The document provides a history of the Tuscarora people before and after European contact. It discusses their origins and migration to North Carolina after 1000 AD. It details their clan system and territories before contact. It then outlines European exploration of North America starting in 1492 and their first interactions with the Tuscarora in North Carolina in the 1500s. It describes how the Tuscarora absorbed Europeans, Africans, and other indigenous people in their territory from 1586-1619. The document concludes by discussing the divide between Northeastern and Southeastern Native American groups and the Tuscarora War from 1607-1713.

1. North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University
TuscaroraTuscarora
andand
Indian Woods HistoryIndian Woods History
Department of HistoryDepartment of History

2. The Tuscarora of North Carolina:The Tuscarora of North Carolina:
A Brief History Before Contact WithA Brief History Before Contact With
EuropeansEuropeans

3. The PeaceThe Peace
Maker and theMaker and the
and Tuscaroraand Tuscarora
Migration toMigration to
North CarolinaNorth Carolina

4. After 1,000 AD they moved east and separatedAfter 1,000 AD they moved east and separated
into what became known as the Six Nations orinto what became known as the Six Nations or
Iroquois Confederacy.Iroquois Confederacy.
Six Nations:
1. Mohawk
2. Oneida
3. Onondaga
4. Cayuga
5. Seneca
6. Tuscarora
and their allies

7. TuscaroraTuscarora
NationNation
ClansClans
BeforeBefore
ContactContact
Turtle ClanTurtle Clan
Deer ClanDeer ClanBear ClanBear Clan
Eel ClanEel Clan
Beaver ClanBeaver Clan
Snipe ClanSnipe Clan
Wolf ClanWolf Clan
Big Northern CitiesBig Northern Cities

8. By 1500 theBy 1500 the
Tuscarora wereTuscarora were
living in easternliving in eastern
North CarolinaNorth Carolina
and trading goodsand trading goods
such assuch as
“seashells” as far“seashells” as far
north as Canada,north as Canada,
West as KentuckyWest as Kentucky
and Tennesseeand Tennessee
and south asand south as
Georgia.Georgia.

9. The TuscaroraThe Tuscarora
and First Contact With Europeansand First Contact With Europeans
1492 - 17111492 - 1711

10. Portuguese,Portuguese,
French, Dutch,French, Dutch,
Swedes andSwedes and
EnglishEnglish
in thein the
NortheasternNortheastern
WoodlandsWoodlands

11. First Explorers in the AmericasFirst Explorers in the Americas
1494 to 15681494 to 1568
 Christopher ColumbusChristopher Columbus -1492 Caribbean-1492 Caribbean
 Giovanni CabotoGiovanni Caboto -1497 Newfoundland-1497 Newfoundland
 Amerigo VespucciAmerigo Vespucci -1499-1501 E. South America-1499-1501 E. South America
 Pedro Alvarez CabralPedro Alvarez Cabral -1500 Brazil-1500 Brazil
 Vasco Nunez de BalboaVasco Nunez de Balboa -1513 Isthmus of Panama-1513 Isthmus of Panama
 Juan Ponce de LeonJuan Ponce de Leon -1513 Puerto Rico and Florida-1513 Puerto Rico and Florida
 Ferdinand MagellanFerdinand Magellan -1519-1522 Brazil E. South America-1519-1522 Brazil E. South America
 Hernando CortesHernando Cortes -1519-1536 Mexico, California-1519-1536 Mexico, California
 Giovannida VerrazanoGiovannida Verrazano -1524 NE North America-1524 NE North America
 Panfilo de NarvaezPanfilo de Narvaez -1528 Gulf of Mexico-1528 Gulf of Mexico
 Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Caca -1528-1536 Texas, New Mexico,Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Caca -1528-1536 Texas, New Mexico,
MexicoMexico

12. First Explorers in the AmericasFirst Explorers in the Americas
1531 to 1568 Continued1531 to 1568 Continued
 Francisco PizarroFrancisco Pizarro -1531-1535 Western South America-1531-1535 Western South America
 Jacques CartierJacques Cartier -1534-1541 Eastern Canada-1534-1541 Eastern Canada
 Hernando de SotoHernando de Soto -1539-1542 SE. North America-1539-1542 SE. North America
 Francisco Vasquez de Coronado -1540-1542 SW NorthFrancisco Vasquez de Coronado -1540-1542 SW North
AmericaAmerica
 Juan Rodriguez CabrilloJuan Rodriguez Cabrillo -1542 California-1542 California
 LunaLuna -1560 SE North America-1560 SE North America
 Juan PardoJuan Pardo -1566- 1568 SE North America-1566- 1568 SE North America

