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30 60 90 120 150 180
ARCTICA
PAPUA
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RUSSIA
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LESOTHO
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ANGOLA
TANZANIA
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KENYA
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CAMEROON
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RWAY
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0
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SWEDEN FINLAND
LAOS
JAPAN
PHILIPPINES
SOLOMON
ISLANDS
FIJI
THAILAND
BANGLADESH
CAMBODIA
VIETNAM
SRI
LANKA
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International Economics
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MANAGERIAL
ECONOMICS
A Problem Solving Approach
Luke M. Froeb
Vanderbilt University
Mikhael Shor
University of Connecticut
Brian T. McCann
Vanderbilt University
Michael R. Ward
University of Texas, Arlington
4e
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Understanding
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Understanding
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An Introduction to Informal Logic
NINTH EDITION
Walter Sinnott-Armstrong
Duke University
Robert J. Fogelin
Dartmouth College
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book Vet medicine large animal procedure.pdfSamerPaser
Care has been taken in each chapter to present the material in a uniform, easyto-follow format. We have intentionally departed from the standard paragraph
prose format to introduce various techniques in a step-by-step manner along
with clear explanations and rationale for each action. Our intent? To concisely
answer the critical questions everyone has when learning a new procedure:
“What do I need, what do I do, and what can go wrong?” Ultimately, our goal was
to provide these answers in a clinically accessible format, eliminating the need
to wade through more traditional texts.
Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May AlleneMcclendon878
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C O N C E P T S I N E N T E R P R I S E
R E S O U R C E P L A N N I N G
Fourth Edition
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C O N C E P T S I N E N T E R P R I S E
R E S O U R C E P L A N N I N G
Fourth Edition
Ellen F. Monk
University of Delaware
Bret J. Wagner
Western Michigan University
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Concepts in Enterprise Resource Planning,
Fourth Edition
Ellen F. Monk and Bret J. Wagner
Editor-in-Chief: Joe Sabatino
Se ...
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Engaged with you.
www.cengage.com
Source Code: 14M-AA0105
Tap into engagement
MindTap empowers you to produce your best work—consistently.
MindTap is designed to help you master the material. Interactive
videos, animations, and activities create a learning path designed
by your instructor to guide you through the course and focus on
what’s important.
Tap into more info at: www.cengage.com/mindtap
“MindTap was very useful – it was easy to follow and everything
was right there.”
— Student, San Jose State University
“I’m definitely more engaged because of MindTap.”
— Student, University of Central Florida
“MindTap puts practice questions in a format that works well for me.”
— Student, Franciscan University of Steubenville
MindTap helps you stay
organized and efficient
by giving you the study tools to master the material.
MindTap empowers
and motivates
with information that shows where you stand at all times—both
individually and compared to the highest performers in class.
MindTap delivers real-world
activities and assignments
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Flashcards
readspeaker
progress app
MyNotes
& highlights
selF QuizziNg
& practice
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MANAGERIAL
ECONOMICS
A Problem Solving Approach
Luke M. Froeb
Vanderbilt University
Mikhael Shor
University of Connecticut
Brian T. McCann
Vanderbilt University
Michael R. Ward
University of Texas, Arlington
4e
Australia • Brazil • Mexico • Singapore • United Kingdom • United States
Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
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Australia • Brazil • Mexico • Singapore • United Kingdom • Uni.docxcelenarouzie
Australia • Brazil • Mexico • Singapore • United Kingdom • United States
97364_fm_ptg01_i-xvi.indd 2 15/11/13 8:36 PM
Understanding
Arguments
97364_fm_ptg01_i-xvi.indd 1 15/11/13 8:36 PM
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Understanding
Arguments
An Introduction to Informal Logic
NINTH EDITION
Walter Sinnott-Armstrong
Duke University
Robert J. Fogelin
Dartmouth College
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book Vet medicine large animal procedure.pdfSamerPaser
Care has been taken in each chapter to present the material in a uniform, easyto-follow format. We have intentionally departed from the standard paragraph
prose format to introduce various techniques in a step-by-step manner along
with clear explanations and rationale for each action. Our intent? To concisely
answer the critical questions everyone has when learning a new procedure:
“What do I need, what do I do, and what can go wrong?” Ultimately, our goal was
to provide these answers in a clinically accessible format, eliminating the need
to wade through more traditional texts.
Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May AlleneMcclendon878
Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
C O N C E P T S I N E N T E R P R I S E
R E S O U R C E P L A N N I N G
Fourth Edition
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C O N C E P T S I N E N T E R P R I S E
R E S O U R C E P L A N N I N G
Fourth Edition
Ellen F. Monk
University of Delaware
Bret J. Wagner
Western Michigan University
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Concepts in Enterprise Resource Planning,
Fourth Edition
Ellen F. Monk and Bret J. Wagner
Editor-in-Chief: Joe Sabatino
Se ...
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University of Florida
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University of Florida
Fundamentals of
FinanCial
managEmEnt
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Week 7 DiscussionThis week you learned about the role of an evalladonnacamplin
Week 7 Discussion
This week you learned about the role of an evaluator and the steps necessary to become an evaluator. Based on your learning, do you feel you would make a strong evaluator? What qualifications would you look for in choosing an evaluator for your organization? In addition, demonstrate the need for an evaluator within your current workplace. Justify how the addition of an evaluator might improve workplace productivity?
750 words or more with references
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
cengage.com/mindtap
Fit your coursework
into your hectic life.
Make the most of your time by learning
your way. Access the resources you need to
succeed wherever, whenever.
Study with digital flashcards, listen to audio
textbooks, and take quizzes.
Review your current course grade and compare
your progress with your peers.
