Incrível apresentação do Ron, aluno do Deming, explicando as diferenças entre PDCA e PDSA. Tanta gente se confunde

1. Evolution of the Science
l i f h i
of Improvement:
of Improvement:
History of the PDSA Cycle
Ron Moen & Cliff Norman
SWQN
SWQN
Austin, TX
27 October 2009
27 O t b 2009

2. Evolution of the PDCA Cycle
Paper No.:NA01
Paper No.:NA01
Session No.: 16‐A‐10
Session Theme: TQM/Management System
16 September 2009
16 S b 2009
Tokyo, Japan
Ronald Moen1, Clifford Norman2
1. Associates in Process Improvement‐Detroit (USA),
rmoen@apiweb.org
p g
2. Associates in Process Improvement‐Austin (USA),
cnorman@apiweb.org
Keywords
Scientific Method, W. Edwards Deming, PDCA, PDSA,
Model for Improvement

3. Figure 1: Evolution of the Scientific Method
Intro to the Scientific Method Integration of Scientific Method
Philosophy of Science
Philosophy of Science into the Science of Improvement
into the Science of Improvement
1600 1800 1900 1920 1940 1950 1980 1990 2000
Pragmatism Integration of PDSA Cycle Model for
Father of Modern
Father of Modern
Charles Peirce Pragmatism &
i & API Improvement
Science
William James Empiricism 1987,1990, API
Galileo 1610
Harvard 1872 C I Lewis 1929 1994 1996, 2009
Inductive Shewhart Cycle
y
Learning Shewhart
How We Think
Francis Bacon 1939
John Dewey
1620
19 33
Shewhart
Deming Wheel PDSA
Cycle
Deming Deming
Deming
1950 1993
The First 1986
Scientist
Ibn al‐Haytham PDCA
PDCA
995 Mizuno
Japanese QC
p Q
TQC
1951
1959
Early
Contributions
Roger Bacon
Roger Bacon
1245

4. Intro to the Scientific Method
Philosophy of Science
Philosophy of Science
1600 1800 1900 1920 1940 1950 1980 1990 2000
Father of Modern
Father of Modern
The cover of Novum O
Th fN Organum d i t
depicts a galleon passing
ll i
Science
Galileo 1610 between the mythical Pillars of Hercules that stand either
Scientific Method
side of the Strait of Gibraltar, marking the exit from the
well‐charted waters of the Mediterranean into the
Inductive Atlantic Ocean. The Pillars, as the boundary of the
Learning Conducting experiments
C d i i
Mediterranean, have been smashed through opening a
Francis Bacon new world to exploration. Bacon hopes that empirical
1620 Deductive/inductive
investigation will, similarly, smash the old scientific ideas
reasoning
and lead to greater understanding of the world and
heavens.
heavens
The Latin tag across the bottom is taken from the Book of
Daniel 12:4. It means: "Many will travel and knowledge
will be increased".
Bacon wanted the government to subsidize science. The
idea is that if you invest in science the state will benefit
from the results ‐ just like the ships that took the risk of
leaving the safety of the Mediterranean have returned
with great treasures from America. It is also a metaphor
with great treasures from America. It is also a metaphor
for abandoning the Classical knowledge of the
Mediterranean and adopting the new Baconian methods
of science.

5. Integration of Scientific Method
into the Science of Improvement
into the Science of Improvement
1600 1800 1900 1920 1940 1950 1980 1990 2000
Pragmatism
Charles Peirce
William James
Scientific method
Harvard 1872
Conducting
experiments
How We Think
John Dewey Deductive/inductive
19 33 reasoning
Pragmatism

6. Integration of Scientific Method
into the Science of Improvement
into the Science of Improvement
1600 1800 1900 1920 1940 1950 1980 1990 2000
Pragmatism Integration of
Charles Peirce Pragmatism &
i &
William James Empiricism Scientific Method
Harvard 1872 C I Lewis 1929
Conducting experiments
How We Think
Deductive/inductive
D d ti /i d ti
John Dewey reasoning
19 33
Pragmatism
A priori truth and
A priori truth and
experience