14. North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University

15. FrenchFrench
Map ofMap of
NortheastNortheast
in 1660in 1660
mapmap

16. 1646 French1646 French
map ofmap of
AtlanticAtlantic
coastcoast

17. French Map of Native Americans of the OhioFrench Map of Native Americans of the Ohio
Valley 1632Valley 1632

18. French MapFrench Map
from 1646from 1646

19. North Carolina – the firstNorth Carolina – the first
area the English attemptedarea the English attempted
to settleto settle
The first area the EnglishThe first area the English
introduced Whites (1587)introduced Whites (1587)
and Africans (1586)and Africans (1586) 3333
years before Africans areyears before Africans are
introduced intointroduced into
Jamestown, Virginia inJamestown, Virginia in
(1619)(1619)
Both Africans andBoth Africans and
Whites merged with theWhites merged with the
Coastal Indians and theCoastal Indians and the
Tuscarora to create someTuscarora to create some
of the first mixed-raceof the first mixed-race
people in North Americapeople in North America
between 1586 and 1619between 1586 and 1619

21. Lane’s Exploration of “Virginia” for the English 1584-1586

22. Lane’s Exploration of “Virginia” for the English 1584-1586

23. Lane’s Exploration of “Virginia” for the English 1584-1586

24. Lane’s Exploration of
“Virginia” for the
English 1584-1586. He
spreads disease and
death through costal
North Carolina,

26. In 1586 Sir Francis Drake releases over 300 African Maroon soldiers on
Roanoke Island 33 years before the arrival of Africans to Jamestown,
Virginia in 1619. These Maroons most likely created Maroon Communities
or were absorbed by the coastal Algonquian Indians and latter the
Tuscarora 1 year before the “Lost Colony” in 1587.

27. Depiction of Tuscarora Attack on Ralph Lane’s Expedition on the Roanoke River
in 1586.

31. Lane’s Exploration of “Virginia” for the English 1584-1586. He
spreads disease and death through costal North Carolina,

32.  II. North Carolina Nations. North Carolina Nations
– Eastern North Carolina Coastal Nations at first contactEastern North Carolina Coastal Nations at first contact
 -the Poteskeet (northeastern North Carolina)-the Poteskeet (northeastern North Carolina)
-the Pasquatank (northeastern North Carolina)-the Pasquatank (northeastern North Carolina)
-the Yeopim or Weapemoc (northeastern North Carolina)-the Yeopim or Weapemoc (northeastern North Carolina)
-the Chowan or Chowanoc (northeastern North Carolina)-the Chowan or Chowanoc (northeastern North Carolina)
-the Roanoke or Roanoac (northeastern North Carolina)-the Roanoke or Roanoac (northeastern North Carolina)
-the Moratoc (northeastern North Carolina)-the Moratoc (northeastern North Carolina)
-the Hatteras or Croatoan (southeastern outer banks)-the Hatteras or Croatoan (southeastern outer banks)
-the Pamlico or Pomuik (southeastern North Carolina-the Pamlico or Pomuik (southeastern North Carolina
-the Neuse or Neusico (southeastern North Carolina)-the Neuse or Neusico (southeastern North Carolina)
-the Coree, (southeastern outer banks)-the Coree, (southeastern outer banks)
-the Woccon, (southeastern outer banks)-the Woccon, (southeastern outer banks)
-the- Cape Fear (southeastern outer banks)-the- Cape Fear (southeastern outer banks)
-the Machapunga and Mattamuskeet (African mix) (Secotan)-the Machapunga and Mattamuskeet (African mix) (Secotan)
-the Bear (Bay) River Indian (African mix) (Pomuik)-the Bear (Bay) River Indian (African mix) (Pomuik)
-the Lumbee Indians (Tuscarora and African mix)-the Lumbee Indians (Tuscarora and African mix)

33.  II. The English Establishment of theII. The English Establishment of the Southern ColoniesSouthern Colonies andand
Challenges to the English in the region 1584 to 1660Challenges to the English in the region 1584 to 1660
Virginia NationsVirginia Nations
 -the Powhattan Confederation (southeastern VA)-the Powhattan Confederation (southeastern VA)
-the Matiponi (northern tidewater)-the Matiponi (northern tidewater)
-the Pamunkey (northern tidewater)-the Pamunkey (northern tidewater)
 -the Nottoway (southeastern coastal plains)-the Nottoway (southeastern coastal plains)
 -the Meherrin (southern eastern coastal plains)-the Meherrin (southern eastern coastal plains)
 -the Monacan (central Piedmont)-the Monacan (central Piedmont)
-the Cherokee (southwestern corner)-the Cherokee (southwestern corner)
-the Tutelo-Saponi (central Piedmont)-the Tutelo-Saponi (central Piedmont)
-the Saponi (northern Piedmont)-the Saponi (northern Piedmont)
-the Occaneechi (southern Piedmont)-the Occaneechi (southern Piedmont)
-the Nahyssan (central Piedmont)-the Nahyssan (central Piedmont)
-the Manahoac (northern Piedmont)-the Manahoac (northern Piedmont)

