The ancient Olympics differed from the modern Games in several key ways. Only free Greek men could compete, and the Games were always held in Olympia rather than moving to different locations. While athletes competed to win glory for themselves and their hometowns, the ancient Olympics were also deeply religious, held to honor the king of the gods Zeus. The Olympics grew from a one-day event to five days over time. Women could not compete but could own winning teams. The Olympics included running, long jump, discus, javelin, wrestling, boxing and chariot races. They were open to free Greek men and played a role in Greek education, with trainers helping athletes balance exercise and diet. Victors received olive crowns and

1. 4º E.S.O. EUROPEAN SECTION

2.  The ancient Olympics were rather different from
the modern Games. There were fewer events,
and only free men who spoke Greek could
compete, instead of athletes from any country.
Also, the games were always held at Olympia
instead of moving around to different sites every
time.
 Like our Olympics, though, winning athletes
were heroes who put their home towns on the
map.
 One young Athenian nobleman defended his
political reputation by mentioning how he
entered seven chariots in the Olympic chariotrace. This high number of entries made both the
aristocrat and Athens look very wealthy and
powerful.
 The ancient Olympic Games were initially a oneday event until 684 BC, when they were
extended to three days. In the 5th century B.C.,
the Games were extended again to cover five
days.

3.  One difference between the ancient and
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modern Olympic Games is that the ancient
games were played within the context of a
religious festival.
The Games were held in honor of Zeus, the
king of the Greek gods, and a sacrifice of 100
oxen was made to the god on the middle day
of the festival.
Athletes prayed to the gods for victory, and
made gifts of animals, produce, or small
cakes, in thanks for their successes.
According to legend, the altar of Zeus stood
on a spot struck by a thunderbolt, which had
been hurled by the god from his throne high
a top Mount Olympus, where the gods
assembled.
Some coins from Elis had a thunderbolt
design on the reverse, in honor of this
legend.

4.  The Greeks referred to the Sanctuary of
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Zeus as the Altis. The name Altis came
from a corruption of the Elean word for
grove, alsos .
Sanctuaries were centers of religious
worship where the Greeks built temples,
treasuries, altars, statues, and other
structures.
The crowns made of olive leaves came
from a wild olive tree in the Altis, which
was called the olive of the Beautiful
Crown.
Olive trees, which supplied the Greeks
with olive oil, olives, a cleaning agent for
bathing, and a base for perfumes, were an
important resource in the rocky and dry
Greek environment.
A Greek legend credited the hero
Herakles (Hercules) with introducing the
olive tree to Greece.

5. The ancient Games included running, long
jump, shot put, javelin, boxing, pankration
and equestrian events.
 Pentathlon
The Pentathlon became an Olympic sport with
the addition of wrestling in 708 B.C., and
included the following:
Running / Long Jump / Discus Throw/Jabalin
Throw/Wrestling
Running
Running contests included: the stadium race,
which was the pre-eminent test of speed,
covering the Olympia track from one end to
the other (200m foot race), the diaulos (two
stadium - 400m foot race), dolichos (ranging
between 7 and 24 stadiums).
 Jumping
Athletes used stone or lead weights called
halteres to increase the distance of a jump.
They held onto the weights until the end of
their flight, and then jettisoned them
backwards.


6. Discus throw
The discus was originally made of stone and later of iron, lead or
bronze. The technique was very similar to today's freestyle
discus throw.
 Wrestling
This was highly valued as a form of military exercise without
weapons. It ended only when one of the contestants admitted
defeat.
 Boxing
Boxers wrapped straps around their hands to strengthen their
wrists and steady their fingers.
Initially, these straps were soft but, as time progressed, boxers
started using hard leather straps, often causing disfigurement
of their opponent's face.
 Pankration
This was a primitive form of martial art combining wrestling and
boxing, and was considered to be one of the toughest sports.
Greeks believed that it was founded by Theseus when he
defeated the fierce Minotaur in the labyrinth.
 Equestrian events
These included horse races and chariot races and took place in
the Hippodrome, a wide, flat, open space.
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7. THE CONTEXT OF THE GAMES
AND THE OLYMPIC SPIRIT
Today, the Olympic Games are the world's
largest pageant of athletic skill and
competitive spirit.
 They are also displays of nationalism,
commerce and politics. These two opposing
elements of the Olympics are not a modern
invention.
 The
conflict
between
the
Olympic
movement's
high
ideals
and
the
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8. 
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Olympia was one of the oldest religious centers in the ancient
Greek world.
Since athletic contests were one way that the ancient Greeks
honored their gods, it was logical to hold a recurring athletic
competition at the site of a major temple.
Also, Olympia is convenient geographically to reach by ship,
which was a major concern for the Greeks. Athletes and
spectators traveled from Greek colonies as far away as
modern-day Spain, the Black Sea, or Egypt.
An international truce among the Greeks was declared for the
month before the Olympics to allow the athletes to reach
Olympia safely.
The judges had the authority to fine whole cities and ban their
athletes from competition for breaking the truce.

