Use of eu_funds_in_the_republic_of_macedoniaserjani
This document contains a collection of studies on the use of EU funds in Macedonia. It includes analyses of IPA Component I funds, which aim to strengthen democracy, rule of law, human rights and minority protection in Macedonia. One study examines IPA's role in supporting European institutions and the fulfillment of Copenhagen political criteria. Another looks at IPA's contribution to regional development and absorption capacity of funds. A third analyzes IPA's impact on human capital development, employment and social inclusion. A fourth calculates economic indicators of IPA beneficiaries in agriculture. Overall, the document assesses the effectiveness, impact and absorption of EU pre-accession funds in Macedonia.
Use of eu_funds_in_the_republic_of_macedoniaserjani
This document contains a collection of studies on the use of EU funds in Macedonia. It includes analyses of IPA Component I funds, which aim to strengthen democracy, rule of law, human rights and minority protection in Macedonia. One study examines IPA's role in supporting European institutions and the fulfillment of Copenhagen political criteria. Another looks at IPA's contribution to regional development and absorption capacity of funds. A third analyzes IPA's impact on human capital development, employment and social inclusion. A fourth calculates economic indicators of IPA beneficiaries in agriculture. Overall, the document assesses the effectiveness, impact and absorption of EU pre-accession funds in Macedonia.
Information on IPSA 2017 Conference "Looking Beyond the Crisis: Impact of Mass Migrations on the Local, Regional, National and EU Governance", 11-14 May 2017, Dubrovnik, Croatia
This document announces an international conference on decentralization policies to be held from May 7-10, 2015 in Dubrovnik, Croatia. The conference is organized by several Croatian and international organizations and will explore recent decentralization reforms, including territorial restructuring, the democratizing effects of decentralization, and evaluations of current reforms. Accepted papers will be considered for publication in an international journal. The deadline for abstract submissions is January 31, 2015. The conference will take place at the Centre for Advanced Academic Studies in Dubrovnik and accommodation will be provided to invited speakers.
Tom Christensen - "The Norwegian Central Administrative System: Development F...Institut za javnu upravu
The Norwegian central administrative system has developed gradually over time. Key developments include the establishment of ministries in 1814 and the introduction of agencies in the 1850s based on Swedish and Danish models. Since 1945, the system has grown significantly with increased specialization and more regulatory agencies. Reforms since the 1980s have aimed for more efficiency through structural changes, but also increased coordination. Maintaining political control while the system is decentralized and balancing autonomy with coordination are ongoing challenges. Typical Norwegian features include shared norms between political and administrative leaders, modified hierarchies, and autonomy for agencies within set goals.
Tom Christensen - "Comparative Public Sector Reforms - Perspectives and Exper...Institut za javnu upravu
This document discusses perspectives on comparative public sector reform. It covers the instrumental perspective that sees reform as achievable through reorganization, the cultural perspective that reform is an evolutionary process, and the myth perspective where reforms spread due to norms. New Public Management aimed for efficiency but faced challenges around political control and coordination. Post-NPM reforms emphasize strengthening central control and coordination in response to problems with NPM and a more insecure world. Future government may blend old, NPM, and post-NPM approaches, with both potential positive and negative effects.
Information on IPSA 2017 Conference "Looking Beyond the Crisis: Impact of Mass Migrations on the Local, Regional, National and EU Governance", 11-14 May 2017, Dubrovnik, Croatia
This document announces an international conference on decentralization policies to be held from May 7-10, 2015 in Dubrovnik, Croatia. The conference is organized by several Croatian and international organizations and will explore recent decentralization reforms, including territorial restructuring, the democratizing effects of decentralization, and evaluations of current reforms. Accepted papers will be considered for publication in an international journal. The deadline for abstract submissions is January 31, 2015. The conference will take place at the Centre for Advanced Academic Studies in Dubrovnik and accommodation will be provided to invited speakers.