34.  I. North Carolina Nations continuedI. North Carolina Nations continued
– North Carolina Piedmont Nations at first contactNorth Carolina Piedmont Nations at first contact
 -the Upper and Lower Tuscarora (costal plains)-the Upper and Lower Tuscarora (costal plains)
-the Shakori or Saura (northern Piedmont)-the Shakori or Saura (northern Piedmont)
-the Occaneechi (northern Piedmont)-the Occaneechi (northern Piedmont)
-the Keyauwee (central Piedmont)-the Keyauwee (central Piedmont)
-the Sissipahaw (central Piedmont)-the Sissipahaw (central Piedmont)
-the Eno (central Piedmont)-the Eno (central Piedmont)
-the Haliwia (central Piedmont)-the Haliwia (central Piedmont)
-the Saponi (central Piedmont)-the Saponi (central Piedmont)
-the Tuetlos (northern Piedmont)-the Tuetlos (northern Piedmont)
-the Waxhaw (southern Piedmont)-the Waxhaw (southern Piedmont)
-the Peedee (southern Piedmont)-the Peedee (southern Piedmont)
-the Waccamaw (southeast coastal Plains)-the Waccamaw (southeast coastal Plains)
– North Carolina Mountain NationsNorth Carolina Mountain Nations
-the Eastern Band Cherokee (southwestern mountains)-the Eastern Band Cherokee (southwestern mountains)
-the Catawba (southwestern Piedmont)-the Catawba (southwestern Piedmont)

35. English map of Virginia 1677English map of Virginia 1677

36. Map of Virginia (North Carolina) in 1630 Spanish and EnglishMap of Virginia (North Carolina) in 1630 Spanish and English
diseases have impacted region by the 1600s.diseases have impacted region by the 1600s.

38. 1636 map of English Colonies on Atlantic1636 map of English Colonies on Atlantic
CoastCoast

39. North Carolina – the firstNorth Carolina – the first
area the English attemptedarea the English attempted
to settleto settle
The first area the EnglishThe first area the English
introduced Whites (1587)introduced Whites (1587)
and Africans (1586)and Africans (1586) 3333
years before Africans areyears before Africans are
introduced intointroduced into
Jamestown, Virginia inJamestown, Virginia in
(1619)(1619)
Both Africans andBoth Africans and
Whites merged with theWhites merged with the
Coastal Indians and theCoastal Indians and the
Tuscarora to create someTuscarora to create some
of the first mixed-raceof the first mixed-race
people in North Americapeople in North America
between 1586 and 1619between 1586 and 1619

40. By 1500 theBy 1500 the
Tuscarora wereTuscarora were
living in easternliving in eastern
North CarolinaNorth Carolina
and trading goodsand trading goods
such assuch as
“seashells” as far“seashells” as far
north as Canada,north as Canada,
West as KentuckyWest as Kentucky
and Tennesseeand Tennessee
and south asand south as
Georgia.Georgia.

41.  The Tuscarora of North Carolina absorbed Whites, BlacksThe Tuscarora of North Carolina absorbed Whites, Blacks
and Coastal Native Americans (reduced by disease and war)and Coastal Native Americans (reduced by disease and war)
from 1586 to 1619.from 1586 to 1619.
TuscaroraTuscarora
CoastalCoastal
NativeNative
AmericansAmericans
absorbedabsorbed
AfricansAfricans
absorbedabsorbed
Poor WhitesPoor Whites
absorbedabsorbed

43. In 1586 Sir Francis Drake releases over 300 African Maroon soldiers on
Roanoke Island 33 years before the arrival of Africans to Jamestown,
Virginia in 1619. These Maroons most likely created Maroon Communities
or were absorbed by the coastal Algonquian Indians and latter the
Tuscarora 1 year before the “Lost Colony” in 1587.

44.  The Tuscarora absorbed the Africans, Whites andThe Tuscarora absorbed the Africans, Whites and
others Native Americans reduced by disease and warothers Native Americans reduced by disease and war
with the English.with the English.

45. Mixed-Race Indians ofMixed-Race Indians of
North Carolina andNorth Carolina and
Virginia 1587 to 1711Virginia 1587 to 1711
1. Machpunga, NC1. Machpunga, NC
2. Bear River, NC2. Bear River, NC
3. Matemeskett, NC3. Matemeskett, NC
4. Chowanoc, NC4. Chowanoc, NC
5. Yeopim, NC5. Yeopim, NC
6. Hatteras, NC6. Hatteras, NC
7. Coree, NC7. Coree, NC
8. Neuse, NC8. Neuse, NC
9. Pamlico, NC9. Pamlico, NC
10. Tuscarora, NC10. Tuscarora, NC
11. Meherrin, VA11. Meherrin, VA
12. Nottoway, VA12. Nottoway, VA
13. Nanticoke, VA13. Nanticoke, VA
14. Delaware, VA14. Delaware, VA

50. The Divide between the NortheasternThe Divide between the Northeastern
and Southeastern Indian Nationsand Southeastern Indian Nations
and the Tuscarora War 1607 to 1713and the Tuscarora War 1607 to 1713

51. The
Northeastern Woodland Nations:
The Iroquois Confederacy:
Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga,
Cayuga, Seneca and Tuscarora
Along with the Meherrins,
Nottaway, Monacans
_____________________
The
Southeastern Woodland Nations:
(or Five Civilized Tribes)
Cherokee, Creek, Chickasaw,
Choctaw, Seminole
Along with the Yamasee and
Catawba