Get the free MindTap Mobile App and learn
wherever you are.
Break Limitations. Create your
own potential, and be unstoppable
with MindTap.
MINDTAP. POWERED BY YOU.
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
Australia • Brazil • Mexico • Singapore • United Kingdom • United States
Roger LeRoy Miller
Institute for University Studies
Arlington, Texas
William Eric Hollowell
Institute for University Studies
Arlington, Texas
and Member of Florida State Bar
Minnesota State Bar
United States Supreme Court Bar
Business Law
T e x T & e x e r c i s e s
N i N T H e d i T i o N
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
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This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights restrictions,
some third party content may be suppressed. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed
content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. The publisher reserves the right
to ...
Week 7 DiscussionThis week you learned about the role of an eval.docxhelzerpatrina
Week 7 Discussion
This week you learned about the role of an evaluator and the steps necessary to become an evaluator. Based on your learning, do you feel you would make a strong evaluator? What qualifications would you look for in choosing an evaluator for your organization? In addition, demonstrate the need for an evaluator within your current workplace. Justify how the addition of an evaluator might improve workplace productivity?
750 words or more with references
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
cengage.com/mindtap
Fit your coursework
into your hectic life.
Make the most of your time by learning
your way. Access the resources you need to
succeed wherever, whenever.
Study with digital flashcards, listen to audio
textbooks, and take quizzes.
Review your current course grade and compare
your progress with your peers.
Get the free MindTap Mobile App and learn
wherever you are.
Break Limitations. Create your
own potential, and be unstoppable
with MindTap.
MINDTAP. POWERED BY YOU.
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
Australia • Brazil • Mexico • Singapore • United Kingdom • United States
Roger LeRoy Miller
Institute for University Studies
Arlington, Texas
William Eric Hollowell
Institute for University Studies
Arlington, Texas
and Member of Florida State Bar
Minnesota State Bar
United States Supreme Court Bar
Business Law
T e x T & e x e r c i s e s
N i N T H e d i T i o N
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content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. The publisher reserves the right
to ...
Jessica m. utts seeing through statistics. 4th edition-cengage learning (2014)NajibSadik
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L'un des plus beaux livres que j'ai lu. Si vous souhaitez continuer à lire et télécharger le livre gratuitement, copiez le lien
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LETTER TO INSTRUCTORS
Essentials of Management, 9e
Dear Colleague,
Whether you are a previous adopter, a new adopter, or a professor consider-
ing this text for adoption, I wish to thank you for your interest in Essentials of
Management 9e. Essentials was the first relatively brief management text
that was not simply an abbreviated version of a longer text. We created the
path for a more concise, more understandable, and practical approach to the
vast body of knowledge referred to as “management.” We assume that the
study of management is not exclusively geared toward C-level executives,
and that our readers will not be directing large enterprises or divisions of
large enterprises in their first job. Instead, the vast majority of our readers will
first be engaged in work that will require some managerial skill and knowl-
edge, even though they are not working as executives.
Virtually all texts in management and related fields claim to be practical,
although many single sentences within them make six sweeping recommen-
dations for CEOs or list ten companies that use a particular technique. We
contend that Essentials of Management, unlike much of the competition, is
and always has been a text that enables the student to apply much of the
information. We support our conclusions with relevant research studies wher-
ever possible, but our intent is not to review most of the research on a given
topic. A case in point is our presentation of transformational and charismatic
leadership. We present some relevant research findings but also offer the stu-
dents concrete suggestions for becoming more charismatic, including devel-
oping a more effective handshake.
My writing has always emphasized application both in textbooks and
trade books, and most of this writing has been about management, organiza-
tional behavior, human relations, leadership, and career management. Even
the articles I have published in professional journals would be understandable
to readers who were not specialists in the subject under investigation. For
exa ...
Electrónica: Análisis de circuitos teoría y practica 5th edición por Allan H....SANTIAGO PABLO ALBERTO
Análisis de Circuitos de CD y CA
Link descarga de un libro: https://www.engbookspdf.com/uploads/pdf-books/CircuitAnalysisTheoryandPractice5thEditionbyRobbinsandMiller-1.pdf
06512_fm_rev04.indd 8 9/11/12 11:05 AM
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Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
06512_fm_rev04.indd 2 9/11/12 11: ...
06512_fm_rev04.indd 8 9/11/12 11:05 AM
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06512_fm_rev04.indd 1 9/19/12 10:28 AM
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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
06512_fm_rev04.indd 2 9/11/12 11: ...
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not .docxmelvinjrobinson2199
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cengage.com/mindtap
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Study with digital flashcards, listen to audio
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Australia • Brazil • Mexico • Singapore • United Kingdom • United States
Roger LeRoy Miller
Institute for University Studies
Arlington, Texas
William Eric Hollowell
Institute for University Studies
Arlington, Texas
and Member of Florida State Bar
Minnesota State Bar
United States Supreme Court Bar
Business Law
T e x T & e x e r c i s e s
N i N T H e d i T i o N
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
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Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights restrictions,
some third party content may be suppressed. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed
content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. The publisher reserves the right
to remove content from this title at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. For
valuable information on pricing, previous editions, changes to current editions, and alternate
formats, please visit www.cengage.com/highered to search by ISBN#, author, title, or keyword for
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Important Notice: Media content referenced within the product description or the product
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Copyright 2019 .
