Dokumen tersebut membahas berbagai alat ukur temperatur dan kelebihan serta kekurangannya, seperti thermocouple, RTD, thermistor, pyrometer, bimetallic, dan filled system. Alat ukur temperatur berfungsi untuk mendeteksi perubahan suhu dengan cara yang berbeda seperti perubahan voltase, hambatan, ekspansi logam, atau perubahan fluida. Setiap alat memiliki kelebihan dan keterbatasan tertentu sesuai dengan aplikasiny
Kuliah ini membahas konsep dasar geo-elektromagnetisme dan metode-metode eksplorasinya seperti geolistrik, magnetotellurik, elektromagnetik waktu domain dan frekuensi domain beserta aplikasinya untuk eksplorasi sumber daya alam dan studi lingkungan.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang pengujian hipotesis deskriptif, termasuk hipotesis deskriptif, statistik uji hipotesis deskriptif untuk berbagai jenis data, langkah-langkah pengujian hipotesis deskriptif, dan contoh-contoh pengujian hipotesis deskriptif seperti uji dua pihak, satu pihak, dan tes binomial.
This document discusses pyrometers, which are thermometers used to measure high temperatures without physical contact by measuring the electromagnetic radiation of an object. It describes the principle of pyrometers, which involves measuring the thermal radiation emitted by an object based on its temperature. Two main types of pyrometers are discussed: radiation pyrometers and optical pyrometers. Advantages of pyrometers include their ability to measure very high temperatures without contact and their high output and accuracy. Disadvantages include requiring a direct line of sight and potential for emissivity errors. Pyrometers are useful for applications where contact thermometers cannot be used or when measuring large surface areas.
A pyrometer is a device used to measure high temperatures by detecting thermal radiation emitted from an object's surface. The first pyrometer was invented by Josiah Wedgwood to measure temperatures in his kilns. Modern pyrometers work by focusing thermal radiation onto a detector, and the detector's output signal is related to the object's temperature through Stefan-Boltzmann law. There are two main types of pyrometers: optical pyrometers which use manual measurements by comparing an object's brightness to a calibrated lamp, and radiation pyrometers which can measure higher temperatures by detecting infrared wavelengths between 0.7-20 microns.
An optical pyrometer consists basically of an optical system and a power supply.
The optical system includes a microscope, a calibrated lamp and a narrow band Wave filter, all arranged so that the test body and the standard light source can be viewed simultaneously.
The power supply provides an adjustable current to the lamp filament.
Optical pyrometry is based on the fact that the spectral radiance from an incandescent body is a function of its temperature.
For black body radiation, the well-known curves of Plank’s equation describe the energy distribution as a function of temperature and wavelength.
If a non-black body is being viewed ,however, its emissivity ,which is a function of wavelength and temperature, must be taken into consideration.
In general, to obtain the temperature of a test body, the intensity of its radiation at a particular wavelength is compared with that of a standard light source.
The accuracy of a temperature determination by the single-color optical pyrometer just discussed is based on black body furnace sightings or on known emissivities.
A two-color pyrometer, on the other band, is used in an attempt to avoid the need for emissivity corrections.
The principle of operation is that energy radiated at one color increases with temperature at a different rate from that at another color.
The ratio of radiance at two different effective wavelengths is used to deduce the temperature. The two-color temperature will equal the actual temperature whenever the emissivity at the two wavelengths is the same. Unfortunately this is seldom true. All that can be said is that when the emissivity does not change rapidly with wavelength, the two-color temperature may be closer to the actual temperature than the single-color brightness temperature.
If the emissivity change with wavelength is large, however, the converse is true. Kostkowski of the NBS indicates that, in any case, the two-color pyrometer is less precise than the single-color optical pyrometer.
