers and that these differences re-
quire them to take on special burdens.
Yet there is nothing unusual about such lofty declarations;
indeed, those who make them are treading a well-worn path.
Most great powers have considered themselves superior to
their rivals and have believed that they were advancing some
greater good when they imposed their preferences on others.
The British thought they were bearing the "white man's bur-
den," while French colonialists invoked la mission civilisatrice
to justify their empire. Po.
This document discusses how America's foreign policy has evolved from isolationism to interventionism due to changes in geopolitics and technology. It argues that America's geographic isolation historically allowed for neutrality, but nuclear weapons and globalization reduced this isolation. Now threats can reach America directly. In response, America maintains a large military and takes a leadership role on global security issues like NATO and Ukraine, showing how threats to national security have shaped America's shift to a more active foreign policy stance.
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Published on The National Interest (http://www.nationalinterest.org)
Home > The Psychology of Barack Obama
The Psychology of Barack Obama
[1]
Robert W. Merry [2]
In 1972, Duke University professor James David Barber brought out a book
that immediately was heralded as a seminal study of presidential character. Titled The Presidential Character: Predicting
Performance in the White House, the book looked at qualities of temperament and personality in assessing how the country’s
chief executives approached the presidency—and how that in turn contributed to their success or failure in the office.
Although there were flaws in Barber’s approach, particularly in his efforts to typecast the personalities of various presidents, it
does indeed lay before us an interesting and worthy matrix for assessing how various presidents approach the job and the
ultimate quality of their leadership. So let’s apply the Barber matrix to the presidential incumbent, Barack Obama.
Barber, who died in 2004, assessed presidents based on two indices: first, whether they were "positive" or "negative"; and,
second, whether they were "active" or "passive." The first index—the positive/negative one—assesses how presidents
regarded themselves in relation to the challenges of the office; so, for example, did they embrace the job with a joyful
optimism or regard it as a necessary martyrdom they must sustain in order to prove their own self-worth? The second index—
active vs. passive—measures their degree of wanting to accomplish big things or retreat into a reactive governing mode.
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These two indices produce four categories of presidents, to wit:
Active-Positive: These are presidents with big national ambitions who are self-confident, flexible, optimistic, joyful in the
exercise of power, possessing a certain philosophical detachment toward what they regard as a great game.
Active-Negative: These are compulsive people with low self-esteem, seekers of power as a means of self-act.
This document contrasts the foreign policy approaches of Presidents George W. Bush and Barack Obama. President Bush pursued a unilateral approach using assertive military action as a first resort, as seen in the Iraq war. President Obama favors multilateral diplomacy and sees military action as a last resort, as demonstrated by his withdrawal from Iraq and engagement with countries like Iran. While Bush acted aggressively, Obama believes that dialogue and international cooperation are better strategies for addressing security issues.
George W. Bush's memoir Decision Points details critical decisions made during his presidency related to quitting drinking, selecting key administration officials, relationships with family and advisors, counterterrorism programs, Hurricane Katrina, the Iraq War surge, legislative achievements and failures, relationships with world leaders, and bringing Osama bin Laden to justice. The memoir provides Bush's perspective on eight impactful years in the White House and aims to change views of his presidency.
This Time Is Different: Why U.S. Foreign Policy Will Never RecoverSahilKemkar
This article discusses how the current state of U.S. foreign policy is different from past periods of concern and uncertainty. While worries about threats to the international order have come and gone, the author argues this time is unique because the pillars supporting American power are weakening as political divisions have undermined the bipartisan consensus around foreign policy. Future presidents may aim to restore past approaches, but the liberal international order built by the U.S. is increasingly unstable and its collapse is a real possibility.
This document provides an introduction and table of contents to a book titled "The Big Picture" which aims to summarize and critique the first two years of President Obama's presidency in order to hold him accountable for his record as the country decides whether to reelect him. The book contains four parts: the top 50 reasons not to reelect Obama, brief essays explaining each reason, a daily chronology of Obama's first two years in office with commentary, and an issue-by-issue chronology of his presidency. The introduction argues that Obama lacks leadership experience and his policies have expanded government overreach and uncertainty.
YThis paper is due Monday, 30 November. You will need to use at leas.docxpaynetawnya
YThis paper is due Monday, 30 November. You will need to use at least ONE primary source, and TWO secondary sources. 12 font, double spaced, New times, 5 pages.
How did the Vikings construct their ships so that they were able to go such long distances? What impact did they have on the areas that they settled?
No plagiarism and No Paraphrasing. Put it on your own words, this is a major and final exam grade, please.
I will only accept on GOOD RATINGS PROFESSORS
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The company is Lenovo.Co
at least 250 words.
othr company my classmates covered are Walmart, Apple.Inc, Ikea,etc
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You have been hired to secure ZXY’s network and ensure that the company has the highest levels of security to protect against internal and external attacks. In an 8-10 page proposal, include the following items to provide a comprehensive secure environment:
A plan to provide secure access control methods for all user access
A viable password policy, which includes complexity, duration, and history requirements
A cryptography method to ensure vital data is encrypted
A remote access plan to ensure that users who access the network remotely do so in a secure and efficient manner
A thorough plan to protect the network from malware and various types of malicious attacks
Your proposal should include all of the elements noted above with support, detail, and elaboration for each section explicitly grounded in knowledge from the assigned readings and media along with any outside sources you may choose to bring into your writing.
Your paper should be 8-10 pages in length with document formatting and citations of sources in conformity with APA Guidelines
.
Zero Describe the system (briefly!). As in I’m going to talk ab.docxpaynetawnya
Zero:
Describe the system (briefly!). As in: I’m going to talk about the _____ system, which does this, that and the other thing.
First
: When we talk about confidentiality, we’re talking about
un
authorized access to information. That means there is (or at least probably is) authorized access to information. For your system, what roles or people are there with authorized access – and what information can they see or use. Is there anything special about their roles or their level of access? Are there exceptions?
Second
: What (briefly) is the worst possible scenario you can think of for a confidentiality failure/breach? What repercussions or impacts are there?
Third
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Youre the JudgeThis week, you are a judge in a federal district c.docxpaynetawnya
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Your Week 2 collaborative discussion and the Ch. 2 of Introduction.docxpaynetawnya
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Introduction to Business
Research
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Locate
information on the following points:
Feudalism
Mercantilism
Capitalism
Commerce
Property rights
The Industrial Revolution
Individually,
create
a 10- to 15-slide Microsoft
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PowerPoint
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BUS/211
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Your thesis statement will explain the ambiguity of why Prince hal b.docxpaynetawnya
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Use the library and your course materials to research these models. Your analysis should include a response to the following:
Discuss the assimilation, pluralism, and multiculturalism models, and include their historical timelines.
How is it that certain groups in the United States never given the opportunity to “assimilate”? Include the following groups in your analysis: Hispanics, African-Americans and others of African descent, Native-Americans, and Asian-Americans.
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Why is the current model significant in terms of access and privilege?