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not .docxdickonsondorris
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Get the free MindTap Mobile App and learn
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Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
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Australia • Brazil • Mexico • Singapore • United Kingdom • United States
Roger LeRoy Miller
Institute for University Studies
Arlington, Texas
William Eric Hollowell
Institute for University Studies
Arlington, Texas
and Member of Florida State Bar
Minnesota State Bar
United States Supreme Court Bar
Business Law
T e x T & e x e r c i s e s
N i N T H e d i T i o N
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights restrictions,
some third party content may be suppressed. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed
content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. The publisher reserves the right
to remove content from this title at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. For
valuable information on pricing, previous editions, changes to current editions, and alternate
formats, please visit www.cengage.com/highered to search by ISBN#, author, title, or keyword for
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Copyright 2019 .
Blog Week 11 Your Personal Language and Literacy Development JouChantellPantoja184
Blog: Week 11: Your Personal Language and Literacy Development Journey
Life can be understood backwards, but it must be lived forwards.
—Søren Kierkegaard, Danish philosopher
Throughout this course, you have examined the language development journeys of young children. You also created and documented the journey of a fictional child whom you created. You now consider your own language development journey by reflecting on a personal experience in which you were learning language and/or a time when you were supporting a young child in language development. You then apply what you have explored in this course to analyze and deepen your understanding of this memory.
Because this is your final activity in this course, be sure to take your time in your Blog interactions, supporting your community of practice colleagues as they share their final insights.
By Day 3 of Week 11
Post the following in your Blog: Describe a personal memory related to your own language development journey and/or a time when you fostered language development with a young child. Explain how this course has deepened your perspective of that memory and/or experience. Then, share an activity or resource from this course that has affected your current and/or future practice as an early childhood professional and why. Last, describe a topic or issue you would still like to learn more about and how this topic or issue might affect your future research as a scholar of change.
By Day 7 of Week 11
Interact with your community of practice, sharing additional insights, comparing experiences, and posing questions that promote further dialogue.
F i F t h e d i t i o n
Australia • Brazil • Mexico • Singapore • United Kingdom • United States
Fundamentals of
Case
Management
Practice
Skills for the Human Services
N a N c y S u m m e r S
Harrisburg Area Community College
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review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. The publisher reserves the right to
remove content from this title at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. For valuable information on pricing, previous
editions, changes to current editions, and alternate formats, please visit www.cengage.com/highered to search by
ISBN#, author, title, or keyword for materials in your areas of interest.
Important Notice: Media content referenced with ...
Write a five page paper that analysis the HispanicLatino politics i.docxsmithhedwards48727
Write a five page paper that analysis the Hispanic/Latino politics in one of the following state: Arizona, California, Colorado, Florida, Illinois, Nevada, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, or Texas. The paper should make predictions for Hispanic electoral performance in that state 2020.
2. The paper should be double space and properly reference
3. Select one of state from the following list:
4. In order to adequately analysis you need
a. Historic overview of state’s Latino population
b. Demographic of current Latino population
1. VAP
2. % citizen
3. % living in property
4. % home ownership
5. Income
6. Education attainment
c. Election Behavior for State Latino population
1. President 2012, and 2016
2. Off year 2014 and 2018
3. List of Latino Elected officials
5. Conclusion Why the prediction
.
Write a five (5) paragraph (or longer) essay response . Write your e.docxsmithhedwards48727
Write a five (5) paragraph (or longer) essay response . Write your essay on your own paper and underline your thesis. Refer to the assigned readings, as appropriate.
Subject: Discuss why citizens of the world should be concerned (or unconcerned) about global warming, climate change, and the health of Earth.
.
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15e
Australia ● Brazil ● Mexico ● Singapore ● United Kingdom ● United States
EugEnE F. Brigham
University of Florida
JoEl F. houston
University of Florida
Fundamentals of
FinanCial
managEmEnt
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights restrictions,
some third party content may be suppressed. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed
content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. The publisher reserves the right
to remove content from this title at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. For
valuable information on pricing, previous editions, changes to current editions, and alternate
formats, please visit www.cengage.com/highered to search by ISBN#, author, title, or keyword for
materials in your areas of interest.
Important Notice: Media content referenced within the product description or the product
text may not be available in the eBook version.
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
Printed in the United States of America
Print Number: 01 Print Year: 2018
Fundamentals of Financial Management,
Fifteenth edition
Eugene F. Brigham and Joel F. Houston
Senior Vice President, Higher Ed Product,
Content, and Market Development: Erin Joyner
VP, B&E, 4LTR and Support Program:
Mike Schenk
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Content Project Manager: Nadia Saloom
Digital Content Designer: Brandon C. Foltz
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Marketing Communications Manager:
Sarah Greber
Production Service: MPS Limited
Sr. Art Director: Michelle Kunkler.
Week 7 DiscussionThis week you learned about the role of an evalladonnacamplin
Week 7 Discussion
This week you learned about the role of an evaluator and the steps necessary to become an evaluator. Based on your learning, do you feel you would make a strong evaluator? What qualifications would you look for in choosing an evaluator for your organization? In addition, demonstrate the need for an evaluator within your current workplace. Justify how the addition of an evaluator might improve workplace productivity?
750 words or more with references
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
cengage.com/mindtap
Fit your coursework
into your hectic life.
Make the most of your time by learning
your way. Access the resources you need to
succeed wherever, whenever.
Study with digital flashcards, listen to audio
textbooks, and take quizzes.
Review your current course grade and compare
your progress with your peers.
Get the free MindTap Mobile App and learn
wherever you are.
Break Limitations. Create your
own potential, and be unstoppable
with MindTap.
MINDTAP. POWERED BY YOU.
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
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Australia • Brazil • Mexico • Singapore • United Kingdom • United States
Roger LeRoy Miller
Institute for University Studies
Arlington, Texas
William Eric Hollowell
Institute for University Studies
Arlington, Texas
and Member of Florida State Bar
Minnesota State Bar
United States Supreme Court Bar
Business Law
T e x T & e x e r c i s e s
N i N T H e d i T i o N
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights restrictions,
some third party content may be suppressed. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed
content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. The publisher reserves the right
to ...