54. English Movement into Indian LandsEnglish Movement into Indian Lands
in Virginia and the Carolinasin Virginia and the Carolinas

55. North Carolina and VirginiaNorth Carolina and Virginia
Mixed-Race Peoples, 1619 - 1711Mixed-Race Peoples, 1619 - 1711
 VA and NC Settlements and PlantationsVA and NC Settlements and Plantations
– Indentured Servants and SlavesIndentured Servants and Slaves
– WhitesWhites
– BlacksBlacks
– IndiansIndians
 VA and NC Swamps (Great Dismal and Alligator)VA and NC Swamps (Great Dismal and Alligator)
– Maroons and Mixed Indians (runaway slaves)Maroons and Mixed Indians (runaway slaves)
– WhitesWhites
– BlacksBlacks
– IndiansIndians
 Frontier SettlementsFrontier Settlements
– Free Blacks, Poor Whites and IndiansFree Blacks, Poor Whites and Indians
– White and Black TradersWhite and Black Traders
– Runaway SlavesRunaway Slaves
 Native Nations contain Mixed-Race People (Indian, Black and White heritage)Native Nations contain Mixed-Race People (Indian, Black and White heritage)

56. I. The Growth of English North AmericanI. The Growth of English North American
Indian Slavery 1664 to 1670Indian Slavery 1664 to 1670
A. 1662 - The children followed the condition of theirA. 1662 - The children followed the condition of their
mother who were enslaved for lifemother who were enslaved for life
B. 1664 – All slaves serve for life; that is, slavery isB. 1664 – All slaves serve for life; that is, slavery is
defined as a lifelong condition (Maryland)defined as a lifelong condition (Maryland)
C. 1664 – Interracial marriage banned; any free womanC. 1664 – Interracial marriage banned; any free woman
who marries a slave will serve that slave’swho marries a slave will serve that slave’s
master until her husband dies, and theirmaster until her husband dies, and their children willchildren will
be enslaved (Maryland)be enslaved (Maryland)
D. 1667 - Slaves could be baptized without being set freeD. 1667 - Slaves could be baptized without being set free
E. 1669 – No punishment is given if punished slave diesE. 1669 – No punishment is given if punished slave dies
F. 1670 – Free Blacks and Indians are not allowed toF. 1670 – Free Blacks and Indians are not allowed to
purchase Christian indentured servants.purchase Christian indentured servants.

57. II. The Growth of English North AmericanII. The Growth of English North American
Indian Slavery 1680 to 1691Indian Slavery 1680 to 1691
A. 1670 – Indians captured elsewhere and sold as slavesA. 1670 – Indians captured elsewhere and sold as slaves
to Virginia are to serve for life; thoseto Virginia are to serve for life; those
captured in Virginia, until the age of 30, ifcaptured in Virginia, until the age of 30, if
children, or for 12 years, if grownchildren, or for 12 years, if grown
B. 1680 – In order to prevent “Negro Insurrections” : NoB. 1680 – In order to prevent “Negro Insurrections” : No
Slave may carry arms or weapons; no slaveSlave may carry arms or weapons; no slave
may leave his or her master without writtenmay leave his or her master without written
permissions; any slave who “lifts up his hand”permissions; any slave who “lifts up his hand”
against a Christian will receive thirty lashes;against a Christian will receive thirty lashes; anyany
slave who runs away and resists arrestslave who runs away and resists arrest maybemaybe
killed lawfullykilled lawfully
C. 1682 – All servants who were “Negroes, Moors,C. 1682 – All servants who were “Negroes, Moors,
Mulattoes or Indians” were to be consideredMulattoes or Indians” were to be considered
slaves at the time of their purchase if neitherslaves at the time of their purchase if neither
their parents nor country were Christiantheir parents nor country were Christian

59.  The English in theThe English in the
Southeast:Southeast:
1. Maryland1. Maryland
2. Delaware2. Delaware
3. Virginia3. Virginia
4. North Carolina4. North Carolina
5. South Carolina5. South Carolina
6. Georgia6. Georgia

61. By 1710 large numbers of Tuscarora from eastern North Carolina
and southeastern Virginia were being kidnapped and sold into
slavery as part of the notorious “Native American Slave Trade.”
This was one of the major causes of the Tuscarora War - one of the
bloodiest wars in Colonial American History (1711 to 1713).

62. The Tuscarora “War Council" at the start of the war. Although
only one African is pictured here there were actually two. Both were
released and given their freedom. One joined with the Tuscarora
during the war and the other returned to whites after the war.

63. Tuscarora War, 1711-1713.

64. The Tuscarora “War Council" at the start of the war. Although
only one African is pictured here there were actually two. Both were
released and given their freedom. One joined with the Tuscarora
during the war and the other returned to whites after the war.