Tom Christensen - "The Norwegian Central Administrative System: Development F...Institut za javnu upravu
The Norwegian central administrative system has developed gradually over time. Key developments include the establishment of ministries in 1814 and the introduction of agencies in the 1850s based on Swedish and Danish models. Since 1945, the system has grown significantly with increased specialization and more regulatory agencies. Reforms since the 1980s have aimed for more efficiency through structural changes, but also increased coordination. Maintaining political control while the system is decentralized and balancing autonomy with coordination are ongoing challenges. Typical Norwegian features include shared norms between political and administrative leaders, modified hierarchies, and autonomy for agencies within set goals.
Tom Christensen - "Comparative Public Sector Reforms - Perspectives and Exper...Institut za javnu upravu
This document discusses perspectives on comparative public sector reform. It covers the instrumental perspective that sees reform as achievable through reorganization, the cultural perspective that reform is an evolutionary process, and the myth perspective where reforms spread due to norms. New Public Management aimed for efficiency but faced challenges around political control and coordination. Post-NPM reforms emphasize strengthening central control and coordination in response to problems with NPM and a more insecure world. Future government may blend old, NPM, and post-NPM approaches, with both potential positive and negative effects.
Ivana Bajakić: "Razvoj regulatora: od američkih regulatora komunalnih usluga do globalizacije regulatornih agencija"
1. Institut za javnu upravu - Savjetovanje
Jesu li Hrvatskoj potrebne agencije:
Regulacija i privatizacija javnih službi na
državnoj, regionalnoj i lokalnoj razini
Doc. dr. sc. Ivana Bajakid
16. studenog 2012.
2. Od američkih regulatora komunalnih usluga do
globalizacije regulatornih agencija
Regulacija
komunalnih usluga
na razini lokalne
uprave u SAD-u
Državne regulatorne
EU: harmonizacija EU agencije za
propisa i razvoj zasebnih komunalne usluge u
visokoreguliranih SAD-u
područja i europskih
regulatornih agencija
Nacionalne
regulatorne agencije
NRA - širok spektar za komunalne usluge
djelatnosti: u SAD-u
zdravstvo, zaštita
okoliša …
3. Regulacija komunalnih usluga u SAD-u
• Komunalne usluge poč. 19.st. regulirane su
opdim propisima, bez regulatornih agencija,
na lokalnoj razini sustavom koncesija:
+ zaštita potrošača: utvrđene okvirne MAX. cijene i
standardi kvalitete, prilagođavanje inovacijama
+ mogudnost trenutnog raskida ugovora za LU
- u slučaju otkazivanja, LU morala je otkupiti
infrastrukturu
• Rješavanje sporova na sudu: skupo i
dugotrajno
Izvor: Bajakid, I., Razvoj i učinci regulatornih agencija u SAD-u: Uspješan model za Europu?, Zbornik PFZ, 60(2), 495-526, 2010.
4. Regulacija KU na razini lokalne uprave
putem koncesija
Utvrđene su maksimalne cijene, ali …
1873.-1897.g. cijene su opdenito padale, a potrošači
pladali istu cijenu (skuplju) …
Granger movement + ICC
… a 1897.g. kad se trend počeo mijenjati u korist
potrošača, velike su korporacije počele lobirati za
uvođenje državnih regulatornih agencija …
1907. panika na burzi …
1907. osnivanje prvih državnih regulatornih agencija
za KU u Wisconsinu i New Yorku
Izvor: Bajakid, I., Razvoj i učinci regulatornih agencija u SAD-u: Uspješan model za Europu?, Zbornik PFZ, 60(2), 495-526, 2010.