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Resource:
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Write
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Explain
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The importance—both locally and globally—of having a sustainable food supply
The major threats to this land’s sustainability
The characteristics that will enable your land to provide a long-term sustainable food supply
The steps your team will take to develop these characteristics
Ways this land will benefit the city economically and environmentally
The timeline of your plan
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Your supervisor, Ms. Harris, possesses a bachelors of social work (.docxpaynetawnya
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You decide that you will chart the similarities and differences between the two and present a detailed outline to her comparing and contrasting the two. A detailed outline is in the traditional form of an outline; however, the text will contain sentences as opposed to single words or phrases. In your detailed outline, you should cover the following topics:
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IK um«raiuVER THE LAST TWO CENTURIES, p r o m i n e n t .docxwilcockiris
IK um«
raiu
VER THE LAST TWO CENTURIES, p r o m i n e n t A m e r i c a n s
have described the United States as an "empire of lib-
erty," a "shining city on a hill," the "last best hope
of Earth," the "leader of the free world," and the
"indispensable nation." These enduring tropes ex-
plain why all presidential candidates feel compelled
to offer ritualistic paeans to America's greatness and
why President Barack Obama landed in hot water for say-
ing that while he believed in "American exceptionalism,"
it was no different from "British exceptionalism," "Greek
exceptionalism," or any other country's brand of patriotic
chest-thumping.
Most statements of "American exceptionalism" pre-
sume that America's values, political system, and history are
unique and worthy of universal admiration. They also imply
that the United States is both destined and entitled to play a
distinct and positive role on tbe world stage.
The only thing wrong with this self-congratulatory por-
trait of America's global role is that it is mostly a myth.
Although the United States possesses certain unique quali-
ties—from high levels of religiosity to a political culture that
privileges individual freedom—the conduct of U.S. foreign
policy has been determined primarily by its relative power
and by the inherently competitive nature of international
politics. By focusing on their supposedly exceptional quali-
ties, Americans blind themselves to tbe ways that they are a
lot like everyone else.
This unchallenged faith in American exceptionalism
makes it harder for Americans to understand why others
are less enthusiastic about U.S. dominance, often alarmed
by U.S. policies, and frequently irritated by what they see as
U.S. hypocrisy, whether the subject is possession of nuclear
weapons, conformity with international law, or America's
tendency to condemn the conduct of others while ignoring
its own failings. Ironically, U.S. foreign policy would prob-
ably be more effective if Americans were less convinced of
their own unique virtues and less eager to proclaim them.
What we need, in short, is a more realistic and critical
assessment of America's true character and contributions.
In that spirit, I offer here the Top 5 Myths about American
Exceptionalism.
MYTH1
There Is Something Exceptional
About American Exceptionalism.
WHENEVER AMERICAN LEADERS refer to the "unique" re-
sponsibilities of the United States, they are saying that it is
different from other powers and that these differences re-
quire them to take on special burdens.
Yet there is nothing unusual about such lofty declarations;
indeed, those who make them are treading a well-worn path.
Most great powers have considered themselves superior to
their rivals and have believed that they were advancing some
greater good when they imposed their preferences on others.
The British thought they were bearing the "white man's bur-
den," while French colonialists invoked la mission civilisatrice
to justify their empire. Po.
This document discusses how America's foreign policy has evolved from isolationism to interventionism due to changes in geopolitics and technology. It argues that America's geographic isolation historically allowed for neutrality, but nuclear weapons and globalization reduced this isolation. Now threats can reach America directly. In response, America maintains a large military and takes a leadership role on global security issues like NATO and Ukraine, showing how threats to national security have shaped America's shift to a more active foreign policy stance.
6715, 1232 PMThe Psychology of Barack ObamaPage 1 of 3h.docxevonnehoggarth79783
6/7/15, 12:32 PMThe Psychology of Barack Obama
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Home > The Psychology of Barack Obama
The Psychology of Barack Obama
[1]
Robert W. Merry [2]
In 1972, Duke University professor James David Barber brought out a book
that immediately was heralded as a seminal study of presidential character. Titled The Presidential Character: Predicting
Performance in the White House, the book looked at qualities of temperament and personality in assessing how the country’s
chief executives approached the presidency—and how that in turn contributed to their success or failure in the office.
Although there were flaws in Barber’s approach, particularly in his efforts to typecast the personalities of various presidents, it
does indeed lay before us an interesting and worthy matrix for assessing how various presidents approach the job and the
ultimate quality of their leadership. So let’s apply the Barber matrix to the presidential incumbent, Barack Obama.
Barber, who died in 2004, assessed presidents based on two indices: first, whether they were "positive" or "negative"; and,
second, whether they were "active" or "passive." The first index—the positive/negative one—assesses how presidents
regarded themselves in relation to the challenges of the office; so, for example, did they embrace the job with a joyful
optimism or regard it as a necessary martyrdom they must sustain in order to prove their own self-worth? The second index—
active vs. passive—measures their degree of wanting to accomplish big things or retreat into a reactive governing mode.
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These two indices produce four categories of presidents, to wit:
Active-Positive: These are presidents with big national ambitions who are self-confident, flexible, optimistic, joyful in the
exercise of power, possessing a certain philosophical detachment toward what they regard as a great game.
Active-Negative: These are compulsive people with low self-esteem, seekers of power as a means of self-act.
This document contrasts the foreign policy approaches of Presidents George W. Bush and Barack Obama. President Bush pursued a unilateral approach using assertive military action as a first resort, as seen in the Iraq war. President Obama favors multilateral diplomacy and sees military action as a last resort, as demonstrated by his withdrawal from Iraq and engagement with countries like Iran. While Bush acted aggressively, Obama believes that dialogue and international cooperation are better strategies for addressing security issues.
George W. Bush's memoir Decision Points details critical decisions made during his presidency related to quitting drinking, selecting key administration officials, relationships with family and advisors, counterterrorism programs, Hurricane Katrina, the Iraq War surge, legislative achievements and failures, relationships with world leaders, and bringing Osama bin Laden to justice. The memoir provides Bush's perspective on eight impactful years in the White House and aims to change views of his presidency.
This Time Is Different: Why U.S. Foreign Policy Will Never RecoverSahilKemkar
This article discusses how the current state of U.S. foreign policy is different from past periods of concern and uncertainty. While worries about threats to the international order have come and gone, the author argues this time is unique because the pillars supporting American power are weakening as political divisions have undermined the bipartisan consensus around foreign policy. Future presidents may aim to restore past approaches, but the liberal international order built by the U.S. is increasingly unstable and its collapse is a real possibility.
This document provides an introduction and table of contents to a book titled "The Big Picture" which aims to summarize and critique the first two years of President Obama's presidency in order to hold him accountable for his record as the country decides whether to reelect him. The book contains four parts: the top 50 reasons not to reelect Obama, brief essays explaining each reason, a daily chronology of Obama's first two years in office with commentary, and an issue-by-issue chronology of his presidency. The introduction argues that Obama lacks leadership experience and his policies have expanded government overreach and uncertainty.
YThis paper is due Monday, 30 November. You will need to use at leas.docxpaynetawnya
YThis paper is due Monday, 30 November. You will need to use at least ONE primary source, and TWO secondary sources. 12 font, double spaced, New times, 5 pages.
How did the Vikings construct their ships so that they were able to go such long distances? What impact did they have on the areas that they settled?
No plagiarism and No Paraphrasing. Put it on your own words, this is a major and final exam grade, please.
I will only accept on GOOD RATINGS PROFESSORS
.
You have spent a lot of time researching a company. Would you inve.docxpaynetawnya
You have spent a lot of time researching a company. Would you invest in that company? (assume you can afford it). Why or why not? Is another company covered by a classmate preferable?