Pyrometers are non-contact temperature measurement devices that use radiation energy from a hot body to measure its temperature. There are two main types: optical pyrometers and radiation pyrometers. Optical pyrometers work by comparing the brightness of the hot object to that of a calibrated lamp filament. They have advantages of being flexible, portable, easy to use, and able to monitor moveable objects non-contact, but have disadvantages like being affected by human error and not being useful for measuring very high temperatures. Radiation pyrometers like the Pyro MicroTherm are well-suited for small laboratory and industrial targets.
Kuliah ini membahas konsep dasar geo-elektromagnetisme dan metode-metode eksplorasinya seperti geolistrik, magnetotellurik, elektromagnetik waktu domain dan frekuensi domain beserta aplikasinya untuk eksplorasi sumber daya alam dan studi lingkungan.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang pengujian hipotesis deskriptif, termasuk hipotesis deskriptif, statistik uji hipotesis deskriptif untuk berbagai jenis data, langkah-langkah pengujian hipotesis deskriptif, dan contoh-contoh pengujian hipotesis deskriptif seperti uji dua pihak, satu pihak, dan tes binomial.
This document discusses pyrometers, which are thermometers used to measure high temperatures without physical contact by measuring the electromagnetic radiation of an object. It describes the principle of pyrometers, which involves measuring the thermal radiation emitted by an object based on its temperature. Two main types of pyrometers are discussed: radiation pyrometers and optical pyrometers. Advantages of pyrometers include their ability to measure very high temperatures without contact and their high output and accuracy. Disadvantages include requiring a direct line of sight and potential for emissivity errors. Pyrometers are useful for applications where contact thermometers cannot be used or when measuring large surface areas.
A pyrometer is a device used to measure high temperatures by detecting thermal radiation emitted from an object's surface. The first pyrometer was invented by Josiah Wedgwood to measure temperatures in his kilns. Modern pyrometers work by focusing thermal radiation onto a detector, and the detector's output signal is related to the object's temperature through Stefan-Boltzmann law. There are two main types of pyrometers: optical pyrometers which use manual measurements by comparing an object's brightness to a calibrated lamp, and radiation pyrometers which can measure higher temperatures by detecting infrared wavelengths between 0.7-20 microns.
An optical pyrometer consists basically of an optical system and a power supply.
The optical system includes a microscope, a calibrated lamp and a narrow band Wave filter, all arranged so that the test body and the standard light source can be viewed simultaneously.
The power supply provides an adjustable current to the lamp filament.
Optical pyrometry is based on the fact that the spectral radiance from an incandescent body is a function of its temperature.
For black body radiation, the well-known curves of Plank’s equation describe the energy distribution as a function of temperature and wavelength.
If a non-black body is being viewed ,however, its emissivity ,which is a function of wavelength and temperature, must be taken into consideration.
In general, to obtain the temperature of a test body, the intensity of its radiation at a particular wavelength is compared with that of a standard light source.
The accuracy of a temperature determination by the single-color optical pyrometer just discussed is based on black body furnace sightings or on known emissivities.
A two-color pyrometer, on the other band, is used in an attempt to avoid the need for emissivity corrections.
The principle of operation is that energy radiated at one color increases with temperature at a different rate from that at another color.
The ratio of radiance at two different effective wavelengths is used to deduce the temperature. The two-color temperature will equal the actual temperature whenever the emissivity at the two wavelengths is the same. Unfortunately this is seldom true. All that can be said is that when the emissivity does not change rapidly with wavelength, the two-color temperature may be closer to the actual temperature than the single-color brightness temperature.
If the emissivity change with wavelength is large, however, the converse is true. Kostkowski of the NBS indicates that, in any case, the two-color pyrometer is less precise than the single-color optical pyrometer.
Pyrometers are non-contact temperature measurement devices that use radiation energy from a hot body to measure its temperature. There are two main types: optical pyrometers and radiation pyrometers. Optical pyrometers work by comparing the brightness of the hot object to that of a calibrated lamp filament. They have advantages of being flexible, portable, easy to use, and able to monitor moveable objects non-contact, but have disadvantages like being affected by human error and not being useful for measuring very high temperatures. Radiation pyrometers like the Pyro MicroTherm are well-suited for small laboratory and industrial targets.