7. Foundation and History of the PDSA Cycle
Shewhart
1939
1600 1800 1900 1920 1940 1950 1980 1990 2000
Walter Shewhart applies the
scientific method to 1. specification
manufactured product
f d d
1. Making a hypothesis
2. Carrying out an experiment
3. Testing a hypothesis
3 Testing a hypothesis
Every statement
must be capable
of being tested
A continuing and self corrective method for
self-corrective
making the most efficient use of raw and
fabricated materials

8. Foundation and History of the PDSA Cycle
Deming
1950
1600 1800 1900 1920 1940 1950 1980 1990 2000
W. Edwards Deming expands
on Shewhart’s ideas to include
the design and redesign of
product based on consumer Research Design
research
Sales Production

9. Foundation and History of the PDSA Cycle
Deming
1950
1600 1800 1900 1920 1940 1950 1980 1990 2000
1. Design the product (with appropriate tests).
2. Make it; test it in the production line & in
the laboratory.
3. Put it on the market.
4. Test it in service, through market research,
find out what the user thinks of it, and why the
non-user has not bought it.
5.
5 Re-design the product, in the light of
product
consumer reactions to quality and price.
Continue around and around the cycle.

10. Evolution of the PDCA Cycle
JUSE
1951
1600 1800 1900 1920 1940 1950 1980 1990 2000
Through JUSE Seminars
Japanese executives recast
the Deming wheel into the
Plan, Do, Check, Action Research Design
(PDCA cycle) Action Plan
Sales Production
Check Do

11. Evolution of the PDCA Cycle
Mizuno
1959
1600 1800 1900 1920 1940 1950 1980 1990 2000
Action Plan
Ppl
Check Do
Dr. Mizuno with input from Dr. Juran includes goals and targets and
procedures in the plan
The PDCA Cycle becomes a “Management Cycle”

12. Foundation and History of the PDSA Cycle
Deming
1986
1600 1800 1900 1920 1940 1950 1980 1990 2000
Deming reintroduces the
Shewhart Cycle as steps
for improvement of
for improvement of
product or process
1. What could be the most important accomplishments of the team?
What changes might be desirable? What data are available? Are new
observations needed? If yes, plan a change or test. Decide how to use the
f
observations.
2. Carry out the change or test decided upon, preferably on a small scale.
3. Observe the effects of the change or test.
4. Study the results. What did we learn? What can we predict?
5. Repeat Step 1, with knowledge accumulated.

13. Foundation and History of the PDSA Cycle
PDSA Cycle
API
1987
1600 1800 1900 1920 1940 1950 1980 1990 2000
Action Planning
“This paper is great, I think.”
‐‐Deming, 23 Nov. 1986
Deming, 23 Nov. 1986
Ppl
Observation
Quality Progress Sept. 1987 Synthesis & Analysis

14. Foundation and History of the PDSA Cycle
PDSA Cycle
API
1987
1600 1800 1900 1920 1940 1950 1980 1990 2000
At a Deming Four‐day Seminar:
“Ron, I’d appreciate your help on the
Ron, I d appreciate your help on the
Shewhart Cycle. I will explain it at 9
o’clock. Then you run through it in your
own way. Is this good?
‐‐‐Deming, 15 Jan. 1987

15. Foundation and History of the PDSA Cycle
PDSA Cycle
API
1987
1600 1800 1900 1920 1940 1950 1980 1990 2000
Action
A ti Plan
Agree on how
to use the
“Ron, Do you like this?”
“R D lik hi ?” results
‐‐Deming, 25 Feb. 1987 Observation
Analysis Carry it out
Synthesis
A process of learning
Shewhart I
Sh h t Improvement Cycle
tC l

16. Foundation and History of the PDSA Cycle
PDSA Cycle
API
1988
1600 1800 1900 1920 1940 1950 1980 1990 2000
The Sh h t C l
Th Shewhart Cycle
Act* Plan a change.
“I will enclose my idea of
I will enclose my idea of 4 1 Aim: to
the Shewhart cycle.” ‐‐ improve the
Deming, 25 March 1988 process
Study the
lt
results. Try out the
3 2
What did we change,
learn? preferably on a
small scale
*Act. Adopt the change
or
Run through the cycle again, under
different environmental conditions
or
Abandon the idea