The company is Lenovo.Co
at least 250 words.
othr company my classmates covered are Walmart, Apple.Inc, Ikea,etc
.
ZXY Corporation has relocated to a new building that was wired and s.docxpaynetawnya
ZXY Corporation has relocated to a new building that was wired and set up for a local area network (LAN). The company implemented a client/server-based network in which all printers, folders, and other resources are shared but everyone has access to everything and there is no security outside of the defaults that were in place when the system was set up.
You have been hired to secure ZXY’s network and ensure that the company has the highest levels of security to protect against internal and external attacks. In an 8-10 page proposal, include the following items to provide a comprehensive secure environment:
A plan to provide secure access control methods for all user access
A viable password policy, which includes complexity, duration, and history requirements
A cryptography method to ensure vital data is encrypted
A remote access plan to ensure that users who access the network remotely do so in a secure and efficient manner
A thorough plan to protect the network from malware and various types of malicious attacks
Your proposal should include all of the elements noted above with support, detail, and elaboration for each section explicitly grounded in knowledge from the assigned readings and media along with any outside sources you may choose to bring into your writing.
Your paper should be 8-10 pages in length with document formatting and citations of sources in conformity with APA Guidelines
.
Zero Describe the system (briefly!). As in I’m going to talk ab.docxpaynetawnya
Zero:
Describe the system (briefly!). As in: I’m going to talk about the _____ system, which does this, that and the other thing.
First
: When we talk about confidentiality, we’re talking about
un
authorized access to information. That means there is (or at least probably is) authorized access to information. For your system, what roles or people are there with authorized access – and what information can they see or use. Is there anything special about their roles or their level of access? Are there exceptions?
Second
: What (briefly) is the worst possible scenario you can think of for a confidentiality failure/breach? What repercussions or impacts are there?
Third
: How – in technical or other terms – could (or can) you improve the security of the situation? What measures or technologies would make sense? Why?
.
Youre the JudgeThis week, you are a judge in a federal district c.docxpaynetawnya
You're the Judge
This week, you are a judge in a federal district court where a man has been charged with possessing and distributing cocaine. The police obtained the evidence of his drug possession and sale by searching his home. Police arrived at the defendant’s house without a warrant, and the defendant and his wife were at home. The officers knocked, and the wife answered the door and consented to the search. The defendant objected to the search. The defendant has filed a motion to have the evidence excluded from his trial. Decide if the evidence should be admitted, and provide the best arguments both the prosecutor and defendant can make to win the motion.
.
Your Week 2 collaborative discussion and the Ch. 2 of Introduction.docxpaynetawnya
Your Week 2 collaborative discussion and the Ch. 2 of
Introduction to Business
Research
the evolution of business with your assigned team members.
Locate
information on the following points:
Feudalism
Mercantilism
Capitalism
Commerce
Property rights
The Industrial Revolution
Individually,
create
a 10- to 15-slide Microsoft
®
PowerPoint
®
presentation describing the evolution of business.
BUS/211
.
Your thesis statement will explain the ambiguity of why Prince hal b.docxpaynetawnya
Your thesis statement will explain the ambiguity of why Prince hal behaves the way he does, and how he arrives at his final comittment for his future. The book is " Henry the IV part 1"
Will be three pages, double spaced, using MLA format. Research is optional but would help. Any quotations must be in the orginal Shakesperean language.
.
Your textbook states that body image—how a person believes heshe .docxpaynetawnya
Body image and the desire to be thin begins developing in early childhood, especially for girls, according to a psychology textbook. The media is thought to significantly contribute to perpetuating the desire to be thin. The document asks for thoughts on how to apply biblical principles in addressing this issue with children.
Your textbook discusses various cultural models in terms of immigrat.docxpaynetawnya
Your textbook discusses various cultural models in terms of immigration, such as assimilation, pluralism, and multiculturalism. What model is used today?
Use the library and your course materials to research these models. Your analysis should include a response to the following:
Discuss the assimilation, pluralism, and multiculturalism models, and include their historical timelines.
How is it that certain groups in the United States never given the opportunity to “assimilate”? Include the following groups in your analysis: Hispanics, African-Americans and others of African descent, Native-Americans, and Asian-Americans.
What model is used today?
Why is the current model significant in terms of access and privilege?
.
Your team has been given the land rights to an abandoned parcel of.docxpaynetawnya
Your team has been given the land rights to an abandoned parcel of land. The land has some unknown contamination; it has been stripped of natural vegetation, soil erosion has occurred, and a stream on the property is polluted. You have decided to turn this land into a sustainable agricultural food supply.
Resource:
University of Phoenix Material: Sustainable Agriculture Project Proposal Template
Design
solutions to develop the land. Provide a development plan to bring this land up to agricultural standards.
Write
a proposal to the city that describes the step-by-step plan your team intends to implement. Record your ideas on the University of Phoenix Material: Sustainable Agriculture Project Proposal Template.
Explain
the following in the proposal:
The importance—both locally and globally—of having a sustainable food supply
The major threats to this land’s sustainability
The characteristics that will enable your land to provide a long-term sustainable food supply
The steps your team will take to develop these characteristics
Ways this land will benefit the city economically and environmentally
The timeline of your plan
.
Your supervisor, Ms. Harris, possesses a bachelors of social work (.docxpaynetawnya
Your supervisor, Ms. Harris, possesses a bachelor's of social work (B.S.W.) degree and is working on her master's degree in social work (M.S.W.) by going to school at night on a part-time basis. Prior to accepting the position at the pretrial diversion program, she worked in a community mental health clinic providing services to low-income families. You have your bachelor's degree in criminal justice behind you and your internship with the pretrial diversion program is halfway completed. You and Ms. Harris have had some intense discussions about human service practice in general and human service practice in the criminal justice field in particular.
You decide that you will chart the similarities and differences between the two and present a detailed outline to her comparing and contrasting the two. A detailed outline is in the traditional form of an outline; however, the text will contain sentences as opposed to single words or phrases. In your detailed outline, you should cover the following topics:
Identify 2 ways in which human service practice is different in the mental health setting versus the criminal justice setting (you may use any venue in the criminal justice setting for comparison, such as prison, jail, juvenile detention, pretrial diversion, parole, probation, etc.).Identify 2 ways in which human service practice is similar in the mental health setting versus the criminal justice setting (you may use any venue in the criminal justice setting for comparison, such as prison, jail, juvenile detention, pretrial diversion, parole, probation, etc.).What role does human service practice play in the pretrial diversion setting specifically?At what point, if any, does human service practice in the mental health setting converge on the pretrial diversion setting?
You should cite all sources using APA style format, and include a reference section at the end of your submission.
Up to 300 words times new Roman,12 font
.
Your RatingGroup DiscussionDelinquency Prevention Please .docxpaynetawnya
Your Rating:
Group Discussion
"Delinquency Prevention" Please respond to the following:
Describe the key differences between primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention programs. Discuss the overall effectiveness of these types of programs.
From the e-Activity, identify at least two (2) factors that contribute to a delinquency prevention program’s success. Specify the primary manner in which these types of programs have improved the lives of juveniles and their families.
.