Week 7 DiscussionThis week you learned about the role of an eval.docxhelzerpatrina
Week 7 Discussion
This week you learned about the role of an evaluator and the steps necessary to become an evaluator. Based on your learning, do you feel you would make a strong evaluator? What qualifications would you look for in choosing an evaluator for your organization? In addition, demonstrate the need for an evaluator within your current workplace. Justify how the addition of an evaluator might improve workplace productivity?
750 words or more with references
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
cengage.com/mindtap
Fit your coursework
into your hectic life.
Make the most of your time by learning
your way. Access the resources you need to
succeed wherever, whenever.
Study with digital flashcards, listen to audio
textbooks, and take quizzes.
Review your current course grade and compare
your progress with your peers.
Get the free MindTap Mobile App and learn
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Break Limitations. Create your
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Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
Australia • Brazil • Mexico • Singapore • United Kingdom • United States
Roger LeRoy Miller
Institute for University Studies
Arlington, Texas
William Eric Hollowell
Institute for University Studies
Arlington, Texas
and Member of Florida State Bar
Minnesota State Bar
United States Supreme Court Bar
Business Law
T e x T & e x e r c i s e s
N i N T H e d i T i o N
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights restrictions,
some third party content may be suppressed. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed
content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. The publisher reserves the right
to ...
Jessica m. utts seeing through statistics. 4th edition-cengage learning (2014)NajibSadik
https://www.clickfiles.net/d/bVLTGu
L'un des plus beaux livres que j'ai lu. Si vous souhaitez continuer à lire et télécharger le livre gratuitement, copiez le lien
Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.docxShiraPrater50
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LETTER TO INSTRUCTORS
Essentials of Management, 9e
Dear Colleague,
Whether you are a previous adopter, a new adopter, or a professor consider-
ing this text for adoption, I wish to thank you for your interest in Essentials of
Management 9e. Essentials was the first relatively brief management text
that was not simply an abbreviated version of a longer text. We created the
path for a more concise, more understandable, and practical approach to the
vast body of knowledge referred to as “management.” We assume that the
study of management is not exclusively geared toward C-level executives,
and that our readers will not be directing large enterprises or divisions of
large enterprises in their first job. Instead, the vast majority of our readers will
first be engaged in work that will require some managerial skill and knowl-
edge, even though they are not working as executives.
Virtually all texts in management and related fields claim to be practical,
although many single sentences within them make six sweeping recommen-
dations for CEOs or list ten companies that use a particular technique. We
contend that Essentials of Management, unlike much of the competition, is
and always has been a text that enables the student to apply much of the
information. We support our conclusions with relevant research studies wher-
ever possible, but our intent is not to review most of the research on a given
topic. A case in point is our presentation of transformational and charismatic
leadership. We present some relevant research findings but also offer the stu-
dents concrete suggestions for becoming more charismatic, including devel-
oping a more effective handshake.
My writing has always emphasized application both in textbooks and
trade books, and most of this writing has been about management, organiza-
tional behavior, human relations, leadership, and career management. Even
the articles I have published in professional journals would be understandable
to readers who were not specialists in the subject under investigation. For
exa ...
Electrónica: Análisis de circuitos teoría y practica 5th edición por Allan H....SANTIAGO PABLO ALBERTO
Análisis de Circuitos de CD y CA
Link descarga de un libro: https://www.engbookspdf.com/uploads/pdf-books/CircuitAnalysisTheoryandPractice5thEditionbyRobbinsandMiller-1.pdf
06512_fm_rev04.indd 8 9/11/12 11:05 AM
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Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
06512_fm_rev04.indd 2 9/11/12 11: ...
06512_fm_rev04.indd 8 9/11/12 11:05 AM
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Bishkek
Islamabad
Ulaanbaatar
Urumchi�
Lhasa
Xining
Lanzhou
Chengdu
Hankou
Xi'an
Zhengzhou
Tianjin
Taiyuan
Jinan
Shijiazhuang
Harbin
Changchun
Shenyang
ShanghaiSuzhou
Nanjing
Chongqing
Guiyang
Kunming
Guangzhou
Xianggang
Haikou
Fuzhou
Hangzhou
Hefei
Taipei
Nanchang
Nanning
Changsha
Yinchuan
Hohhot
Kashi
Hotan
Aksu
Yining
Patna
Miran
Korla
Guyuan
Datong
Vladivostok
Dunhuang
Hami
Pusan
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Nagasaki
Qufu
Luoyang
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Suizhou
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06512_fm_rev04.indd 1 9/19/12 10:28 AM
Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
06512_fm_rev04.indd 2 9/11/12 11: ...
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not .docxmelvinjrobinson2199
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
cengage.com/mindtap
Fit your coursework
into your hectic life.
Make the most of your time by learning
your way. Access the resources you need to
succeed wherever, whenever.
Study with digital flashcards, listen to audio
textbooks, and take quizzes.
Review your current course grade and compare
your progress with your peers.
Get the free MindTap Mobile App and learn
wherever you are.
Break Limitations. Create your
own potential, and be unstoppable
with MindTap.
MINDTAP. POWERED BY YOU.
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
Australia • Brazil • Mexico • Singapore • United Kingdom • United States
Roger LeRoy Miller
Institute for University Studies
Arlington, Texas
William Eric Hollowell
Institute for University Studies
Arlington, Texas
and Member of Florida State Bar
Minnesota State Bar
United States Supreme Court Bar
Business Law
T e x T & e x e r c i s e s
N i N T H e d i T i o N
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights restrictions,
some third party content may be suppressed. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed
content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. The publisher reserves the right
to remove content from this title at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. For
valuable information on pricing, previous editions, changes to current editions, and alternate
formats, please visit www.cengage.com/highered to search by ISBN#, author, title, or keyword for
materials in your areas of interest.