17. Foundation and History of the PDSA Cycle
PDSA Cycle
Deming
1990
1600 1800 1900 1920 1940 1950 1980 1990 2000
The Shewhart Cycle for Learning and Improvement
y g p
The P D S A Cycle
Act* Plan a change
Handout from Deming s
Handout from Deming’s A P ,
or a test,
Four‐day seminar, Jan. aimed at
30‐Feb. 2, 1990 improvement.
Study the
results.
lt Carry out the
S D
What did we change or the
learn? test (preferably
on a small
*Act. Adopt the change. scale)
or
Abandon it.
or
Run through the cycle again, possibly
under different environmental conditions.

18. Foundation and History of the PDSA Cycle
PDSA Cycle
API
1990
1600 1800 1900 1920 1940 1950 1980 1990 2000
17 November 1990
Dear Ron,
I don’t recall all the content of your book, which I am
I don’t recall all the content of your book which I am
delighted to learn is really in its final stages, but I was just
thinking, If it speaks of the PDSA cycle, be sure to call it
PDSA, not the corruption PDCA.
PDSA not the corruption PDCA
Sincerely yours,
W. Edwards Deming
g

19. Foundation and History of the PDSA Cycle
PDSA Cycle
API
1990
1600 1800 1900 1920 1940 1950 1980 1990 2000
Charter General description
Expected results
Boundaries
“Deming calls the cycle The
Shewhart Cycle for learning
Sh h C l f l i
Selection of process
and Improvement: the PDSA Current Customers/suppliers
Cycle.” knowledge Flowchart
Cause‐and‐effect diagram
g
History
Improvement Act Plan
cycle
Study Do

20. Foundation and History of the PDSA Cycle
Deming
1991
1600 1800 1900 1920 1940 1950 1980 1990 2000
Journal of Management History. Vol. 3 No. 2 1997
Library of Congress archives: additional information
about W. Edwards Deming (1900‐1993)
about W Edwards Deming (1900 1993)
by Peter B. Petersen, Professor of Management and
Organization Theory, Johns Hopkins University,
Baltimore, USA
Baltimore USA
“It is the PDSA Cycle, not PDCA. Check means to hold
back. How PDCA ever came into existence I know not.” ‐
‐Deming, , June 1, 1991 letter to H. M. Taylor

21. Foundation and History of the PDSA Cycle
Deming
1993
1600 1800 1900 1920 1940 1950 1980 1990 2000
Act- Adopt th
A t Ad t the Plan a change
change, or A P or test, aimed at
The Shewhart Cycle for
abandon it, or improvement
Learning and
run through the
g
improvement
i cycle again
The PDSA Cycle
Study- the Do- Carry out
results. What did S D the change or
we learn? What test (preferably
went wrong? on a small scale)

22. Foundation and History of the PDSA Cycle
PDCA Cycle
Joiner
1994
1600 1800 1900 1920 1940 1950 1980 1990 2000
Continuous Improvement
The Shewhart PDCA Cycle
Act* Plan a change.
Handout from the
Handout from the 4 1 Aim: to
Hunter Conference ‐‐ improve the
3 June 1994 process
Check the
lt
results. Try out the
3 2
What did we change,
learn? preferably on a
small scale
*Act. Adopt the change
or
Run through the cycle again, under
different environmental conditions
or
Abandon the idea

23. Foundation and History of the PDSA Cycle
API
1994
1600 1800 1900 1920 1940 1950 1980 1990 2000
API adds more specifics to
the PDSA Cycle.
(prediction in the planning
(prediction in the planning
phase , compare what
happened to the
predictions in the study
predictions in the study
phase)