Your report due in Week 6 requires you to look at tools of liquidity.docxpaynetawnya
Your report due in Week 6 requires you to look at tools of liquidity, profitability, and solvency. Discuss several of the financial analysis tools useful in assessing inventory issues and report the actual numbers for the company you selected for Assignment 1 in Week 6. Describe the impact of your numbers on reasons for investing or not investing in the company
Identify the inventory valuation method (LIFO, FIFO, Average, etc.) used by your company and discuss the impact of the method on the income statement and balance sheet. Include the pros and cons/ tradeoffs of the method on the reported numbers.
.
Your Project Sponsor pulls you aside and admits that he has no idea .docxpaynetawnya
Your Project Sponsor pulls you aside and admits that he has no idea what earned value management concepts (EVM), such as AC, BCWP, and EV mean; he is only concerned that you deliver the project ahead of schedule and under budget. Using the information covered from your readings and other activities, develop a project to educate him, including which EVM performance measures you would educate him on. Provide a rationale for your selection of topics.
.
Your progress on the project thus far. Have you already compiled i.docxpaynetawnya
Your progress on the project thus far. Have you already compiled it?
Anything interesting you learned about the organization you chose.
The most difficult component of this project. What made it challenging? How did you address this challenge?
Post a 2 to 4 paragraph discussion post (300 words minimum). Justify your explanations by including in-text citations and references in APA format as applicable.
.
Week 6 - Discussion 1Evaluate the characteristics of each mode o.docxpaynetawnya
Week 6 - Discussion 1
Evaluate the characteristics of each mode of transportation in terms of time and cost efficiencies. Give examples.
Week 6 - Discussion 2
The Bill of Lading is the single most important document in transportation. Describe at least two functions it performs in international logistics.
.
WEEK 5 – EXERCISES Enter your answers in the spaces pr.docxpaynetawnya
WEEK 5 – EXERCISES
Enter your answers in the spaces provided. Save the file using your last name as the beginning of the file name (e.g., ruf_week5_exercises) and submit via “Assignments.” When appropriate,
show your work
. You can do the work by hand, scan/take a digital picture, and attach that file with your work.
For the following question(s): A school counselor tests the level of depression in fourth graders in a particular class of 20 students. The counselor wants to know whether the kind of students in this class differs from that of fourth graders in general at her school. On the test, a score of 10 indicates severe depression, while a score of 0 indicates no depression. From reports, she is able to find out about past testing. Fourth graders at her school usually score 5 on the scale, but the variation is not known. Her sample of 20 fifth graders has a mean depression score of 4.4. Use the .01 level of significance.
1.
The counselor calculates the unbiased estimate of the population’s variance to be 15. What is the variance of the distribution of means?
A)
15/20 = 0.75
B)
15/19 = 0.79
C)
15
2
/20 = 11.25
D)
15
2
/19 = 11.84
2.
Suppose the counselor tested the null hypothesis that fourth graders in this class were
less
depressed than those at the school generally. She figures her
t
score to be
-
.20. What decision should she make regarding the null hypothesis?
A)
Reject it
B)
Fail to reject it
C)
Postpone any decisions until a more conclusive study could be conducted
D)
There is not enough information given to make a decision
3.
Suppose the standard deviation she figures (the square root of the unbiased estimate of the population variance) is .85. What is the effect size?
A)
5/.85 = 5.88
B)
.85/5 = .17
C)
(5
-
4.4)/.85 = .71
D)
.85/(5
-
4.4) = 1.42
For the following question(s): Professor Juarez thinks the students in her statistics class this term are more creative than most students at this university. A previous study found that students at this university had a mean score of 35 on a standard creativity test. Professor Juarez finds that her class scores an average of 40 on this scale, with an estimated population standard deviation of 7. The standard deviation of the distribution of means comes out to 1.63.
4.
What is the
t
score?
A)
(40
-
35)/7 = .71
B)
(40
-
35)/1.63 = 3.07
C)
(40
-
35)/7
2
= 5/49 = .10
D)
(40
-
35)/1.63
2
= 5/2.66 = 1.88
5.
What effect size did Professor Juarez find?
A)
(40
-
35)/7 = .71
B)
(40
-
35)/1.63 = 3.07
C)
(40
-
35)/7
2
= 5/49 = .10
D)
(40
-
35)/1.63
2
= 5/2.66 = 1.88
6.
If Professor Juarez had 30 students in her class, and she wanted to test her hypothesis using the 5% level of significance, what cutoff
t
score would she use? (You should be able to figure this out without a table because only one answer is in the correct region.)
A)
304.11
B)
1.699.
Week 5 Writing Assignment (Part 2) Outline and Preliminary List o.docxpaynetawnya
Week 5
Writing Assignment (Part 2): Outline and Preliminary List of References
Due Week 5 and worth 100 points
Complete the outline after you have done library / Internet research for evidence that bears on your hypothesis. Provide information about all of the following components of the final paper:
Subject:
Poverty.
What is your hypothesis?
1.
Specific Hypothesis
.
2.
Applicable Sociological Concepts
.
3.
Practical Implications
. Discuss the value of sociological research into your issue. Determine whether or not there are (or would be) practical implications of sociological inquiry into this issue.
Evidence
. This is the most important part of the paper. Analyze at least two (2) lines of evidence that pertain to the hypothesis that you are evaluating. Does the evidence support your hypothesis? For each type of evidence, consider possible biases and alternative interpretations.
Conclusions
. Draw conclusions based on the evidence that you have discovered. Does the evidence confirm or refute your hypothesis? Is the evidence sufficiently convincing to draw firm conclusions about your hypothesis?
For example, here is a generic example of what the headings of your possible outline might look like:
I.
Specific Hypothesis.
II.
Applicable Sociological Concepts.
a.
Theory A
b.
Concept 1
c.
Concept 2
III.
Practical Implications.
a.
Implications for public policy
i.
Education
ii.
Taxes
b.
Implications for employers
c.
Implications for spouses of workaholics
Evidence.
Line of evidence 1
i.
The evidence and what it means
ii.
Possible biases
iii.
Alternative explanations of what it means.
b.
Line of evidence 2
i.
The evidence and what it means
ii.
Possible biases
Conclusion(s): All available evidence refutes the hypothesis, but there are alternative explanations.
References
:
Baker, A. & Abel, E (2005) Villagers reject modern attitudes about car washing.
International Journal of Sociology
, 11, 12-57. Retrieved from EBSCO-Host.
Doe, J. (2010, April 1) Villagers retain traditional attitudes despite bombardment with western television.
The New York Times
. Retrieved from
www.nytimes.com/village_update
Steiner, H. (2012, January 4) Revolt against local ordinances in the village.
Time Magazine
. pp. 14-15.
Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements:
Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; references must follow APA format.
The specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment are:
Evaluate the various methodologies for sociological research.
Apply the sociological perspective to a variety of socioeconomic and political problems.
Critically examine how society shapes individuals and how individuals shape society.
Use technology and information resources to research issues in sociology.
Write clearly and concisely about sociology using proper writing mechanics.
.
Week 5 eActivityRead the Recommendation for Cryptographic Key.docxpaynetawnya
Week 5 eActivity
Read the "
Recommendation for Cryptographic Key Generation
" by NIST.
Read Chapter 19 of "
An Introduction to Computer Security: The NIST Handbook.
"
Please be prepared to discuss each of these items
Analyze the overall attributes of symmetric and asymmetric cryptography technologies. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each, and speculate upon the main reasons why organizations utilize both technologies today. Give an example of where you would consider using each of these forms of encryption within an organization to support your response.