Important Notice: Media content referenced within the product description or the product
text may not be available in the eBook version.
Copyright 2019 .
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not .docxdickonsondorris
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
cengage.com/mindtap
Fit your coursework
into your hectic life.
Make the most of your time by learning
your way. Access the resources you need to
succeed wherever, whenever.
Study with digital flashcards, listen to audio
textbooks, and take quizzes.
Review your current course grade and compare
your progress with your peers.
Get the free MindTap Mobile App and learn
wherever you are.
Break Limitations. Create your
own potential, and be unstoppable
with MindTap.
MINDTAP. POWERED BY YOU.
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
Australia • Brazil • Mexico • Singapore • United Kingdom • United States
Roger LeRoy Miller
Institute for University Studies
Arlington, Texas
William Eric Hollowell
Institute for University Studies
Arlington, Texas
and Member of Florida State Bar
Minnesota State Bar
United States Supreme Court Bar
Business Law
T e x T & e x e r c i s e s
N i N T H e d i T i o N
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights restrictions,
some third party content may be suppressed. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed
content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. The publisher reserves the right
to remove content from this title at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. For
valuable information on pricing, previous editions, changes to current editions, and alternate
formats, please visit www.cengage.com/highered to search by ISBN#, author, title, or keyword for
materials in your areas of interest.
Important Notice: Media content referenced within the product description or the product
text may not be available in the eBook version.
Copyright 2019 .
Blog Week 11 Your Personal Language and Literacy Development JouChantellPantoja184
Blog: Week 11: Your Personal Language and Literacy Development Journey
Life can be understood backwards, but it must be lived forwards.
—Søren Kierkegaard, Danish philosopher
Throughout this course, you have examined the language development journeys of young children. You also created and documented the journey of a fictional child whom you created. You now consider your own language development journey by reflecting on a personal experience in which you were learning language and/or a time when you were supporting a young child in language development. You then apply what you have explored in this course to analyze and deepen your understanding of this memory.
Because this is your final activity in this course, be sure to take your time in your Blog interactions, supporting your community of practice colleagues as they share their final insights.
By Day 3 of Week 11
Post the following in your Blog: Describe a personal memory related to your own language development journey and/or a time when you fostered language development with a young child. Explain how this course has deepened your perspective of that memory and/or experience. Then, share an activity or resource from this course that has affected your current and/or future practice as an early childhood professional and why. Last, describe a topic or issue you would still like to learn more about and how this topic or issue might affect your future research as a scholar of change.
By Day 7 of Week 11
Interact with your community of practice, sharing additional insights, comparing experiences, and posing questions that promote further dialogue.
F i F t h e d i t i o n
Australia • Brazil • Mexico • Singapore • United Kingdom • United States
Fundamentals of
Case
Management
Practice
Skills for the Human Services
N a N c y S u m m e r S
Harrisburg Area Community College
Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
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This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights restrictions, some third party content may be suppressed. Editorial
review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. The publisher reserves the right to
remove content from this title at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. For valuable information on pricing, previous
editions, changes to current editions, and alternate formats, please visit www.cengage.com/highered to search by
ISBN#, author, title, or keyword for materials in your areas of interest.
Important Notice: Media content referenced with ...
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1 What is the difference between RFC 5321 and RFC 5322?
2 What are the SMTP and MIME standards?
3 What is the difference between a MIME content type and a MIME transfer encoding?
4 Briefly explain base64 encoding.
5 Why is base64 conversion useful for an e-mail application?
6 What is S/MIME?
7 What are the four principal services provided by S/MIME?
8 What is the utility of a detached signature?
9 What is DKIM?
.
write a draft of your research paper. in your draft copy, develop th.docxsmithhedwards48727
write a draft of your research paper. in your draft copy, develop the ideas from the main points in your outline from English as an official language, using articles, examples, statistics and any other literary means to give clarity to your writing.
include at least three reference source.
.
Write a draft of your Research Paper.In your draft c.docxsmithhedwards48727
Write a
draft
of your
Research Paper
.
In your draft copy, develop the ideas from the main points in your outline using case studies, examples, statistics, and/or any other literary means to give clarity to your writing.
Include at least
three
reference sources.
Use correct grammar, diction, capitalization, and punctuation.
.
Write a detailed, analytical paragraph on the short story, incorpora.docxsmithhedwards48727
Write a detailed, analytical paragraph on the short story, incorporating the literary criticism.
Focus on writing-developed paragraph with:
a focused topic sentence.
two quotes, using ICE for each (begin your E with a paraphrase)
developing your analysis through your annotations (Notice and Focus)
No longer than 1 page double- spaced.
Usr in text citiations and write a Works Cited Listing.
Please DO NOT COPY FROM THE INTERNET ANYTHING USE YOUR OWN THOUGHTS THANKS.
.
Write a dialogue involving at least 10 - 15 interchanges about the e.docxsmithhedwards48727
Write a dialogue involving at least 10 - 15 interchanges about the equalities to which we are entitled and the...
Write a dialogue involving at least 10 - 15 interchanges about the equalities to which we are entitled and the inequalities required by justice using at least 4 of any of these speakers: a staunch Capitalist like Andrew Carnegie, an 18th Century slave like Frederick Douglass, a modern middle class worker, an early 19th Century woman seeking the right to vote, a displaced Native American, a recent emigrant, a Wicca practitioner, or Adler. Have your speakers respond to what the other persons says, too.
