Race conditions can occur under both parallel and concurrent execution when multiple threads access the same data simultaneously. Concurrent execution is a broader concept that includes parallel execution, as parallel programs are a subset of concurrent ones. However, parallel execution requires multiple processors, while concurrent execution can occur on a single processor.

1. 1. Could a race condition occur under parallel execution?
2. Could a race condition occur under concurrent execution?
Solution
Concurrent execution is the generalized form of parallel execution. For example parallel program
can also be called concurrent but reverse is not true.
Concurrent execution is possible on single processor (multiple threads, managed by scheduler)
Parallel execution is not possible on single processor but on multiple processors. (One process
per processor)
1.
YES, race condition can occur, if multiple threads are accessing same data at same time.
2.
Since , concurrent processing can be also parrallel processing as explained above, so it is
possible