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The document summarizes findings from two studies on bullying and its effects on LGBTQ individuals: 1) A national school survey found that verbal harassment of transgender students (74%) and sexual minority students (55%) was more common than for non-LGBTQ students (26%). Most LGBTQ students (64%) felt unsafe at school. 2) An internet survey of over 7,900 individuals found that 42% reported being bullied, mostly through verbal abuse. Bullied individuals faced greater risks of mental health issues like suicidal thoughts, depression, and career impacts. Gay men reported higher rates of bullying than men who have sex with men. The findings suggest bullying disproportionately affects LGBTQ individuals and can
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10 trussler
- 1. Bullying, Mental Health & Sex Wars ^Gender
- 2. National School Survey “hostile school climate widespread” verbal harassment: 74% trans students 55% sexual minority students 26% non LGBTQ students 64% LGBTQ feel unsafe at school EGALE 2011
- 3. Bullying in Sex Now
- 5. Sample age Mean = 43 <25 9.6% 25-29 10.1% 30-39 18.8% 40-59 50.6% 60+ 10.9% 1,523 <30
- 6. Bullying in Sex Now anti gay verbal & physical violence (lifetime) 42.2% / 7,908 bullied 72% verbal only 38% physical & verbal
- 7. Age Factor 60 50 40 Suicidal Bullied 30 >25% Sad 20 >25% Lonely Career 10 0 >25 25-29 30-39 40-59 60+
- 8. Mental Health Effects Bullied Not Bullied OR MH Care 65.4% 40.4% 2.673 Suicidal 64.2% 34.2% 3.487 Depression Care 40.6% 20.9% 2.586 >25% Sad 43.2% 31.2% 1.674 Career Impacted 39.6% 9.9% 5.323 Unwanted Sex 34.5% 17.3% 2.518 Substance Care 6.1% 3.2% 1.970
- 9. Career Impact Bullied 73.1% 33.9% 5.323 Impacted No Impact OR News Sensitive 83.4% 67.0% 2.477 Suicidal 70.1% 40.0% 3.733 MH Care 68.7% 46.8% 2.491 >25% Sad 50.3% 32.5% 2.009 Depression Care 46.2% 24.7% 2.621
- 10. In-Gender Comparison Single & Male Partnered VS Female Partnered Gay 6303 81% MSM 1490 19%
- 11. Disparities Gay MSM OR Bullied 49.8% 10.7% 8.279 Suicidal 50.7% 30.1% 2.391 MH Care 54.8% 37.7% 2.002 Depression 31.9% 18.2% 2.082
- 12. Discussion
- 13. Observations Bullying research commonly neglects sexual orientation Yet, LGBT over represented among bullied Intersecting oppressions: race, ethnicity, class, gender, new comers, disabilities…
- 14. Lit links Journal of Gay and Lesbian Social Services, Vol. 19, No.3/4, 2007, pp. 9-29 Traversing the Margins: Intersectionalities in the Bullying of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual & Transgender Youth Andrea Daley, Steven Solomon, Peter Newman, Faye Mishma: School of Social Work University of Toronto
- 15. Qualitative findings Bullying triggered by gender norm transgressions i.e., figure skating v hockey “stereotypically gay” “soft, shy, smart” targets Means “Insufficient commitment to masculinity”
- 16. Lit Links Social Science & Medicine, Vol. 50, 2000, pp. 1385-1401 Constructions of masculinity and their influence on men’s well being: a theory of gender and health Will H. Courtnay
- 18. Sex Now 2011
Editor's Notes
- I was talking with my mother in September. She’d been ‘back to school’ shopping for my 17 year old nephew – looking for a sturdy backpack. “He doesn’t have a locker you know…” Oh? Why not?, I asked. “Well you know… the bullies would know where to find him.” Had to get him a new one mid-term last year because someone threw it down a stairwell and it split apart…”
- We are living in an unprecedented time.. Sexual images, options and possibilities are more accessible than ever before. Millions of people are experimenting with their sexual lives as never before. And yet intense hostilities over sexuality are “present” in mainstream media as never before: antigay marriage, global priest scandals, international child-porn arrests. Sexuality is one of the most charged battle grounds of the 21st century so were told.
- Given the complex intersections of politics, economics, religion, war and technology, we undertook a closer look at antigay bullying as we found it in our most recent national survey of sex between men on the Internet -- Sex Now 2010.
- Sex Now 2010 was originally conducted as a feasibility study for a future national survey of gay men’s health determinants – our current survey Sex Now 2011. Recruitment was so unexpectedly successful that we actually achieved an unprecedented sample of Canadian men.
- The mean sample age was older than previous surveys yet we still had respectable numbers of men under 30: 1,523 in all.