65. The Tuscarora defeat at “Fort Neyuheruke” in 1713
Cherokees, Creeks, Catawba, Yamasee and colonists killed one-third
of the Nation, and took one-third as slaves. Hundreds of
Tuscarora were killed and burned alive in the fort.

66. Lands Conquered by the Iroquois ConfederacyLands Conquered by the Iroquois Confederacy
with Dutch and English guns 1609 to 1701with Dutch and English guns 1609 to 1701

67. Map of Iroquois Empire in 1701-MapMap of Iroquois Empire in 1701-Map
made 1747made 1747

68. Cherokee Retreat from SixCherokee Retreat from Six
NationsNations

69. Many of the Tuscarora settled among the Five nations and their
Allies in the Ohio Valley between 1713 to 1762 they became
the Sixth Nation of the “Iroquois Confederacy.” The most powerful
Native Alliance in the history of North America.

71. The Tuscarora as the Sixth Nation of The Iroquois Confederacy.
1722 to 1763

72. Lands Conquered by the Iroquois ConfederacyLands Conquered by the Iroquois Confederacy
with Dutch and English guns 1609 to 1701with Dutch and English guns 1609 to 1701

74. The
Northeastern Woodland Nations:
The Iroquois Confederacy:
Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga,
Cayuga, Seneca and Tuscarora
Along with the Meherrins,
Nottaway, Monacans
_____________________
The
Southeastern Woodland Nations:
(or Five Civilized Tribes)
Cherokee, Creek, Chickasaw,
Choctaw, Seminole
Along with the Yamasee and
Catawba

75. Mixed-Race Indians ofMixed-Race Indians of
North Carolina andNorth Carolina and
Virginia 1587 to 1711Virginia 1587 to 1711
1. Machpunga, NC1. Machpunga, NC
2. Bear River, NC2. Bear River, NC
3. Matemeskett, NC3. Matemeskett, NC
4. Chowanoc, NC4. Chowanoc, NC
5. Yeopim, NC5. Yeopim, NC
6. Hatteras, NC6. Hatteras, NC
7. Coree, NC7. Coree, NC
8. Neuse, NC8. Neuse, NC
9. Pamlico, NC9. Pamlico, NC
10. Tuscarora, NC10. Tuscarora, NC
11. Meherrin, VA11. Meherrin, VA
12. Nottoway, VA12. Nottoway, VA
13. Nanticoke, VA13. Nanticoke, VA
14. Delaware, VA14. Delaware, VA

76. I. The Growth of Mixed Race Peoples and SlaveryI. The Growth of Mixed Race Peoples and Slavery
in English North America 1619 to 1723in English North America 1619 to 1723
A. 1619 - First Africans arrive as indentured servants inA. 1619 - First Africans arrive as indentured servants in
Jamestown, VAJamestown, VA
B. 1640 - Distinctions made between African and WhiteB. 1640 - Distinctions made between African and White
indentured servantsindentured servants
C. 1640 - Masters are required to arm everyone in theirC. 1640 - Masters are required to arm everyone in their
households except Africanshouseholds except Africans
D. 1660 - Africans were routinely enslaved for life inD. 1660 - Africans were routinely enslaved for life in
coloniescolonies
E. 1662 - The children followed the condition of theirE. 1662 - The children followed the condition of their
mother who were enslaved for lifemother who were enslaved for life
F. 1662 - Double fine charged for any Christian whoF. 1662 - Double fine charged for any Christian who
commits fornication with an Africancommits fornication with an African

77. G. 1664 – All slaves serve for life; that is, slavery isG. 1664 – All slaves serve for life; that is, slavery is
defined as a lifelong condition (Maryland)defined as a lifelong condition (Maryland)
H. 1664 – Interracial marriage banned; any free womanH. 1664 – Interracial marriage banned; any free woman
who marries a slave will serve that slave’swho marries a slave will serve that slave’s
master until her husband dies, and theirmaster until her husband dies, and their
children will be enslaved (Maryland)children will be enslaved (Maryland)
I. 1670 – Free Blacks and Indians are not allowed toI. 1670 – Free Blacks and Indians are not allowed to
purchase Christian indentured servants.purchase Christian indentured servants.
J. 1670 – Indians captured elsewhere and sold as slavesJ. 1670 – Indians captured elsewhere and sold as slaves
to Virginia are to serve for life; thoseto Virginia are to serve for life; those
captured in Virginia, until the age of 30, ifcaptured in Virginia, until the age of 30, if
children, or for 12 years, if grownchildren, or for 12 years, if grown

78. I. The Growth of Mixed Race Peoples and SlaveryI. The Growth of Mixed Race Peoples and Slavery
in English North America 1619 to 1723in English North America 1619 to 1723
A. 1619 - First Africans arrive as indentured servants inA. 1619 - First Africans arrive as indentured servants in
Jamestown, VAJamestown, VA
B. 1640 - Distinctions made between African and WhiteB. 1640 - Distinctions made between African and White
indentured servantsindentured servants
C. 1640 - Masters are required to arm everyone in theirC. 1640 - Masters are required to arm everyone in their
households except Africanshouseholds except Africans
D. 1660 - Africans were routinely enslaved for life inD. 1660 - Africans were routinely enslaved for life in
coloniescolonies
E. 1662 - The children followed the condition of theirE. 1662 - The children followed the condition of their
mother who were enslaved for lifemother who were enslaved for life
F. 1662 - Double fine charged for any Christian whoF. 1662 - Double fine charged for any Christian who
commits fornication with an Africancommits fornication with an African