24. Foundation and History of the PDSA Cycle
API
1996
1600 1800 1900 1920 1940 1950 1980 1990 2000
Model for Improvement
Model for Improvement
API adds three basic What are we trying to accomplish?
questions to supplement How will we know that a change is
an improvement?
the PDSA Cycle. The What change can we make that will
What change can we make that will
PDSA Cycle is used to result in improvement?
develop, test, and
implement changes.
Action Plan
Ppl
Study Do

25. Foundation and History of the PDSA Cycle API
2009
1600 1800 1900 1920 1940 1950 1980 1990 2000
Why the Model for Improvement?
Model for Improvement
Model for Improvement
•Is applicable to all types of What are we trying to accomplish? aim
organizations How will we know that a change is
an improvement? measures
•Provides a framework for the What change can we make that will
What change can we make that will
application of improvement methods result in improvement?
changes
h
guided by theory
•Emphasizes and encourages the
iterative learning process of deductive
and inductive reasoning. Action Plan
•Allows project plans to adapt as
Ppl
learning occurs
Study Do

26. Figure 1: Evolution of the Scientific Method
Intro to the Scientific Method Integration of Scientific Method
Philosophy of Science
Philosophy of Science into the Science of Improvement
into the Science of Improvement
1600 1800 1900 1920 1940 1950 1980 1990 2000
Pragmatism Integration of PDSA Cycle Model for
Father of Modern
Father of Modern
Charles Peirce Pragmatism &
i & API Improvement
Science
William James Empiricism 1987,1990, API
Galileo 1610
Harvard 1872 C I Lewis 1929 1994 1996, 2009
Inductive Shewhart Cycle
y
Learning Shewhart
How We Think
Francis Bacon 1939
John Dewey
1620
19 33
Shewhart
Deming Wheel PDSA
Cycle
Deming Deming
Deming
1950 1993
1986
PDCA
PDCA
Mizuno
Japanese QC
p Q
TQC
1951
1959

27. Application of PDCA and PDSA in 2009: PDCA PDSA

28. Application of PDCA and PDSA
Develop a change Test a change Implement a change
PDCA (Japan) YES
PDSA (Deming) YES YES
PDSA (API) YES YES YES
Breakthrough
A P Results
S D
A P
S D Implement
A P a change
S D
A P Test new conditions
Theories,
hunches,
h h S D
Test a change
& best practices
Develop a change

29. The PDCA Cycle
PDCA – Six Steps
1. Determine goals
and targets.
dt t • Action • Plan
2. Determine Determine
Goals &
methods of
et ods o Take targets
Appropriate
reaching goals. action
Determine
Methods of
3. Engage in reaching goals
education and
d i d Engage in
education
training. Check the effects
Of Implementation
& training
4. Implement work.
Implement work. Implement
work
5. Check the effects of • Check • Do
implementation.
6. Take appropriate
action.
Reference: What is Total Quality Control – By Kaoru Ishikawa (1985)

30. Preview of Coming Attractions
Preview of Coming Attractions
Portland, 2010

31. Evolution of the Science of Improvement - Draft
Intro to the Scientific
Integration of Scientific Method
Method Methods to Learn, Improve & Manage Social Systems
Methods to Learn Improve & Manage Social Systems
Philosophy of Science
Pragmatism Integration of Strategy for
Father of Modern
Model for
Charles Pierce Pragmatism & Process
Science Empiricism
Empiricism Improvement
p
William James
Willi J Improvement
I t API
Galileo 1610 Harvard 1872 C I Lewis 1929 API 1994
1987
Inductive How We Think
Learning Shewhart Cycle
Shewhart Cycle
John Dewey Walter Shewhart
Francis Bacon 1933 1939
1620
Deming 8 Part Wheel PDSA
W Edwards Deming
W Edwards Deming Deming
1951 1993
The First
Scientist
Ibn al‐Haytham Production Viewed as Quality as a
995
a System
a System Business Strategy
Business Strategy
W Edwards Deming API
1951 1987
Early
Contributions PDCA System of Profound
Roger Bacon
Roger Bacon Knowledge
1245 Japanese
Draft paper 1962 W Edwards Deming
By Ron Moen and Cliff Norman (2009) 1988
1000 1600 1800 1900 1920 1940 1950 1980 1990 2000