.
Write a detailed report on one of the following topics1- Differ.docxsmithhedwards48727
Write a detailed report on one of the following topics:
1- Different types of beaches, their characteristics, and human control on coastal erosion.
2- Different types of saltmarshes, their characteristics, importance and human impacts on them.
3- Mangrove ecosystems, their characteristics, importance and natural and human impacts on them.
4- Coral reef ecosystems, their characteristics, importance and natural and human impacts on them.
5- Seagrasses and seaweeds ecosystems, their characteristics, and importance.
.
Write a detailed report about a residential burglary. You are the of.docxsmithhedwards48727
Write a detailed report about a residential burglary. You are the officer. List and describe all items that were stolen. How did the suspect gain entry into the residence? Remember the report should have dates, times, location names of people involved in the incident, description of incident and how the incident was ended or resolved
.
Write a detailed report about a armed robbery to a convenience store.docxsmithhedwards48727
Write a detailed report about a armed robbery to a convenience store. You are the officer. List and describe all items that were stolen. What type of weapon was used? How did the suspect flee the scene? Remember the report should have dates, times, location names of people involved in the incident, description of incident and how the incident was ended or resolved
.
Write a detailed report on International Association of classifi.docxsmithhedwards48727
Write a detailed report on International Association of classification Societies (IACS). Following aspects / points must be covered in the report.
1. Objectives of IACS.
2. Scope of IACS.
3. Approval of Material, Machinery and Equipment.
4. Classification surveys ( including all type of surveys).
Note: Please do your own research work and avoid copy paste.
Only Original work will be graded.
.
Write a detailed report (15 pages excluding references and intro pag.docxsmithhedwards48727
Write a detailed report (15 pages excluding references and intro page) in APA format. Use tables, figures if necessary but don't use too many. Please follow the guidelines attached and
MUST
cover everything mentioned in the instructions.
Also prepare a PowerPoint presentation.
.
Write a detailed evaluation of CWU — why you decided to come here to.docxsmithhedwards48727
Write a detailed evaluation of CWU — why you decided to come here to CWoo (either the university itself (campus, location, amenities) or your particular program (music, flight, football). Your evaluation should contain each and every characteristic of the ones we will cover in class.
Main Source: your own meticulous and documented research including (but not limited to) statistical and factual research (online or otherwise) and interviews of CWU staff, faculty and students;
Ensure that you have:
top-loaded your overall judgment;
given the broader context of your evaluation;
stated a clear set of criteria and supported your choice of criteria;
please fouces on the red pen which he wrote on the example and start like the example and i want work cites and give me the wibesite. to do it go to citation machine
.
Write a detail Psychiatric diagnosis and Treatment planregimen .docxsmithhedwards48727
Write a detail Psychiatric diagnosis and Treatment plan/regimen based on assessment and evaluation of the case studies assigned, also include a medical diagnosis where it is applicable .
Note:
some of the case studies has more than one diagnosis
.
Write a description of a process of doing grocery shopping so that y.docxsmithhedwards48727
Write a description of a process of doing grocery shopping so that your computerized robot Robert will know what to do at the grocery store. Be sure to include all the steps including sequence, repetition, and conditional branching in your description.
Develop a flowchart that diagrams the instructions that you wrote up for Robert.
Write a paragraph explaining the logic of your instructions/flowchart.
.
Write a critical evaluation of your learning outcome. In your re.docxsmithhedwards48727
Write a critical evaluation of your learning outcome. In your response, consider:
1. Consider the content of this class as they relate to financial acuity and managerial decision making.
2. Base on the course content, discuss the new skills you acquired from this class?
3. How would you apply your new knowledge of your current and/or future profession?
Post your original discussion no later than Friday, 28. Read and respond to at least 3 of your classmates’ posts.
Student Responses :
Student Response 1(Debotta Ganesh) :
Managerial decision-making and financial acumen are quintessential for a business to be profitable. The course content exposes the students to the criticality of these factors in the financial decisions taken by the management of a company (Wasniewski N., n.d.)
This course has helped me enormously in the development of my financial acumen and has enabled me to understand basic financial metrics and contribute to the important managerial decisions. Some of the important concepts that I have imbibed are IRR, NPV, TVM, etc. that make it easier to arrive at solutions for practical business problems. One of the important aspects of the course is that it helps the learner to acquire a basic understanding of the roles and the basic objectives of financial management. The course has given me the exposure to how complex decisions can be when selecting projects for different investment opportunities. It is imperative that one has a good grasp of the capital budgeting techniques in such situations. Another crucial aspect of financial analysis is to gain a strong understanding of the various techniques of effective working capital like inventory management, payable, accounts receivable and the problems given in the course are sufficient to acquire these skills.
The students are given ample opportunities to groom their managerial decision-making skills through the problems given to them to solve. These problems have enabled me to dive into the challenges of the financial management world and have helped shape up my ability to make effective managerial decisions. I will apply the skills that I have acquired during the managerial finance course at work and contribute better to the crucial investment decisions made by the management. I will also caution the management in not being hasty in making these decisions as any wrong decision can greatly impact the ability of the company to achieve the goals set by it.
Reference:
Wasniewski, N. (n.d.). What Is Business Acumen and Why It's Important For Leaders. Retrieved from
https://blog.insight-experience.com/blog/business-acumen-important-aspiring-leaders/
Student response 2 (Hyndavai Mandava) :
Relation to Financial Acuity and Managerial Decision Making
In order to differentiate the financial and managerial decision making in the organization considered to be primary things. As per financial accounting, it has been consists of the branch of accounting the purpose of wh.
write a description of Federich Woehler, Martin Kamen, Cornelis Bern.docxsmithhedwards48727
write a description of Federich Woehler, Martin Kamen, Cornelis Bernardus van Niel, the three scientists who contributed to our understanding of gems, germs, and through them respiration , and photosynthesis by gems. Who were they, When were they and what did they reveal about germs on our planet and perhaps elsewhere.