81. The Enslavement of Women andThe Enslavement of Women and
Children and the Origins of theChildren and the Origins of the
Tuscarora WarTuscarora War
1711-17131711-1713

84. -South Carolina Nations-South Carolina Nations
 -the Waccamaw (northeastern South Carolina)-the Waccamaw (northeastern South Carolina)
-the Santee (northeastern South Carolina)-the Santee (northeastern South Carolina)
-the Seewee (northeastern South Carolina)-the Seewee (northeastern South Carolina)
-the Wando (eastern South Carolina)-the Wando (eastern South Carolina)
-the Stono (south eastern South Carolina)-the Stono (south eastern South Carolina)
-the Combahee (south eastern South Carolina)-the Combahee (south eastern South Carolina)
-the Yamasee (south eastern South Carolina)-the Yamasee (south eastern South Carolina)
-the Cusso (southern South Carolina)-the Cusso (southern South Carolina)
-the Westo (southern South Carolina)-the Westo (southern South Carolina)
-the Ashepoo (south eastern South Carolina)-the Ashepoo (south eastern South Carolina)
-the Edisto (south eastern South Carolina)-the Edisto (south eastern South Carolina)
-the Kiawah (eastern South Carolina)-the Kiawah (eastern South Carolina)
-the Peedee (northeastern South Carolina)-the Peedee (northeastern South Carolina)
-the Cheraw (northern South Carolina)-the Cheraw (northern South Carolina)
-the Waxhaw (northern South Carolina)-the Waxhaw (northern South Carolina)
-the Wateree (central South Carolina)-the Wateree (central South Carolina)
-the Congaree (central South Carolina)-the Congaree (central South Carolina)

87. Many of the Tuscarora settled among the Five nations and their
Allies in the Ohio Valley between 1713 to 1762 they became
the Sixth Nation of the “Iroquois Confederacy.” The most powerful
Native Alliance in the history of North America.

88. Chiefs of the Six NationsChiefs of the Six Nations

91. Large numbers of Tuscarora from eastern North Carolina and
southeastern Virginia were also kidnapped and sold into slavery as
part of the notorious “Native American Slave Trade.” This was one
of the major causes of the Tuscarora War one of the bloodiest in
Colonial American History it lasted from 1711 to 1713.

93. The Expansion of White settlements in
Eastern North Carolina following the Tuscarora War.

94. In 1715 the
Tuscarora were
pushed out of Eastern
North Carolina and
into the Piedmont and
Mountains of Virginia
and North Carolina
when North Carolina
ordered:
“the entire
destruction of ye said
nation of Indians as if
there had never been
a peace made with
them.”
Enslavement and
slaughter followed.

95. After the Tuscarora War in
1715 the Tuscarora were
forced to leave Eastern
North Carolina or be killed
or enslaved.
Many Settled in the
Piedmont of
North Carolina, Virginia
and Maryland until 1722.
Others settled in
Pennsylvania, New York,
New Jersey, Ohio,
Louisiana and Canada.
They would later move to
West Virginia, Ohio,
Kentucky, Illinois and
Oklahoma.

96. The Tuscarora established
communities from South Carolina
to Canada that harbored runaway
slaves and helped smuggle African,
Indian and Mixed slaves out of
Virginia and the Carolinas.
The Five Nations Noted after the
war that the Tuscarora were
scattered :
“like smoke in the wind.“

97. Tuscarora Present Wampum Belt toTuscarora Present Wampum Belt to
“Five Nations” and Become“Five Nations” and Become
the “Sixth Nation” of thethe “Sixth Nation” of the
Iroquois ConfederacyIroquois Confederacy

98. II. The Growth of English North American SlaveryII. The Growth of English North American Slavery
1705 to 17231705 to 1723
A. 1705 – Mulatto is defined as “the child of an Indian,A. 1705 – Mulatto is defined as “the child of an Indian,
the child, grandchild, or great grandchild of athe child, grandchild, or great grandchild of a
negro”negro”
B. 1705 – Africans, mulattoes, and Indians areB. 1705 – Africans, mulattoes, and Indians are
prohibited from holding office or giving grandprohibited from holding office or giving grand
jury testimonyjury testimony
C. 1705 – Slaves are forbidden to own livestockC. 1705 – Slaves are forbidden to own livestock
D. 1711-1713 –The Tuscarora War & their enslavementD. 1711-1713 –The Tuscarora War & their enslavement
E. 1722 – William Byrd draws dividing line between VA &E. 1722 – William Byrd draws dividing line between VA &
NC separating Northeastern Indians fromNC separating Northeastern Indians from
Southeastern IndiansSoutheastern Indians