From the e-Activity, give your opinion of whether cryptography should be a part of every email security strategy or if there are specific characteristics of organizations where such measures are not needed. Justify your answer.
.
This document discusses network security and contains two questions. The first question asks about predominant electronic and physical threats to communications networks, such as hacking, malware, and physical damage. The second question asks about the importance of explicit enterprise security policies and procedures to protect networks and data through guidelines for acceptable and safe practices.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit Innovation
10Historians may well conclude that Obama glimpsed a diff.docx
1. 10
“Historians may well conclude that Obama glimpsed a different
world for Ameri-
can foreign policy but never exerted the kind of strategic
direction needed to turn
that vision into reality.”
The Tragedy of Obama’s Foreign Policy
MICHAEL J. BOYLE
During his first campaign for the presidency in 2008, Barack
Obama held out the prom-ise of a “post-post-9/11 foreign
policy”
through which the United States would leave its
obsession with terrorism behind and begin to focus
on an array of other transnational challenges, such
as nuclear proliferation and climate change, that
demanded its attention. He promised to reduce the
burden on the armed forces by ending the wars
in Afghanistan and Iraq and reinvigorating the ci-
vilian elements of American power. Obama cast
himself as a brighter alternative to the prevailing
course of US foreign policy. He asked his followers
to imagine a world in which the United States had
not made the disastrous mistakes of the George W.
Bush administration (Iraq, Guantánamo Bay, and
torture, to name a few) but had instead forged a
more careful and pragmatic path. It was this world
that he promised to bring into being.
Eight years later, President Obama’s foreign-
2. policy legacy is a mixed one. There is no doubt
that he has racked up some noteworthy accom-
plishments, including easing the futile embargo
on Cuba, striking a deal to suspend and reduce
the stockpiles of Iran’s nuclear program, and sign-
ing a historic climate-change agreement with
China. Throughout most of Asia, Obama’s tenure
has been marked by improved diplomatic relation-
ships and economic ties facilitated in part by his
efforts to pass the now-shelved Trans-Pacific Part-
nership trade deal. In Latin America and Africa, he
has perhaps inevitably not lived up to lofty expec-
tations, but he has managed to improve ties with
a number of governments and to remove some of
the distrust that characterized US relations in those
regions. Obama has handled the United Nations
and other regional and international organizations
without the rancor that marked his predecessor’s
approach, and has even steered their agendas to-
ward American interests when possible. Although
he has not fully succeeded in restoring America’s
reputation, global public opinion of the United
States has rebounded from the darkest days of the
Bush administration.
In the eyes of Obama’s critics, these victories
pale in comparison with the magnitude of his de-
feats. Many critics have pointed out that the world
has become more unstable, violent, and divided
over the course of his term. As Obama prepares
to leave office, the Middle East has descended into
sectarian conflict with civil wars raging in Syria,
Iraq, Yemen, and Libya. Security in Afghanistan
has deteriorated and the major cities appear vul-
nerable to Taliban reconquest. A descendent of
3. al-Qaeda, the Islamic State (ISIS), has escalated
the gruesome spectacles of its predecessor and in-
spired terrorist attacks in US and European cities.
Russia has positioned itself once again as a chief
foil to the United States by dismembering Ukraine
and finding new ways to rattle the nerves of the
smaller NATO allies. China is growing more ag-
gressive; it has expanded its territorial claims in
the South China Sea and begun to construct the
foundations of an alternative world order that
excludes the United States. The economic crisis
of the Eurozone and the British vote to exit the
European Union have left the United States fac-
ing much of this disorder without being able to
call on its closest allies for energetic support. More
generally, a tide of ugly nationalism—including
elements of both economic anxiety and xenopho-
bia—has swept through the United States and Eu-
rope, demoralizing governments and leaving them
increasingly hostage to restive, sometimes violent,
interest groups. The election of Republican busi-
nessman Donald Trump to the US presidency on
a campaign platform of nationalist nostalgia and
MICHAEL J. BOYLE is an associate professor of political sci-
ence at La Salle University.
hostility to trade and immigration shows how des-
perate the politics of the Western world have be-
come.
It is not fair to blame all of these developments
on Obama. Although it remains a superpower, the
4. United States cannot roll back the forces of na-
tionalism and economic disarray in other states,
nor can it prevent all adverse outcomes. A Trump
administration will exemplify these dark forces
rather than stand against them.
Obama has steered through many crises with
a steady hand. Yet his legacy may ultimately be
judged as a tragedy of sorts. Throughout his eight
years in office, Obama showed an awareness that
the fundamental contours of American foreign
policy in the post–Cold War era must change.
Some of his most important moves—such as the
pivot to Asia and the new engagement with Iran—
indicate his desire to escape the familiar categories
of enemies and friends. He acknowledged that the
military was too often seen as a solution to every
problem Washington faced and wanted to think
creatively about other di-
mensions of American pow-
er. But he never broke free of
the prevailing assumptions
and policy choices of his
predecessors. The execution
of much of his foreign poli-
cy has been a confused mix
of Clinton and Bush, and its justification has been
little more than a jumble of buzzwords lifted from
the Democratic foreign-policy orthodoxy. Histori-
ans may well conclude that Obama glimpsed a dif-
ferent world for American foreign policy but nev-
er exerted the kind of strategic direction needed to
turn that vision into reality.
THE MISSING DOCTRINE
The absence of strategic direction is evident
5. in analysts’ struggles to define an Obama Doc-
trine in foreign policy. This pursuit has become
almost a cottage industry, with partisans on both
sides sifting through Obama’s speeches and policy
documents in search of an overarching idea that
is equivalent to the doctrines of previous presi-
dents. It is likely that Obama himself would view
their efforts with skepticism; a president who
instinctively rejects ideological thinking is like-
ly to find the strictures and simplifications of a
foreign-policy doctrine too limiting. Among his
first noteworthy statements on foreign policy was
a condemnation of the looming Iraq war that he
issued while he was still a state senator in 2002.
For Obama, this “dumb war” was not just a mis-
take; it was an attempt by “armchair, weekend
warriors in this administration to shove their
own ideological agendas down our throats, irre-
spective of the costs in lives lost and in hardships
borne.” This was a rebuke of the Bush Doctrine of
preventive war, but also a rejection of ideological
thinking in general.
By defining himself in opposition to the Bush
administration’s ideological worldview, with its
utopian belief in the value of democracy promo-
tion, Obama was casting himself on some level as
a realist, though the precise content of his real-
ism was never quite clear. Obama claimed to be
influenced by a distinguished older strain of real-
ism based on the thought of the Christian theo-
logian Reinhold Niebuhr, who wrote persuasively
about the dilemmas of American foreign policy in
the early Cold War. Obama once called Niebuhr
6. his favorite philosopher. The president said he
took from Niebuhr a belief that irredeemable evil
did exist, but that humility
about one’s ability to elimi-
nate it was necessary when
setting a course of action.
One of Niebuhr’s key
themes—clearly adopted by
Obama—was that good or
noble intentions can pro-
duce unintended outcomes. For Niebuhr, this was
best described as “irony,” and it suffused much of
political life, often thwarting our ability to produce
positive political change and reinforcing the need
for skepticism about our own aims and actions.
Niebuhr did not accept that this leads to inaction;
to the contrary, he saw a moral duty to act as a
necessary element of statesmanship even if the re-
sults are likely to be unintended, or even perverse.