And why it maybe the gem that is most similar to being a germ when viewed from its physical and chemical properties( take Opals for example).
.
Write a cover letter explaining what makes you qualified to take c.docxsmithhedwards48727
Write a cover letter explaining what makes you qualified to take college writing 2 course. What university classes and high school writing classes have you taken thus far to prepare you for Writing 2? What writing strategies have you learned thus far that will help you be successful in meeting the course goals listed in the syllabus? What is it about yourself as a writer and/or a creative person that makes you stand out from the rest of your classmates? How do you hope to make your experience in Writing 2 mutually beneficial for yourself, your classmates, and the instructor? Other questions to consider: How do you feel about writing in general? What are your strengths and weaknesses as writer? What are your personal goals for this course? (600 words) I have written some information below, please continue my writing and use simple grammar and sentence structure since I am a foreign student studying English.
After the cover letter, briefly describe your process drafting and writing your cover letter. Was it easy or challenging to write a cover letter describing yourself? What about the assignment was the most frustrating or rewarding? What did you notice about your process as you wrote? Where did you get “stuck,” and where did the words just “flow” out? Did you get hung up on the formatting or did writing a letter come naturally? Did you feel any stress in your body as you wrote? If so, where in your body did you feel stress and what did it feel like? Come prepared to share you experience in class. (500 words)
Please use simple grammar and sentence structure since I am a foreign student studying English.
I am originally from Shanghai, China and moved to Canada at the age of 14 for a more suitable education and again moved to the United States for the same passion. I received my basic education in China through 8th grade and then transferred to Canada as a ninth grader. After two years of wonderful experience in Canada decided to come to the US to Chase my passions and the American Dream. My passion is to work in the Business filed, and as continuing study my Business Management Economics major, find a field I feel passionate about and in which I can happily spend my working life.
In order to accomplish my dream, I need to have good writing skills; because writing skills ensure effective business communication. A professional business man must have proficient, comprehensive writing skills, so the receiver will clearly understand your message.
What university classes and high school writing classes have you taken thus far to prepare you for Writing 2: I have taken writing 1 and literature classes in college and high school
What writing strategies have you learned thus far that will help you be successful in meeting the course goals listed in the syllabus? I like to do meditation during free time, it not only releases my pressure but also help me get creative ideas that I can use for writing works. Creation is very fun during writing. In high.
Write a critical essay on one of the following topics related to.docxsmithhedwards48727
Write a critical essay on one of the following topics related to Harry Potter:“Mr and Mrs Dursley, of number four, Privet Drive, were proud to say that they were perfectly normal, thank you very much. They were the last people you’d expect to be involved in anything strange or mysterious, because they just didn’t hold with such nonsense” (Rowling 1).
What kind of reality are the Dursleys associated with, and how does the novel use magic in order to disrupt this reality?]“Hermione was now refusing to speak to Harry and Ron, but she was such a bossy know- it-all that they saw this as an added bonus” (Rowling 176).
How is Hermione characterised in the novel and what is the role she plays?“‘There is no good and evil, there is only power, and those too weak to seek it…’” (Rowling 313).
How are the forces of good and evil represented in the novel, and what is Harry’s role in the conflict between them?
APA
1 Page
.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
4. A T L A N T I C
O C E A N
N O R T H
P A C I F I C
O C E A N
S O U T H
P A C I F I C
O C E A N
BELIZE
GUATEMALA HONDURAS
NICARAGUAEL SALVADOR
COSTA RICA
PANAMA
GUYANA
SURINAME
CÔTE
D'IVOIRESIERRA LEONE
REP. OF THE CO
TOGO
BENIN
BURKINA
FASO
T
GUINEA-BISSAU
5. French Guiana
(FRANCE)
NETH.
SLOVAKIA
HUNGARY
WESTERN
SAHARA
A R C T I C
O C E A N A R C T I C
O C E A N
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30 60 90 120 150 180
ARCTICA
PAPUA
NEW GUINEA
10. SOMALIA
DEMOCRATIC
REPUBLIC
OF THE CONGO
KAZAKHSTAN
'
N O R T H
P A C I F I C
O C E A N
I N D I A N
O C E A N
S O U T H
P A C I F I C
O C E A N
ROMANIA
BULGARIATALY
AUSTRIA
SINGAPORE
MARSHALL
ISLANDS
FEDERATED STATES
OF MICRONESIA
12. MALDIVES
RWANDA
BURUNDI
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International Economics
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International Economics
FIFTEENTH EDITION
R O B E R T J . C A R B A U G H
Professor of Economics, Central Washington University
Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain
• United Kingdom • United States
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International Economics, Fifteenth Edition
Robert J. Carbaugh
Vice President, General Manager, Social
Science & Qualitative Business: Erin Joyner
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Printed in the U nited States of America
Print N umber: 01 Print Year: 2014
WCN: 02-200-203
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Brief Contents
PREFACE
...............................................................................................
18. ........... xv
CHAPTER 1 The International Economy and Globalization
.............................. 1
PART 1 International Trade Relations 27
CHAPTER 2 Foundations of Modern Trade Theory:
Comparative
Advantage
........................................................................................ 29
CHAPTER 3 Sources of Comparative Advantage
............................................ 69
CHAPTER 4 Tariffs
.............................................................................................