99. North Carolina and VirginiaNorth Carolina and Virginia
Tuscarora, 1715 - 1722Tuscarora, 1715 - 1722
 VA and NC Settlements and PlantationsVA and NC Settlements and Plantations
– Used Tuscarora as SlavesUsed Tuscarora as Slaves
 VA and NC Swamps (Great Dismal and Alligator)VA and NC Swamps (Great Dismal and Alligator)
– Tuscarora settle with Maroons (run away slaves) and MixedTuscarora settle with Maroons (run away slaves) and Mixed
Indians in swamps and mountains (Mingos)Indians in swamps and mountains (Mingos)
 VA and NC Frontier SettlementsVA and NC Frontier Settlements
– Tuscarora settle with other Indians, Free Blacks and WhiteTuscarora settle with other Indians, Free Blacks and White
Traders and settlersTraders and settlers
 NC and VA Native NationsNC and VA Native Nations
– Tuscarora settle with Five Nations (Mohawk, Oneida,Tuscarora settle with Five Nations (Mohawk, Oneida,
Onondagas, Cayuga and Seneca) and their allies (Delaware,Onondagas, Cayuga and Seneca) and their allies (Delaware,
Shawnee, Nanticoke, Mingo, Monacan)Shawnee, Nanticoke, Mingo, Monacan)

101. NativeNative
AmericanAmerican
and Whites.and Whites.
Tuscarora Were Taken as Slaves
by Indians and Whites
1711 to 1713
Cherokees
Tuscarora Diaspora
Creeks
Yamasee
Catawbas
White Slavers
SC, NC & VA
Many scatted into the Swamps of eastern North Carolina and the Piedmont
of North Carolina, Virginia and Maryland Others enslaved

103. NativeNative
AmericanAmerican
and Whites.and Whites.
The Tuscarora Settle Among and Mix with all of the
Five Nations and their Allies
1713 to 1722
Seneca
Tuscarora Diaspora
Cayuga Onondagas Oneidas Mohawks
Tri-racial Isolates
6th
Nation
Mingo Delaware ShawneeNanticokeMonacan

105. NativeNative
AmericanAmerican
and Whites.and Whites.
The Tuscarora Diaspora 1713 to 1722
Seneca
Tuscarora Diaspora
Cayuga Onondagas Oneidas Mohawks
Tri-racial Isolates
6th
Nation
Lack DutchRed Legs Lumbee Jackson WhitesMelungeonsCreoles
Black Dutch Protégée

107.  IV.IV. The “Seven Nations” of Canada or Seven VillagesThe “Seven Nations” of Canada or Seven Villages
 ––in alliance with the Frenchin alliance with the French
The Seven VillagesThe Seven Villages NationsNations
 A. Jeune-Lorette (Wendake) -1673A. Jeune-Lorette (Wendake) -1673 HuronHuron
 B. Becancour (Wolinak) -1600B. Becancour (Wolinak) -1600 AbenakiAbenaki
 C. Odanak -1725C. Odanak -1725 AbenakiAbenaki
 D. Kanesetakse -1716D. Kanesetakse -1716 Mohawk, *AnishinaabegMohawk, *Anishinaabeg
 E. Kahnawake -1690sE. Kahnawake -1690s MohawkMohawk
 F. Akwesasne -1750sF. Akwesasne -1750s MohawkMohawk
G. Oswegatchie -1749G. Oswegatchie -1749 OnondagaOnondaga
Anishinaabeg -(Algonquin and Nipissing mix)

111. After the Tuscarora War in
1715 the Tuscarora were
forced to leave Eastern
North Carolina or be killed
or enslaved.
Many Settled in the
Piedmont of
North Carolina, Virginia
and Maryland until 1722.
Others settled in
Pennsylvania, New York,
New Jersey, Ohio,
Louisiana and Canada.
They would later move to
West Virginia, Ohio,
Kentucky, Illinois and
Oklahoma.

112. After the Tuscarora
War and Colonial
Order the Tuscarora
were forced to leave
North Carolina on the
“Tuscarora Trail”
or
“Death Trail.”
Hundreds die.
They also take
runaway slaves with
them.
Beginning of the
“Underground
Railroad” in 1715

113. Northeastern Woodland Nations:
The Iroquois Confederacy:
Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga,
Cayuga, Seneca and Tuscarora
Along with the Meherrins,
Nottaway, Monacans
*Non Slave Holding Indians
_____________________
Southeastern Woodland Nations:
(or Five Civilized Tribes)
Cherokee, Creek, Chickasaw,
Choctaw, Seminole
Along with the Yamasee and
Catawba
*Slave Holding Indians

114. In 1722
To stop the fighting
between the Iroquois
Confederacy and the
Cherokee, Creek, and
Catawba
William Byrd of
Virginia drew the
dividing line between
the two groups.
The current border
between North
Carolina & Virginia
and Tennessee &
Kentucky.