5. Pregled državnih regulatornih agencija prema državama, SAD, 1914. godine
R.br. DRŽAVA NAZIV AGENCIJE ZAKONI
Railroad Commission of Alabama Code 1907, §§5632, 5633, 5636, 5637, 5640, 5642
1. ALABAMA
2. ARIZONA Corporation Commission Session Laws 1918, ch. 90
3. ARKANSAS Railroad Commission of Arkansas Kirby's Digest 1904, §§6788, 6789, 6793
Railroad Commission of the State of California Statutes 1911, 1st extra session, chs. 14, 40
4. CALIFORNIA
State Railroad Laws 1910, special session, ch. 5
5. COLORADO
Commission of Colorado
6. CONNECTICUT Public Utilities Commission Public Acts 191 1, ch. 128
Railroad Commissioners of the State of Florida Gen. Stats. 1906, §§2882, 2883, 2887 (as amended 1907)
7. FLORIDA
Railroad Commission of Georgia Code 1911, §§2616, 2620, 2621, 2622, 2625. Acts 1878-79, no. 269, §1
8. GEORGIA
Public Utilities Session Laws 1913, house bill no. 21
9. IDAHO
Commission of the State of Idaho
10. ILLINOIS State Public Utilities Commission Acts 1913, house bill no. 907
11. INDIANA Public Service Commission of Indiana Acts 1913,house bill no. 361
12. IOWA Board of Railroad Commissioners Code 1897, §§2111, 2121
Public Utilities Commission Gen. Stats. 1909, §7185. Laws 1911, ch. 238
13. KANSAS
Railroad Commission Constitution, §209. Carroll's Statutes 1909, §§821-823
14. KENTUCKY
15. LOUISIANA Railroad Commission of Louisiana Constitution, arts. 283, 287, 289
Board of Railroad Commissioners Reo. Stats. 1903, ch. 51, §48
16. MAINE (as amended by public laws 1909, ch. 141) ch. 116, §1
Public Laws 1910, ch. 180; Laws 1918, ch. 563
17. MARYLAND
Service Commission
Board of Gas and Electric Light Commissioners Rev. Laws 1902, ch.121, §1 (as amended by acts 1907, ch. 316). Acts 1910, ch.
539, §1
18. MASSACHUSETTS
Public Acts 1915, ch. 784
Service Commission
19. MICHIGAN Michigan Railroad Commission Public Acts 1909, no. 300
Railroad and Warehouse Rev. Laws 1905, §§1953 and 1956 (as amended by laws 1911, ch. 140, 1961)
20. MINNESOTA
Commission
21. MISSISSIPPI Mississippi Railroad Commission Code 1906, §§4826, 4828, 4830
Public Service Commission Public service commission
22. MISSOURI
law of March 17, 1913
23. MONTANA Public Service Commission Public service commission law of 1913
Nebraska State Railway Commission Cobbey's Annotated Statutes 1909, §§10649, 10650
6. Pregled državnih regulatornih agencija prema državama, SAD, 1914. godine
Railroad Commission of Nevada Statutes 1907, ch. 44 (as amended by statutes 1911, ch.193)
25. NEVADA
Public Service Commission of Nevada Statutes 1911, ch. 162
Public Service Laws 1911, ch. 164
26. NEW HAMPSHIRE
Commission
27. NEW JERSEY Board of Public Utility Commissioners Laws 1911, ch. 195
28. NEW MEXICO State Corporation Commission Constitution, art. XI, §1. Laws 1912, ch. 78
Public Service Commission, First District Laws 1910, ch. 480 (as amended through 1913)
29. NEW YORK
Public Service Commission, Second District Laws 1910, ch. 480 (as amended through 1913)
30. NORTH CAROLINA Corporation Commission Pell's Revisal 1908, §§1054-1056, 1060, 2754
Board of Railroad Commissioners of the State of Constitution, §82. Rev. Codes 1905, §§364, 366,367. Laws 1909, ch. 216, §4
31. NORTH DAKOTA
North Dakota
Public Utilities Commission Laws 1911, no. 325. Laws 1913, house bill no. 582
32. OHIO
of Ohio
33. OKLAHOMA Corporation Commission Constitution, art. IX, §§15,16,18 (a). Constitution, schedule §§15
34. OREGON Railroad Commission of Oregon Gen. Laws 1907, ch. 53. Gen. Laws 1911 ,ch. 279
Public Service Commission of Laws 191 3, no. 854
35. PENNSYLVANIA
the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
36. RHODE ISLAND Public Utilities Commission Acts 1912,ch. 795
Railroad Commission Constitution, art. IX, §14. Gen. Stats. 1902, §§2063, 2064. Laws 1893, no.