Obama’s clearest inheritance from Niebuhr was
his aversion to simplistic visions of global politics
and dichotomies based on neat moral categories of
good and evil.
Despite that inheritance, Obama’s embrace of
Niebuhr’s realism never amounted to a doctrine or
a strategy. Niebuhr’s critical rather than prescrip-
tive vision of politics is not one that translates eas-
ily into an overarching strategic doctrine or clear
guidelines for action. But Obama’s inclination to-
ward grand rhetoric also did not correspond with
Niebuhr’s account of politics. Always a gifted ora-
tor, Obama tended to make sweeping statements
7. about the possibility of change in international
The Tragedy of Obama’s Foreign Policy • 11
The Obama administration became
enamored with the hope of
transcending great power politics.
12 • CURRENT HISTORY • January 2017
politics that reflected neither the skepticism nor
the humility that Niebuhr would have recom-
mended. In his rhetoric, Obama is only partially a
follower of Niebuhr.
No committed Niebuhrian would have thought
it possible for the United States to recast its rela-
tionship with the Muslim world by giving the kind
of grandiloquent speech Obama gave in Cairo in
2009; no one attuned to Niebuhr’s subtle under-
standing of power as the prime motive for the
behavior of states would have dismissed Russia’s
moves to seize Crimea and invade Ukraine as out-
moded thinking, as Obama did. Obama’s foreign
policy was incoherent because it was only half-
premised on Niebuhr’s realism. It overestimated
the possibility of change, especially change result-
ing from public persuasion, while setting expec-
tations for collective action and enlightened co-
operation among states that Niebuhr would have
dismissed as unrealistic.
Yet Obama’s practice of foreign policy was often
8. closer to the conservative realism of Dwight Eisen-
hower and George H.W. Bush than to Niebuhr. Fa-
reed Zakaria has made the case that Obama was
governed by a sense of “strategic restraint” and
a desire to avoid needless military engagements,
as Eisenhower was during the 1956 Suez crisis.
Obama himself has acknowledged that he is a fan
of the first President Bush and his foreign policy
team, especially his national security adviser Brent
Scowcroft, for their restraint in managing the col-
lapse of the Soviet Union and ending the Gulf War
without occupying Iraq.
Obama’s speeches, however, rarely reflected
such careful pragmatism, but rather reverted
to the liberal internationalist boilerplate about
shared values, human rights, and the need for
working with allies that marks the speeches of Bill
and Hillary Clinton. In a sense, Obama the ora-
tor cannot help himself and slips too easily into
moralism, and sometimes even utopianism, which
is inconsistent with realism. His rhetoric has not
always squared with his careful, cold-blooded re-
alism when it comes to actual decisions, as many
critics have bitterly noted in regard to his inaction
on the Syrian civil war. The Obama foreign policy
formula—to act like Eisenhower but speak like
Clinton—provokes regular charges of hypocrisy
from both realists and liberal internationalists. It
is a compromise that ultimately satisfies no one.
In part due to his suspicion of ideological think-
ing, Obama has also come to distrust the Washing-
ton foreign-policy establishment, with its rehashed
arguments and undue emphasis on military action
9. as a solution to messy problems. In an interview
with the journalist Jeffrey Goldberg published in
the Atlantic in March 2016, he rejected wholesale
the interventionism of both liberal international-
ists and neoconservatives:
There’s a playbook in Washington that presi-
dents are supposed to follow. It’s a playbook
that comes out of the foreign-policy establish-
ment. And the playbook prescribes responses
to different events, and these responses tend to
be militarized responses. Where America is di-
rectly threatened, the playbook works. But the
playbook can also be a trap that can lead to bad
decisions. In the midst of an international chal-
lenge like Syria, you get judged harshly if you
don’t follow the playbook, even if there are good
reasons why it does not apply.
The playbook that Obama rejects is the same
one that both the Clinton and Bush administra-
tions favored, with its sequential use of diplomat-
ic pressure, sanctions, air strikes, and ultimately
ground troops in places like Somalia, Bosnia,
Kosovo, Afghanistan, and Iraq. Obama’s critique
is sound but he never articulated what the alter-
native could be. He knew what he did not want
to do, but he never drew up a new playbook for
the exercise of American power. What he came up
with—a mix of Special Forces, drones, and cyber-
attacks in a shadow war against an array of en-
emies—may ultimately be no more effective than
the playbook he discarded.
SHADOW WARS
In an irony that Niebuhr would have appreci-
10. ated, Obama struggled to avoid costly military oc-
cupations like those in Afghanistan and Iraq but
wound up entrenching a less transparent way of
fighting. If Obama leaves a legacy, it will be one
in which the United States is locked in a series
of shadow wars—undeclared conflicts against
non-state actors fought by Special Forces, proxy
armies, drones, and other covert means—of in-
definite duration. This trend was already evident
at the end of the George W. Bush administration
but it has been reified into an operational concept
under Obama. One could argue that Obama has
overseen its transformation into a new American
way of war.
The fundamental impulse of the Obama admin-
istration has been to end costly occupations, espe-
cially in Muslim countries, and to look for “light
footprint” ways of fighting the same battles. In his
speech announcing the withdrawal from Afghani-
stan in May 2014, Obama called on Americans to
“turn the page” from the trauma of 9/11 and the
indefinite occupations that followed. He argued
that withdrawal would allow Americans to redi-
rect their energies toward other vital priorities. But
this did not happen. While thousands of troops
left, the United States did not fully withdraw and
today has 8,400 troops conducting training and
counterterrorism operations in Afghanistan.
As the Taliban continues to gain strength,
US forces have shifted toward assisting Afghan
11. army units with air strikes, while Special Forces
“snatch and grab” al-Qaeda, ISIS, and other terror-
ist operatives from hideouts across the country.
Beneath the headlines about the withdrawal of US
troops, America is still fighting both the Taliban
and al-Qaeda, but has pushed the parallel strug-
gles against these groups into the shadows. The
problem is that this model has clearly failed in Af-
ghanistan; it was recently described in a Washing-
ton Post report as putting “a Band-Aid on a bullet
wound.”
A similar dynamic has oc-
curred in Iraq. The United
States officially pulled out
most of its troops by the end
of 2011, but since mid-2014
has been gradually sending
advisers and troops—esti-
mated by some to number 4,000 or even more—
to back Iraqi government and Kurdish forces in
their efforts to retake territory from ISIS. America
is not officially at war in Iraq or Syria, but has in
practice been sending Special Forces against “high
value targets” associated with ISIS and other radi-
cal groups in both countries. The United States is
no longer directly overseeing a counterinsurgency
campaign, as it did during the occupation of Iraq,
but is deploying forces in a targeted counterter-
rorism campaign in the middle of a counterinsur-
gency war fought by proxy forces. Whether this
strategy will succeed is not yet clear, but it has
already made for some strange and inconsistent
bedfellows. Today, the United States is tacitly
aligned with Iran in backing the Shia-led Iraqi
government against Sunni forces, but in Yemen’s
12. brutal civil war, Washington is allied with Saudi
Arabia in a regional proxy war against Iran and its
Houthi allies.
This shadow war is not limited to the old battle-
fields in Iraq and Afghanistan. The United States
is fighting al-Shabaab forces in Somalia and the
remnants of ISIS in Libya. In October 2016, a US
warship fired on Houthi positions in Yemen, sig-
naling a deeper involvement in that war. Over the
course of 2016, the United States conducted air
strikes in seven countries and Special Forces op-
erations in even more. Many of these strikes are
barely acknowledged by the Pentagon and news
of them drifts into the public domain with scarce,
sometimes inconsistent details.
