Distributed computing systems have evolved radically to improve applications with better quality of services and lower costs. Future distributed systems will maximize performance through connecting users and resources in a cost-effective, transparent, and reliable way. Integration of networking and distributed computing will be important for building next-generation high performance distributed information infrastructure. Looking further ahead, techniques from distributed systems will be incorporated into emerging areas with billions of communicating smart devices forming a worldwide distributed computing system several orders of magnitude larger than today's Internet.

1. 1. How distributed computing systems are going to be evolved in future and explain it briefly
mentioning/citing with proper references.
A distributedsystemisacollectionof multipleautonomouscomputingelementsthatappears
to itsusersas a single comprehensible system(vanSteen&Tanenbaum, 2016).The ultimate
goal of distributed computing is to maximize performance by connecting users and IT
resources in a cost-effective, transparent and reliable manner.
The present computing paradigm is not scalable since it depends on "shared memory", yet
most physical systemsworkwithmessage passing,sotogain progressyou needtoconvince
people tosurrenderone forthe other.Youcanbringdownthe baronthe progressbymaking
Simultaneous Multiple processing work as a programming paradigm on the top of message
passing.
Because of the quick advancement in PC equipment, software, web, sensor networks,
portable device communications, and interactive media advances, distributed computing
systemshave evolvedradicallytoimprove andgrow variousapplicationswithbetternature
of administrations and lower cost, particularlythose involving human factors (Yau Stephen,
2011). Besides reliability, performance and availability, many other attributes, such as
security, privacy, trustworthiness, situation awareness, flexibilityand rapid development of
various applications, have also become important. Distributed Computing System will serve
and evolved in the long run.
Withthe rapid developmentof variousemergingdistributedcomputingtechnologiessuchas
Web services, Grid computing, and Cloud computing, computer networks become the
integrant of the next generation distributed computing systems. Therefore, integration of
networkinganddistributedcomputingsystemsbecomesanimportantresearchproblemfor
building the next-generation high performance distributed information infrastructure.
In the near future, distributedapplicationframeworkswill supportmobile code,multimedia
data streams, user and device mobility, and spontaneous networking (Coulouris, George &
Dollimore, J. & Kindberg, 2000).
Looking further into the future, essential techniques of distributed systems will be
incorporatedintoanemergingnewarea,envisioningbillionsof communicatingsmartdevices
forminga world-widedistributed computingsystemseveral ordersof magnitude largerthan
today’s Internet.