37. SOUTH CAROLINA
304, §1. Laws 1910, no. 286
Board of Railroad Commissioners of the State of Rev. Pol. Code 1903, §§186, 187, 189-191, 194, 195 (as amended by session
38. SOUTH DAKOTA
South Dakota laws 1907, ch. 208)
39. TENNESSEE Railroad Commission of the State of Tennessee Acts 1897, ch. 10. Acts 1907, ch. 390
40. TEXAS Railroad Commission of Texas Constitution, art. XVI, §30. Sayles' Civil Statutes 1897, art. 4561
41. VERMONT Public Service Commission Public Statutes, 1906, §§4591, 4592, 6172. Laws 1908, no. 116
42. VIRGINIA State Corporation Commission Constitution, §155
43. WASHINGTON Public Service Commission of Washington Laws 1911, ch. 117
44. WEST VIRGINIA Public ServiceCommission Public Service Commission Law of February 20,1913
Railroad Commission of Wisconsin Laws 1905, ch. 362 as amended. Laws 1907, chs. 499 as amended, 454, 578.
45. WISCONSIN
Laws 1911, ch. 593. Laws 1913,ch. 756
Izvor: Bajakid, I., Razvoj i učinci regulatornih agencija u SAD-u: Uspješan model za Europu?, Zbornik PFZ, 60(2), 495-526, 2010.
7. … paralelno, od 1887.g. osnivaju se i
nacionalne regulatorne agencije u SAD-u
Nacionalna regulatorna agencija Broj Trajanje Imenovanje Broj Udio
dužnosnika mandata zaposlenih pravnika %
(godina) (1954.g.) (do 1969.)
ICC Interstate Commerce Commission Unutar same
11 7 1,868 75
(osn. 1887.) agencije
FTC Federal Trade Commission (osn. Predsjednik
5 7 588 82
1914.) (od 1950.)
FPC Federal Power Commission (osn. Predsjednik
5 5 653 58
1920.) (od 1950.)
SEC Securities and Exchange Predsjednik
5 5 702 70
Commission (osn. 1934.) (od 1950.)
FCC Federal Communications Predsjednik
7 7 1,110 54
Commission (osn. 1934.) (od 1950.)
NLRB National Labor Relations Board
5 5 Predsjednik 1,183 54
(osn. 1935.)
CAB Civil Aeronautics Board (osn.
5 6 Predsjednik 541 66
1938.)
Izvor: Bajakid, I., Razvoj i učinci regulatornih agencija u SAD-u: Uspješan model za Europu?, Zbornik PFZ, 60(2), 495-526, 2010.
8. Regulacija KU na razini lokalne uprave
putem koncesija
ZA: PROTIV:
- Empirijska istraživanja - Kritike na račun
pokazala nižu cijenu KU financijske ograničenosti
pod vodstvom LU LU, nedovoljna stručnost,
- Poč. 20.st. popularan korupcija, problem
Municipal ownership preklapanja jurisdikcije
movement -pokret koji
favorizira lokalno vlasništvo - Jača politički i
nad komunalnom gospodarski lobi da se
infrastrukturom radi zaštite nadzor nad KU prebaci na
potrošača
državnu razinu
Izvor: Bajakid, I., Razvoj i učinci regulatornih agencija u SAD-u: Uspješan model za Europu?, Zbornik PFZ, 60(2), 495-526, 2010.
9. Državne i nacionalne regulatorne
agencije u SAD-u
ZA: PROTIV:
- Zaštita javnog interesa:
sastavljene od stručnjaka iz →→→…
područja regulacije +
neovisnost
- Zaštita potrošača:
izbjegavanje skupih i
dugotrajnih sudskih sporova
Izvor: Bajakid, I., Razvoj i učinci regulatornih agencija u SAD-u: Uspješan model za Europu?, Zbornik PFZ, 60(2), 495-526, 2010.
