Phonetics is the study of how sounds are produced and perceived physically, while phonology studies how sounds work and combine mentally in languages. Phonemes are the smallest units of sound that can distinguish words in a language, such as the vowels in "pin" and "pen" or consonants in "pet" and "bet". Phonology also examines how phonemes change and contrast to impact meaning. Dialects vary languages in pronunciation as well as vocabulary and grammar, while accents only differ in pronunciation.

1. Phonetics and phonology
Raseel Alturifi

2. Introduction
 Phonetics:
It is a branch of linguistics that is responsible for
studying the production and perception of the sounds
of a language in relation to its physical manifestations.
It is independent of any language.

3.  Phonology
It is a subfield of linguistics that studies how sounds
work in a language or languages ​​in general at the
mental and abstract level.
It studies how the sounds combine and how they
change in combination, as well as sounds change,
can contrast to produce the difference in meaning

4.  Phonemes
a unit of sound that can distinguish one word from
another in a particular language.
For example, look at the vowel in (a) and the consonants in (b).
a- “Pin” “Pen”
b- “Pet” “bet”
They are different phonemes!
It’s important to think of English pronunciation in terms
of phonemes rather than letters of the alphabet.
One must be aware for example that the word Enough
ends with the same consonant as Stuff. We use special
symbols to represent speech sound:
/ɪnʌf/

5. IPA chart

6.  Dialect: refers to a variety of a language
which is different from others not only in
pronunciation but also in such matters as
vocabulary, grammar, and word order.
 Accent: pronunciation differences only.