115. Native Americans
Settle and continue
to fight in the
Great Appalachian
Valley:
1. Mohawk
2. Oneida
3. Onondaga
4. Cayuga
5. Seneca
6. Tuscarora
7. Shawnee
8. Delaware
----Against-----
1. Cherokee
2. Creek
3. Catawba

116. Tuscaroras, Cherokees
and other Natives
in the Appalachian
Mountains mix with
Scotch-Irish and
Germans settlers in
the 1700s:
1. Pennsylvania
2. Maryland
3. Virginia
4. North Carolina
5. Tennessee
6. South Carolina

117. Peoples PossiblyPeoples Possibly
connected to theconnected to the
“Tuscarora“Tuscarora
Diaspora”Diaspora”
1. Melungeons1. Melungeons
2. Lumbees2. Lumbees
3. Jackson3. Jackson
WhitesWhites
4. Creoles4. Creoles
5. Brass Ankles5. Brass Ankles
6. Red Legs6. Red Legs
7. Black Dutch7. Black Dutch
8. Redbones8. Redbones
9. Portuguese9. Portuguese

120. Native Americans
AfricansEuropeans
THE TUSCARORA AND THETHE TUSCARORA AND THE
CREOLIZATION OF AMERCIACREOLIZATION OF AMERCIA

121. Indian Woods ReservationIndian Woods Reservation
Established in 1717Established in 1717

122. Indian Woods:Indian Woods:
Bertie County, North CarolinaBertie County, North Carolina

123. Bertie County, North Carolina

130. Indian Woods ReservationIndian Woods Reservation
Established in 1717Established in 1717

131. Indian Woods, 1717-1803.

136. The Historic Importance of theThe Historic Importance of the
“Tuscarora” and “Indian Woods”“Tuscarora” and “Indian Woods”
to Native-American, African-to Native-American, African-
American, American andAmerican, American and
North Carolina HistoryNorth Carolina History

137. Tuscarora (Native American)
AfricanEuropean
MIXED RACE OR CREOLIZED PEOPLESMIXED RACE OR CREOLIZED PEOPLES
OF “INDIAN WOODS”OF “INDIAN WOODS”

138. V. The Growth of English North American SlaveryV. The Growth of English North American Slavery
1705 to 17231705 to 1723
A. 1705 – Mulatto is defined as “the child of an Indian,A. 1705 – Mulatto is defined as “the child of an Indian,
the child, grandchild, or great grandchild of athe child, grandchild, or great grandchild of a
negro”negro”
B. 1705 – Africans, mulattoes, and Indians areB. 1705 – Africans, mulattoes, and Indians are
prohibited from holding office or giving grandprohibited from holding office or giving grand
jury testimonyjury testimony
C. 1705 – Slaves are forbidden to own livestockC. 1705 – Slaves are forbidden to own livestock
D. 1705 – “Christian white” servants cannot be whippedD. 1705 – “Christian white” servants cannot be whipped
nakednaked
E. 1711-1713 –The Tuscarora War & their enslavementE. 1711-1713 –The Tuscarora War & their enslavement
F. 1715 – Slavery Legalized in North CarolinaF. 1715 – Slavery Legalized in North Carolina
F. 1722 – William Byrd draws dividing line between VA &F. 1722 – William Byrd draws dividing line between VA &
NC separating Northeastern Indians fromNC separating Northeastern Indians from
Southeastern IndiansSoutheastern Indians
G. 1723 –Free Blacks explicitly excluded from militiaG. 1723 –Free Blacks explicitly excluded from militia
H 1723 – Free Blacks denied the right to voteH 1723 – Free Blacks denied the right to vote

139. Some Tuscarora family names in NY, NJ, NC, IL,
IN, OH, MD, PENN, SC, GA, TN. OK,TN, LA, TX
MISS, ALa
 Gibson Freeman Bond
 Cherry Lowery Locklear
 Payne Chavis Williams
 Goins Mullins Moore
 Bunch Walton Collins
 Jacob Outlaw Jenkins
 Taylor Miller Johnson
 Weaver Hunter Mitchell
 Jones Newsome Cooper
 Rascoe Speight Pierce

141. Indian Woods Baptist Church
as an Iroquois Longhouse.”

142. The “Gospel Oak” a trading post for the Tuscarora remaining in Indian Woods
after 1717 and site of the “Great Slave Conspiracy” of 1802.

146. The Rascoe sistersThe Rascoe sisters
From Indian WoodsFrom Indian Woods
and some other families:and some other families:
1. Rascoe1. Rascoe
2. Bond2. Bond
3. Freeman3. Freeman
4. Allen4. Allen
5. Brown5. Brown
6. Smallwood6. Smallwood
7. Mitchell7. Mitchell
8. Pugh8. Pugh
9. Cherry9. Cherry
10. Outlaw10. Outlaw
11. Walton11. Walton
12. Manning12. Manning
13. Jones13. Jones
14. White14. White

147. North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University
TuscaroraTuscarora
andand
Indian Woods HistoryIndian Woods History
Department of HistoryDepartment of History