10. Ovlasti državnih i nacionalnih
regulatornih agencija u SAD-u
- Nadzor i kontrola komunalnih poduzetnika,
- Zaštita monopolske pozicije određenih korporacija
(prirodnih monopola),
- Utvrđivanje standarda usluga,
- Utvrđivanje cijena usluga koje su morale biti pravedne
i opravdane,
- Inspekcija poslovanja zbog tužbi potrošača u vezi cijena
ili usluga i s tim u vezi određivanja snižavanja cijena ili
poboljšanja usluga,
- Primanje godišnjih financijskih izvješda korporacija
… uglavnom formalne prirode
Izvor: Bajakid, I., Razvoj i učinci regulatornih agencija u SAD-u: Uspješan model za Europu?, Zbornik PFZ, 60(2), 495-526, 2010.
11. Kritike na rad nacionalnih regulatornih
agencija u SAD-u
- Štete na račun potrošača i lokalne zajednice:
- Analize pokazale povedanje cijena KU (plina i el.
energije) u područjima pod ovlašdu državnih
regulatornih agencija
- Usporen razvoj lokalne zajednice
- Birokracija
- Utjecaj privatnog sektora
- Capture – Čikaška škola 1960.- : Stigler, Coase, Posner,
Kahn, Becker, Peltzman i dr.
- Asimetrija informacija
- Jensen i Meckling (1976)
Izvor: Bajakid, I., Razvoj i učinci regulatornih agencija u SAD-u: Uspješan model za Europu?, Zbornik PFZ, 60(2), 495-526, 2010.
12. Regulacija i ekonomski ciklusi
- 1920: Big business i sporedna uloga RA
- 1930: Velika depresija i i era pojačane regulacije –
procvat RA (New Deal)
- 1940-50: gospodarski rast i razvoj
- 1960: vrhunac kritika na rad agencija
- 1970: proces deregulacije i liberalizacije
- Do 2007.: samoregulacija
- 2007. – pojačana regulacija i supervizija, novi val
regulacije i regulatornih agencija
13. Slučaj financijskog sektora
SEC: Securities and Exchange Commission
- osn. 1934.
- Ugled neovisne regulatorne agencije:
- Predsjednik SEC-a: Joseph P. Kennedy, zatim James
M. Landis
- Elitna birokracija
14. “Regulatory accidents”
SAD:
- 1999. ukidanje Glass-Steagall Act (vs. A.Kahn)
- NYT, 10/2008:
“How SEC opened way for storm in 55 minutes
5 major investment firms persuaded agency in
2004 to exempt them from restrictions”
- H. Paulson i Kongres: Paket mjera za sanaciju i kriza
na međubankarskom tržištu kredita
15. 1999.-2005 … 2008 3/2009
FSAP
“Samoregulacija”
“Konkurentnost”
“Konkurencija” “Transparentnost”
“Fair-play”
REGULATORNO CENTRALIZACIJA
PREOPTEREĆENJE !!! OPERATIVNIH MOĆI
KAOS NA TRŽIŠTU NA EU RAZINI
16. Nove ovlasti ESMA-e: Europskog regulatora
za vrijednosne papire i tržište kapitala
• Direktne ovlasti nad nacionalnim regulatornim
agencijama
• Ovlasti nad financijskim institucijama i uslugama
• Obvezujudi tehnički standardi
• Direktna supervizija na agencijama za procjenu
kreditnog rejting
• Mogudnost žalbe Žalbenom vijedu na odluke ESMA-e
Izvor: Bajakid, I., Nove ovlasti europskih financijskih regulatornih agencija – slučaj ESMA-e, forthcoming, izrađen u sklopu projekta „Prilagodba hrvatskog prava i
ekonomije europskom tržištu kapitala“ Pravnog i Ekonomskog fakulteta u Zagrebu, financiran od strane Fonda za razvoj Sveučilišta u Zagrebu.
17. 2013: Hrvatska u EU
Hrvatske nacionalne regulatorne agencije
postaju podružnice europskih
regulatornih agencija ???