The Obama administration has adopted an ex-
pansive definition of its legal authority for these
strikes, sometimes claiming without evidence that
they are crucial for self-defense. To some extent,
this is a self-perpetuating rationale: as more US
troops are deployed worldwide to fight shadow
wars, more inevitably come under fire from enemy
forces, necessitating more military action in their
defense. But the forward deployment of Special
Forces and their embedding with proxy forces has
become a distinctive approach to fighting under
the Obama administration. And it has occurred
in the shadows, without public discussion or an
articulation of the costs and
benefits.
The shift toward shadow
13. wars also indicates that con-
flict is becoming increas-
ingly deterritorialized. The
Obama administration has
not been troubled by the fact
that the battle with ISIS stretches across Syria and
Iraq, and may lead to involvement in the civil war
in Libya. It has adopted a view of conflict against
non-state actors in which formal state borders are
increasingly irrelevant. In some respects, this view
is a continuation of the US approach to al-Qaeda
under the Bush administration, but it has been ex-
panded under Obama to include many more en-
emies and battlefields.
This expansion can be seen particularly in the
deployment of drones. The Obama administra-
tion has been responsible for a vast increase in the
number of drone strikes both on declared battle-
fields (Afghanistan, Iraq) and off them (Pakistan,
Yemen, and Somalia). These strikes have target-
ed al-Qaeda but also an array of other Islamist
groups. In Pakistan, drone strikes have become
almost routine events within the tribal regions.
According to data from the New America Foun-
dation, Obama authorized 355 drone strikes in
Pakistan from 2009 to November 2016, killing be-
tween 1,904 and 3,114 people. The Obama admin-
istration insists that drone strikes in Pakistan and
The Tragedy of Obama’s Foreign Policy • 13
Obama never broke free of the
prevailing assumptions and policy
14. choices of his predecessors.
14 • CURRENT HISTORY • January 2017
elsewhere have killed relatively few civilians—the
official estimate is between 64 and 116 noncom-
batants across all battlefields between 2009 and
2015—but almost no evidence has been provided
for this claim.
Through the steady expansion of drone usage,
the Obama administration has undermined the
sovereign right of noninterference that tradition-
ally accompanied the possession of territory. Under
Obama’s stewardship, the United States operated as
if it did not need to hold ground or declare war to
operate militarily in other countries without their
permission. This has inculcated an acceptance
among the American people that the US govern-
ment has the right to strike anywhere in the world
it sees a threat. This lowered threshold for the use
of force creates precedents that America’s ene-
mies—and indeed its new president—may exploit.
MIDDLE EAST CONTAINMENT
The shadow war approach derives from a rec-
ognition of the limits of American power, but it
also stems from a judgment about the future of the
Middle East. Although Obama offered a sweeping
vision of change in his Cairo speech, his actual
Middle East policy has been anemic and reactive.
This is because he quietly recognizes that the re-
gional order is tearing itself apart and may do so
15. for some time. Obama is a believer in what can be
described as the Islamic Reformation thesis: that
the Middle East is confronting a virulent, nihilistic
strain of Islam that will shake the foundations of
the leading states in the region and destroy much
of the existing political order. Only when govern-
ments reform themselves, modernize, and rid their
countries of “tribalism,” as Obama once put it, will
this battle end and the Middle East be able to join
the other regions of the world in offering a hope-
ful future for its people. In this reading, the Arab
Spring is the first shot in a drama of moderniza-
tion and reform that will take decades to play out.
The United States, Obama has suggested, is a bit
player in this drama, and needs to pay due atten-
tion to the limits of its influence while watching
events unfold.
From this vantage point, Obama’s inaction on
Syria makes sense; he sees the country as one of
many contemporary battlefields in a struggle that
could last for generations. Exhausting American
power to resolve it will do nothing to tilt the re-
gion toward modernization and political order.
The most it merits is a shadow war that does not
jeopardize other American interests.
This approach to the Middle East is contain-
ment in all but name. But there is no evidence
that containing historic levels of violent disorder
in the region will actually work. There have been
numerous points in Obama’s presidency when his
initiatives at home and abroad were interrupted or
derailed by terrorist attacks emanating from the
Middle East. It may be that ISIS is an apocalyptic
death cult that will be vanquished in an Islamic
16. Reformation, but in the meantime it can inflict real
harm through attacks in Brussels, Paris, and New
York. Even when the human costs are minimal, the
political effects of terrorism are sufficiently power-
ful that they can throw democratic governments
off their axis. Obama’s strategy tries to ignore this
fact. Instead, it proclaims the traditional security
promise of presidents—that they will keep Ameri-
cans safe from threats at home and abroad—while
undertaking a strategy that actually abandons
the Middle East and quietly accepts that periodic
bursts of terrorism will be a fact of life.
The containment approach to the Middle East
has additional costs. It opens a space for other
players like Russia to insert themselves in the re-
gional balance and constrain US policy choices.
This is what has happened with Syria. Russia’s
support for President Bashar al-Assad’s regime
radically increases the risks that the United States
faces in any Syria intervention and effectively rules
out a number of military options. The result is that
the Obama administration has been stuck with a
policy of shadow wars and fruitless negotiations
among warring Syrian factions because it invested
too much in defeating ISIS to leave but lacks the
leverage to change circumstances on the ground.
Other costs have been more subtle. Although
the Obama administration tried to signal its de-
sire for continued engagement with the region,
both Saudi Arabia and Iran read Obama’s contain-
ment policy as a withdrawal and have escalated
their sectarian-flavored competition for regional
dominance using subversion and military force.
Although a policy of containment seems like a bal-
17. anced, clean solution, it has left the United States
on both sides of the Sunni-Shia conflict in differ-
ent theaters of war.
Finally, containment can allow some problems
to become almost intractable. Obama’s decision to
abandon efforts to resolve the Israeli-Palestinian
conflict has rendered a Palestinian state less vi-
able and allowed Israel to succumb to its worst
instincts by expanding its settlements in the West
Bank.
For many governments in the Middle East,
Obama’s legacy will be seen as damning. He want-
ed to avoid costly entanglements in the region in
order to respond to shifts in the global balance
of power that he rightly saw as more important.
Instead, he left the United States too deeply en-
meshed in the region’s politics to withdraw but too
removed to make much of a difference. The great
drama of the Middle East, with all of its political
and religious convulsions, was not one in which
Washington could relegate itself to being only a
bit player.
THE NEW ILLIBERAL ORDER
The final development that will tarnish Obama’s
legacy is the emergence of an illiberal global order.
The return of a nationalist Russia and the rise of
China have tilted the momentum of global politics
toward illiberal states and against the United States
and its European allies. It is hard to overstate the
importance of this shift, even if its effects are only
18. now coming into view.
For decades, the United
States enjoyed the privi-
leges of a liberal interna-
tional order that it created,
according itself a “first
among equals” position
with special rights to break
and amend the rules of that
order when it saw fit. Washington made efforts to
integrate states like Russia and China into the lib-
eral order, but imposed conditions on their entry
in an attempt to socialize them. Yet the relative
power position of the United States against China
began to decline following the invasion of Iraq in
2003 and the global financial crisis in 2008. These
two shocks upended some of the main assump-
tions about the global order—particularly that the
United States would always remain dominant—
and led a number of governments to challenge it.
