1. In higher parts of the reef, where the wave energy is high, the coral forms tend to assume either encrusting or massive, ex:brain corals. Going further deep down, massive corals dominate and eventually give way to branching coral forms (because as depth increases, wave energy decerases). At the base of the reef front, there are plate-like coral forms. They are deep down (diminished light) and hence orient their flat surface to gain maximum amount of sunlight. Further deep, limestone boulders, coral branches, soft corals sponges and algae are found. Thus, the answer for this question is, brain coral forms dominate where there is shallow water and high wave energy. 2. Menhadens spawn in the inshores water of the Atlantic coast. The eggs hatch in the ocean and drift to estuaries along with ocean currents. These young ones stay around for certain period of time before, they return to the ocean. their early stage is known as \"peanut bunker\". The larval fish moves into low salinity waters in estuaries and the juveniles fish remain the bay untill the fall. Thus, the answer for this question is menhaden fish spend their larval and juvenile (option d) ontogenic stage at the Chesapeake Bay . 3. Sea urchins are the biggest kelp grazers. A massive density of sea urchins is suffiecient enough to eliminate kelp forest. But at times, when densities of kelps dominate, they secrete secondary compounds to defend themselves from the sea urchin. Thus it basically depends upon the densities of each species and their dominance over an are. However, sea urchins are the greatest grazers of kelps that play a role in their abundance. 4. Recruitment in marine biology means, surving of new young one. Recruitment limitation is the limit to ho much recruitment is possible. In this case, greater the recruitment of species, the greater the diversity of niche and hence greater is the diversity of high reef fish.The recruitment limitation model suggest that high reef fish diversity is due to niche diversity. 5. Reef building corals are temperature sensitive and that is why confined to tropical and semi tropical waters. Their optimal temperature range is 23o- 29o celsius. They cannot tolerate temperature below 18o celsius, and very few can tolerate temperatures as high as 40o celsius. Thus, coral reefs forms in areas where seawater temperatures averages no less than 18o celsius. Solution 1. In higher parts of the reef, where the wave energy is high, the coral forms tend to assume either encrusting or massive, ex:brain corals. Going further deep down, massive corals dominate and eventually give way to branching coral forms (because as depth increases, wave energy decerases). At the base of the reef front, there are plate-like coral forms. They are deep down (diminished light) and hence orient their flat surface to gain maximum amount of sunlight. Further deep, limestone boulders, coral branches, soft corals sponges and algae are found. Thus, the answer for this question is.

1. 1. In higher parts of the reef, where the wave energy is high, the coral forms tend to assume
either encrusting or massive, ex:brain corals. Going further deep down, massive corals dominate
and eventually give way to branching coral forms (because as depth increases, wave energy
decerases). At the base of the reef front, there are plate-like coral forms. They are deep down
(diminished light) and hence orient their flat surface to gain maximum amount of sunlight.
Further deep, limestone boulders, coral branches, soft corals sponges and algae are found.
Thus, the answer for this question is, brain coral forms dominate where there is shallow water
and high wave energy.
2. Menhadens spawn in the inshores water of the Atlantic coast. The eggs hatch in the ocean and
drift to estuaries along with ocean currents. These young ones stay around for certain period of
time before, they return to the ocean. their early stage is known as "peanut bunker". The larval
fish moves into low salinity waters in estuaries and the juveniles fish remain the bay untill the
fall.
Thus, the answer for this question is menhaden fish spend their larval and juvenile (option d)
ontogenic stage at the Chesapeake Bay .
3. Sea urchins are the biggest kelp grazers. A massive density of sea urchins is suffiecient
enough to eliminate kelp forest. But at times, when densities of kelps dominate, they secrete
secondary compounds to defend themselves from the sea urchin. Thus it basically depends upon
the densities of each species and their dominance over an are. However, sea urchins are the
greatest grazers of kelps that play a role in their abundance.
4. Recruitment in marine biology means, surving of new young one. Recruitment limitation is
the limit to ho much recruitment is possible. In this case, greater the recruitment of species, the
greater the diversity of niche and hence greater is the diversity of high reef fish.The recruitment
limitation model suggest that high reef fish diversity is due to niche diversity.
5. Reef building corals are temperature sensitive and that is why confined to tropical and semi
tropical waters. Their optimal temperature range is 23o- 29o celsius. They cannot tolerate
temperature below 18o celsius, and very few can tolerate temperatures as high as 40o celsius.
Thus, coral reefs forms in areas where seawater temperatures averages no less than 18o celsius.
Solution
1. In higher parts of the reef, where the wave energy is high, the coral forms tend to assume
either encrusting or massive, ex:brain corals. Going further deep down, massive corals dominate
and eventually give way to branching coral forms (because as depth increases, wave energy
decerases). At the base of the reef front, there are plate-like coral forms. They are deep down

2. (diminished light) and hence orient their flat surface to gain maximum amount of sunlight.
Further deep, limestone boulders, coral branches, soft corals sponges and algae are found.
Thus, the answer for this question is, brain coral forms dominate where there is shallow water
and high wave energy.
2. Menhadens spawn in the inshores water of the Atlantic coast. The eggs hatch in the ocean and
drift to estuaries along with ocean currents. These young ones stay around for certain period of
time before, they return to the ocean. their early stage is known as "peanut bunker". The larval
fish moves into low salinity waters in estuaries and the juveniles fish remain the bay untill the
fall.
Thus, the answer for this question is menhaden fish spend their larval and juvenile (option d)
ontogenic stage at the Chesapeake Bay .
3. Sea urchins are the biggest kelp grazers. A massive density of sea urchins is suffiecient
enough to eliminate kelp forest. But at times, when densities of kelps dominate, they secrete
secondary compounds to defend themselves from the sea urchin. Thus it basically depends upon
the densities of each species and their dominance over an are. However, sea urchins are the
greatest grazers of kelps that play a role in their abundance.
4. Recruitment in marine biology means, surving of new young one. Recruitment limitation is
the limit to ho much recruitment is possible. In this case, greater the recruitment of species, the
greater the diversity of niche and hence greater is the diversity of high reef fish.The recruitment
limitation model suggest that high reef fish diversity is due to niche diversity.
5. Reef building corals are temperature sensitive and that is why confined to tropical and semi
tropical waters. Their optimal temperature range is 23o- 29o celsius. They cannot tolerate
temperature below 18o celsius, and very few can tolerate temperatures as high as 40o celsius.
Thus, coral reefs forms in areas where seawater temperatures averages no less than 18o celsius.