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Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang mesin perkakas non konvensional yang meliputi pemesinan ultrasonik, pemotongan pancaran air, pemotongan pancaran air abrasif, pemesinan pancaran abrasif, proses energi termal seperti pemesinan pelepasan muatan listrik dan pemotongan kabel pelepasan muatan listrik, serta pemesinan berkas laser.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang operasi pembubutan dan perkakas mesin yang terkait. Pembubutan adalah proses pemesinan yang menggunakan perkakas berputar untuk memotong logam. Ada berbagai jenis operasi pembubutan seperti pembubutan muka, tirus, dan kontur. Mesin bubut digunakan untuk melakukan operasi tersebut, yang terdiri dari berbagai komponen seperti kepala tetap, ekor tetap,
Dokumen tersebut memberikan ringkasan tentang standar kompetensi, kompetensi dasar, dan indikator untuk mata kuliah Pemrograman Komputer menggunakan bahasa FORTRAN. Standar kompetensi berfokus pada kemampuan mahasiswa mengembangkan program aplikasi untuk menyelesaikan masalah teknik, kompetensi dasar pada pembuatan program yang kompleks dengan pengambilan keputusan, dan indikator pada penggunaan perulangan
Standar kompetensi setelah mata kuliah Komputer mengharuskan mahasiswa mampu mengembangkan program aplikasi mandiri untuk memecahkan masalah teknik dengan bahasa Fortran. Kompetensi dasar meliputi kemampuan mengaplikasikan dasar-dasar pemrograman dalam bentuk program sederhana. Indikatornya adalah mahasiswa harus mampu menulis kode sumber program sederhana Fortran dan menggunakan elemen dasar seperti t
Artikel ini memberikan langkah-langkah instalasi Android x86 2.2 Generic pada komputer, meliputi pembuatan partisi baru untuk sistem operasi tersebut, memformat partisi tersebut dengan filesystem ext3, dan menginstal boot loader GRUB untuk memungkinkan komputer mem-boot ke Android x86.
1. BAB IV
SENSOR (ALAT UKUR)
1. Alat ukur temperatur LOAD
2. Alat ukur tekanan SET
POINT
ERROR
CONTROL
MANIPULATED
VARIABLE
CONTROL
PROSES
CONTROLLED
VARIABLE
UNIT VALVE
+
3. Alat ukur aliran __
SENSING
TRANSMITTER
ELEMENT
4. Alat ukur level
IV. 1.Alat Ukur Temperatur a) Thermocouple
a) Thermocouple • Merupakan sensor temperatur yang
b) Resistance Temperatur Detectors (RTD) terdiri dari dua kawat logam berbeda.
Salah satu persimpangan merupakan
c) Thermister ujung pengukuran dan persimpangan
d) Pyrometer yang lain adalah ujung referensi
e) Bimetallic (suhunya diketahui)
• Perbedaan temperatur antara ujung
f) Filled systems
pengukuran dan ujung referensi
dideteksi dengan pengukuran
perubahan voltase (electromotive force,
emf)
1
2. Temperature Sensitivity@
Material Range 25°C (77°F) Platinum &
ISA Error* App.** 87% Platinum/ -50~1750 6 LT:±2.8°C(±5°F)
(+ & -) °C V/°C R I,O
(°F) ( V/°F) 13% Rhodium (-60~3200) (3.3) HT:±0.5%
(Pt & Pt-Rh)
Chromel & LT:±1.67°C(±3°
-270~1000 60.9
E Constantan F) I,O
(-450~1800) (38.3) Platinum &
(Ni-Cr & Cu-Ni) HT:±0.5%
90% Platinum/ -50~1750 6 LT:±2.8°C(±5°F)
S I,O
10% Rhodium (-60~3200) (3.3) HT:±0.5%
(Pt & Pt-Rh)
LT:±2.2~1.1°C(
Iron &
-210~1200 51.7 ±4~2°F)
J Constantan I,O,R,V
(-350~2200) (28.7) HT:±0.375~0.7
(Fe & Cu-Ni)
5%
70% Platinum/
LT:±2.2~1.1°C( 30% Rhodium &
Chromel & -50~1750 6 LT:±2.8°C(±5°F)
-270~1350 40.6 ±4~2°F) B 94% Platinum/ I,O
K Alumel I,O (-60~3200) (3.3) HT:±0.5%
(-450~2500) (22.6) HT:±0.375~0.7 6% Rhodium
(Ni-Cr & Ni-Al) (Pt-Rh & Pt-Rh)
5%
LT:±1~2%
Copper &
-270~400 40.6 HT:±1.5% or LT = Low temperature range, HT = High temperature range
T Constantan I,O,R,V
(-450~750) (22.6) ±0.42°C(±0.75° *:
(Cu & Cu-Ni)
F) I = Inert media, O = Oxidizing media, R = Reducing media, V = Vacuum
*
*: Constantan, Alumel, and Chromel are trade names of their respective owners.