This shift began in 2009 with the emergence of
the BRICS coalition of large developing nations—
Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa—
that sought new ways to constrain American in-
fluence and to increase their relative power. This
is a loose grouping with a variety of conflicting in-
terests, but its members are unified around a neo-
Westphalian conception of sovereignty that rejects
the interventionism that has characterized Ameri-
can foreign policy throughout the post–Cold War
period. Their call for a new international order is
designed to force the hand of the United States and
its allies to grant them a greater role in existing
19. institutions. They aspire to be rule makers rather
than rule takers.
By Obama’s second term, China had begun to
construct the foundation of an alternative inter-
national order. It spearheaded the creation of new
institutions, including the BRICS-led New Devel-
opment Bank and the Beijing-controlled Asian In-
frastructure Investment Bank. While neither was
initially as well-resourced as the World Bank or
the International Monetary Fund, their creation,
coupled with China’s call for a new reserve cur-
rency, signaled a new push to reshape the global
order in a form more congenial to authoritarian
and illiberal states. As highlighted by their July
2016 joint declaration on international law, Rus-
sia and China have also offered a reinterpretation
of some key political concepts that now under-
lie the liberal order—such as human rights, self-
determination, self-defense, and more recently the
“responsibility to protect”—that is a direct chal-
lenge to the way that the
United States and its allies
have deployed these con-
cepts for years.
Obama initially seemed
to recognize that this grow-
ing assertiveness of the
rising powers, backed by
China’s economic might,
necessitated some changes in America’s foreign
policy. His administration tried to “reset” US rela-
tions with Moscow and inaugurate a new era of
20. global cooperation. It sought to treat China as a
stakeholder in the global order and continue its
socialization into existing institutions in the hope
that doing so would strip away its illiberal char-
acter. Washington also sought a “divide and rule”
approach with the BRICS, trying to win the favor
of Brazil and India by appealing to their common
democratic character.
The Obama administration became enamored
with the hope of transcending great power politics
and overestimated the feasibility of socializing il-
liberal states into the liberal order. It did not take
the challenge that they offered seriously. Distract-
ed by shadow wars and the growing chaos in the
Middle East, Washington was slow to acknowl-
edge that both Russia and China were laying the
groundwork for a sustained military challenge to
American power.
By Obama’s second term, it was clear that both
global rivals had ramped up efforts to undermine
The Tragedy of Obama’s Foreign Policy • 15
Obama recast the US approach
to the use of force in ways that are
less transparent and perhaps even
dangerous to American democracy.
16 • CURRENT HISTORY • January 2017
American power in different ways. China expand-
21. ed its territorial claims and military presence in
the South China Sea and increased its cyberat-
tacks on US government agencies; Russia invaded
Ukraine and began aerial incursions to test the
nerves of NATO members. The initial response of
the United States was to downplay China’s actions
and to dismiss Russia as little more than a regional
power playing a weak hand. But after Russia’s in-
terference in the 2016 US presidential election, it
has become harder than ever to sustain the argu-
ment that Moscow and Beijing are not looking to
challenge Washington in a more serious way in the
years ahead.
The Obama administration will leave the Unit-
ed States with deteriorating relationships with
both powers. It did not wish to admit the reality
that America will be locked in a triangular diplo-
matic competition for global influence with Russia
and China for decades to come. While it may have
been inevitable that the geopolitical ground would
shift under Obama’s feet, it was far from preor-
dained that his administration would be so slow
to recognize this fact and to amend its approach
and rhetoric accordingly.
Obama never publicly identified the precise na-
ture of the challenge posed by the ascendancy of
illiberal powers like Russia and China—that they
are trying to change the character of the liberal
international order, shifting it toward the prefer-
ences of illiberal states. He is leaving the admis-
sion that we are in an increasingly cold, violent,
and competitive world to the next president. And
the illiberal tendencies of that president suggest
that he will hasten the birth of that new order and
22. leave American democracy in a state of advanced
decay.
NOBLE INTENTIONS
These three developments—the proliferation of
shadow wars, the collapse of the Middle East, and
the emergence of an illiberal global order—have
to be weighed against the successes of President
Obama’s foreign policy. A critique of his legacy
must be tempered by recognizing his accomplish-
ments and by asking what, if anything, he could
have done to prevent these adverse outcomes.
Obama now knows that many of his accomplish-
ments will be undone by a Trump administration.
But beyond that melancholy fact, it is clear that his
foreign policy bears at least two elements of trag-
edy that Niebuhr would have recognized.
First, some adverse outcomes came as an unin-
tended result of the president’s noble intentions.
In his efforts to avoid costly wars like Iraq, Obama
wound up recasting the US approach to the use of
force in ways that are less transparent and perhaps
even dangerous to American democracy. He will
now hand that terrifying apparatus of power over
to Donald Trump and look on as Trump bends it
to his own ends. Obama’s good intentions also led
him to abandon the Middle East to chaos. This
qualifies as ironic in Niebuhr’s sense, but it can
also be described as tragic if fighting and contain-
ing wars distracted Obama from actions that might
have prevented the emergence of a global illiberal
order.
23. Beyond that, Obama’s foreign policy can be de-
scribed as tragic because the protagonist in this
story—the president himself—came to a greater
understanding of the limits of American power
through his own failures. He is now wiser and
more sober about the possibility of transformative
change than the Obama who first appeared on the
national stage in 2007. He knows that Washington
cannot forever proceed with the same presupposi-
tions and playbooks, but he never systematically
made that case to the public or laid out a new foun-
dation for American foreign policy. At the end of
his term, the foreign-policy bureaucracy remains
the same in its routines and assumptions, and its
pathologies show no sign of changing.
The final judgment may be that Obama glimpsed
the need for change but lacked the focus and po-
litical courage to push the United States onto a dif-
ferent path. Now he must watch as Donald Trump
demolishes his legacy and charts a course that will
show America’s most ugly and isolationist face to
the world. That Obama himself appears to know
this, and shows remorse in his more reflective mo-
ments, gives his foreign-policy legacy more than a
hint of tragedy. ■
Students may complete one extra credit assignment. Extra credit
will add 0-4 points to your final course grade (final percent
grade) depending on how well you complete the assignment. I
will be grading primarily for your knowledge/understanding of
the article and knowledge/understanding of class topics and
materials.
1. Choose 1 article from the articles posted on Pilot in the
folder “Extra Credit Articles”.
24. 2. Write a 2-4 page (or more if you really wish, but not too
much longer) discussion of the ways in which the article you
have chosen specifically relates to topics discussed and reading
completed in this class. This is NOT just an article summary.
Your paper needs to focus on how the topic/material in the
article relates to material we have covered in class (makes a
similar argument, makes a different argument, updates
information, changes your perspective, etc.)
3. Format: 2-4 pages, double-spaced, 12 pt font, normal
margins, page numbers, no cover page, no elaborate heading –
just your name in the top right corner
4. Papers must include a bibliographic reference for your article
at the beginning of the first page of your paper and include
works cited if you cite any materials besides that article
(including course reserves and textbook). I have to be able to
look up the materials you have used to write your paper – and I
will look them up.
This is the sources to back the argument “ ARTICLE “ “
ARTICLE 2 “