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There were 3 other major games
which were held on 2- or 4-year
cycles:
The Isthmean Games at Corinth, the
Pythian Games at Delphi, and the
Nemean Games at Nemea.
Because it started 200 years before
the other competitions, the Olympics
remained the most famous athletic
contest in the ancient Greek world.

10. The Olympics were open to any freeborn Greek in the world.
 There were separate mens' and boys'
divisions for the events.
 Women were not allowed to compete
in the Games themselves. However,
they could enter equestrian events as
the owner of a chariot team or an
individual horse, and win victories that
way.
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11. Not only were women not permitted to compete
personally, married women were also barred from
attending the games, under penalty of death.
 Athletic competitions for women did exist in ancient
Greece. The most famous was a maidens' footrace in
honor of the goddess Hera, which was held at the
Olympic stadium. There were 3 separate races for girls,
teenagers, and young women.
 The length of their racecourse was shorter than the
men's track:
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5/6 of a stade (about 160 m.)
,instead of a full stade (about 192 m.).
The winners received olive crowns just like
Olympic victors.

12. 
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Athletics were a key part of education in ancient
Greece. Many Greeks believed that developing the
body was equally important as improving the mind for
overall health. Also, regular exercise was important in
a society where men were always needed for military
service.
The palaestra (wrestling-school) was one of the most
popular places for Greek men of all ages to socialize.
Many accounts of Greek daily life include scenes in
these wrestling-schools, such as the opening of
Plato's Charmides.
Young men worked with athletic trainers who used
long sticks to point out incorrect body positions and
other faults. Trainers paid close attention to balancing
the types of physical exercise and the athlete's diet.
The Greeks also thought that harmonious movement
was very important, so athletes often exercised to

13. A victor received a crown
made from olive leaves, and
was entitled to have a statue
of himself set up at Olympia.
 His success increased the
fame and reputation of his
community in the Greek
world.
 It was common for victors to
receive benefits such as
having all their meals at
public expense or front-row
seats at the theater and other
public festivals.
 One city even built a private
gym
for
their
Olympic
wrestling
champion
to
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14. Anyone who violated the rules was fined by the
judges. The money was used to set up statues of
Zeus, the patron god of the Games at Olympia.
Actions:
 In addition to using bribes.
 Other offenses included deliberately avoiding the
training period at Olympia. One athlete claimed
that bad winds kept his ship from arriving in time,
but was later proved to have spent the training
period traveling around Greece winning prize
money in other competitions.
 Another athlete was so intimidated by his
opponents that he left the Games the day before
he was to compete, and was fined for cowardice.
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15. The marathon was never one of the
ancient Olympic events, although its
origin dates back to another episode
in ancient Greek history.
 In the 5th century B.C., the Persians
invaded Greece, landing at Marathon,
a small town about 26 miles from the
city of Athens. The Athenian army was
seriously outnumbered by the Persian
army, so the Athenians sent
messengers to cities all over Greece
asking for help.
 The traditional origin of the marathon
comes from the story how a herald
named Phidippides ran the 26 miles
from Marathon to Athens to
announce the Greek victory and died
on the spot.
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16. The Olympic festival brought huge numbers of
visitors to Olympia.
 Most people slept outside, under the stars,
although the wealthy and members of official
delegations erected elaborate tents and
pavilions.
 Merchants, craftsmen, and food vendors arrived
to sell their wares.
 The
busy
schedule
included
religious
ceremonies, including sacrifices; speeches by
well-known philosophers; poetry recitals;
parades; banquets; and victory celebrations.
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17. …and enjoy the ancient Olympic games.