- Bullying is described as verbal and physical violence in the literature. In the survey we asked “Have you ever experienced anti gay violence: verbal, physical or both? These results show that a large proportion of the sample reported bullying somewhere in their life. You might say that evidence shows that a 58% majority have not suffered direct bullying though we know of course that many forms of indirect bullying sometimes called soft homophobia are not adequately accounted for in these data. We also note that most bullying involves verbal violence. What health outcomes might we expect to see from “a little” verbal violence?
- We looked at a number of potential indicators of marginalization beyond bullying: suicidal thoughts and acts, extent of sadness and loneliness, career impact and unwanted sex. Most of these rates declined with age. Since we’re looking at lifetime reports, the lines are showing us historic trends. Reversing the age groups would indicate the rising tension of these unprecedented times in the history of sexuality: affecting youth with at least twice the force as older men experienced when they were young.
- We used logistic regression analysis to estimate the effect of bullying on mental health. This table compares those who were bullied against those not. As shown here 65% of those bullied end up in mental health care compared with 40% who’ve had mental health care even though never bullied. Sexual minority stress can get you there without direct bullying BUT as Odds Ratios show bullying increases the likelihood by 2.7 (almost 3) times. Bullying increases suicidality by 3.5 times depression care by 2.5 times. Bullying affected most other mental wellness indicators we looked at. Career impact was striking: Bullying predicts more than 5 times the likelihood of negative career effects. This is troubling because it suggests long term impact extending over a lifetime.
- Looking at this another way, we compared those whose career was impacted by anti gay discrimination against those not. We saw by this analysis that 73% of the career impacted had been bullied sometime in their lives. Career impacted men showed 2.5 times more homo-negative news sensitivity compared with other men and almost 4 times the suicidality; 70% of the career impacted group reported suicidality.
- Our main interest with undertaking a national survey of sex between men was to investigate gay men’s health determinants. Research on determinants is normally conducted with whole population samples where sub-populations are compared for equity. We don’t have a population sample. All men would have had to have been eligible for the survey. Albeit a large national sample, we’ve only surveyed men seeking sex with other men. Some research, notably by David Brennan and team @ UoT has used the Canadian Community Health Survey to conduct equity analysis between gay, bisexual and heterosexual men. But only 536 gay men and 300 bisexual men were captured in the survey and compared with 49,065 heterosexual men on a limited range of chronic disease outcomes. Sex Now offers the experience of a lot more men from across Canada on a broad range of sexuality relevant questions. Prompted by our readings of current literature on sexuality, gender and health we divided the sample by the presence or absence of women in men’s primary relationships.
- We have been working with these data for a year now in logistic regression models. MSM – men who have sex with men who don’t identify as gay – have turned out to be a significantly different group from gay men in terms of social inequity and health disparities. In this table we see that half of gay men have been targets of bullying compared with only 11% of MSM -- an 8 fold difference in the likelihood of being bullied – 2.4 times the likelihood of sucidality. Further analysis has shown that being partnered with a woman significantly increases income and living standards, insulates from marginalization, and improves mental and sexual health outcomes.
- The survey has some limitations – internet sample bias., the main one. Nevertheless, these findings have fascinated us over the last year. Even so the numbers don’t tell the complete story -- their interpretation needs to be contextualized. As Richard Parker observes we are living in an explosion of scholarship on sexuality, health and rights since Derrida, Foucault and Mann…
- Here we find another paradox for sexual rights – the existence of research on bullying that takes no account of sexual orientation and yet LGBT are many times over represented. In our data the likelihood being bullied for a gay man was 8 times more likely than married men ( who also have sex with men).
- Closer to home, this study of teen health workers’ experience with bullying in Toronto contributed important ideas for interpreting results we found in Sex Now…
- Their findings do seem to trouble the notion that sexual orientation is sole leaven of bullying. More likely status negotiation in the gender hierarchy somewhere in the intersection of sexuality and gender.
- This leaves us with a dilemma for sexual rights. If sexual rights are to bring us to equity of sexual expression we have to wonder about gender status in relation to bullying. Status negotiations are a constant reality of masculine hierarchy -- a sexual battleground that has taken shape in our high schools where gender warfare is being conducted with words… and the victims kill themselves. Will it ever end?
- Rick Mercer expressed what needs to happen best…
- What we know about school based bullying comes from captive populations that are relatively easy to survey. We’re interested in what happens to those bullied at school in later life. But that leaves one extremely important social environment almost completely unstudied – the workplace. In our latest version of the Sex Now survey which is currently in recruitment we’ve taken special interest in sexuality and gender status in the Canadian workplace and its impact on careers and health outcomes.