b. Resistance Temperatur
Kelebihan dan kekurangan
Detectors (RTD)
• Biaya murah • Sensitivity rendah • RTD menggunakan kenaikan hambatan
• Tidak ada • Membutuhkan elektrolik suatu logam dengan naiknya
pergerakan, sehingga temperatur referensi
tidak mudah rusak
temperatur
seperti air es ( 0OC)
• Kisaran temperatur
luas • Nonlinearity. di
atasi dengan kurva
• Waktu respon cepat
kalibrasi dengan
• Repeatability dan persamaan polinomial
akurasi cukup baik
Effect of temperature on
resistance Kelebihan dan Kekurangan
with RT the resistance, RT0 the resistance at base temperature of 0 °C, T the
temperature of the sensor (to be determined from RT) and a the temperature
• Stabil dan akurasi • Lebih mahal
coefficient of the metal.
baik • Pemanasan sendiri
• Linierisasi lebih baik • Membutuhkan
daripada sumber arus
thermocouple • Waktu respon kurang
cepat pada beberapa
aplikasi
2
3. c. Thermistor
• Seperti RTD, thermistor menggunakan
hambatan untuk mendeteksi temperatur
• Hanya saja pada thermistor menggunakan
keramik semikonducting yang mempunyai
efek menurunkan hambatan pada naiknya
temperatur
Kelebihan dan kekurangan d. Pyrometer
• Akurasi tinggi. Lebih • Kisaran temperatur • Kadang disebut termometer radiasi
tinggi dari pada RTD dan terbatas
thermocouple • Tidak ada kontak langsung dengan bidang
• Sensivitasnya tinggi
• Linieritas rendah temperatur
• Ukuran lebih kecil • Pengukuran temperatur dari radiasi
daripada termocouple
• Waktu respon lebih baik
elektromaknetik ( sinar tampak atau
daripada RTD, kurang infrared) yang dilepaskan oleh objek
lebih sama dg
thermocouple
3
4. Kelebihan dan kekurangan e. Bimetallic
• Pengukuran tanpa • Mahal • Logam akan berekspansi dengan naiknya
kontak • Akurasi terganggu temperatur dan kecepatan ekspansi
• Waktu respon cepat oleh debu dan asap berbeda antar logam satu dengan yang
• Stabilitas baik lain.
• Dua logam dikonstruksikan menjadi
sebuah spiral.
• Perubahan posisi koil akan dideteksi dan
digunakan untuk menentukan temperatur
Kelebihan dan kekurangan f. Filled system
• Murah • Display secara lokal • Fluida akan terekspansi dengan naiknya
• Secara fisik baik temperatur
• Perubahan posisi dideteksi untuk
menentukan temperatur.
4
5. Kelebihan dan kekurangan
• Sederhana dan biaya • Temperatur tidak
murah tinggi
• Tidak ada racun • Sensitif terhadap
tekanan
5