107
CHAPTER 5 Nontariff Trade Barriers
............................................................... 149
CHAPTER 6 Trade Regulations and Industrial Policies
................................. 181
19. CHAPTER 7 Trade Policies for the Developing Nations
................................ 227
CHAPTER 8 Regional Trading Arrangements
................................................ 267
CHAPTER 9 International Factor Movements and Multinational
Enterprises
..................................................................................... 295
PART 2 International Monetary Relations 327
CHAPTER 10 The Balance-of-Payments
............................................................ 329
CHAPTER 11 Foreign Exchange
......................................................................... 357
CHAPTER 12 Exchange Rate Determination
.................................................... 393
CHAPTER 13 Mechanisms of International Adjustment
................................. 419
CHAPTER 14 Exchange Rate Adjustments and the
20. Balance-of-Payments
.................................................................... 427
CHAPTER 15 Exchange Rate Systems and Currency Crises
.......................... 445
CHAPTER 16 Macroeconomic Policy in an Open Economy
........................... 479
CHAPTER 17 International Banking: Reserves, Debt, and Risk
...................... 495
GLOSSARY
...............................................................................................
.............. 513
INDEX
...............................................................................................
..................... 527
v
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Contents
Preface
...............................................................................................
....................xv
CHAPTER 1
The International Economy and Globalization
....................................... 1
Globalization of Economic Activity
............................................ 2
Waves of Globalization
.................................................................. 3
Federal Reserve Policy Incites
Global Backlash. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
22. First Wave of Globalization: 1870–1914 ............................. 4
Second Wave of Globalization: 1945–1980 ......................... 5
Latest Wave of Globalization ............................................... 5
Diesel Engines and Gas Turbines as
Movers of Globalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
The United States as an Open Economy...................................
9
Trade Patterns.........................................................................
9
Labor and Capital ................................................................
11
Why is Globalization Important?
.............................................. 12
Globalization and Competition
.................................................. 15
Kodak Reinvents Itself under Chapter 11 Bankruptcy .... 15
Bicycle Imports Force Schwinn to Downshift ................... 16
Element Electronics Survives by Moving
TV Production to America ............................................ 17
23. Common Fallacies of International Trade ..............................
18
Is the United States Losing Its
Innovation Edge?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Does Free Trade Apply to Cigarettes? .....................................
19
Is International Trade an Opportunity or a Threat
to
Workers?...............................................................................
20
Backlash against Globalization
................................................... 22
The Plan of This Text
.................................................................. 24
Summary.................................................................................
......... 24
Key Concepts and Terms
............................................................ 25
Study Questions
............................................................................. 25
PART 1 International Trade Relations 27
24. CHAPTER 2
Foundations of Modern Trade Theory: Comparative Advantage
...... 29
Historical Development of Modern Trade Theory ............... 29
The Mercantilists ..................................................................
29
Why Nations Trade: Absolute Advantage ........................ 30
Why Nations Trade: Comparative Advantage ................. 31
David Ricardo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Production Possibilities
Schedules............................................. 35
Trading under Constant-Cost Conditions...............................
36
Basis for Trade and Direction of Trade ............................ 36
Production Gains from Specialization ............................... 37
Consumption Gains from Trade ........................................ 38
Babe Ruth and the Principle of
Comparative Advantage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
25. Distributing the Gains from Trade .................................... 40
Equilibrium Terms of Trade ............................................... 41
Terms of Trade Estimates.................................................... 42
Dynamic Gains from Trade
........................................................ 43
How Global Competition Led to Productivity
Gains for U.S. Iron Ore Workers ................................. 44
Changing Comparative Advantage............................................
45
Trading under Increasing-Cost Conditions ............................
46
Natural Gas Boom Fuels Debate . . . . . . . 47
Increasing-Cost Trading Case ............................................. 48
Partial Specialization ...........................................................
50
The Impact of Trade on Jobs
..................................................... 51
v i
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26. to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed
from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
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not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage
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Wooster, Ohio Bears the Brunt of Globalization .................. 52
Comparative Advantage Extended to Many Products
and Countries
........................................................................... 53
More Than Two Products ................................................... 53
More Than Two Countries ................................................. 54
Exit Barriers
.................................................................................... 55
Empirical Evidence on Comparative Advantage ................... 56
Comparative Advantage and Global Supply Chains............. 57
Advantages and Disadvantages of Outsourcing ............... 59
27. Outsourcing and the U.S. Automobile Industry............... 60
The iPhone Economy and Global Supply
Chains............................................................................... 60
Outsourcing Backfires for Boeing 787 Dreamliner .......... 61
Reshoring Production to the United States ....................... 63
Summary.................................................................................
......... 64
Key Concepts and Terms
............................................................ 65
Study Questions
............................................................................. 65
Exploring Further
.......................................................................... 67
CHAPTER 3
Sources of Comparative Advantage
...................................................... 69
Factor Endowments as a Source of Comparative
Advantage
.................................................................................. 69
The Factor-Endowments Theory ........................................ 70
28. Visualizing the Factor-Endowment Theory ...................... 72
Applying the Factor-Endowment Theory to
U.S.–China Trade ........................................................... 73
Chinese Manufacturers Beset By Rising Wages and a
Rising Yuan ..................................................................... 74
Globalization Drives Changes for U.S.
Automakers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Factor-Price Equalization ....................................................
76
Who Gains and Loses from Trade?
The Stolper–Samuelson Theorem ................................. 78
Is International Trade a Substitute
for Migration?.................................................................. 79
Specific Factors: Trade and the Distribution of
Income in the Short Run ............................................... 81
Does Trade Make the Poor Even Poorer? ......................... 81
Is the Factor-Endowment Theory a Good Predictor
of Trade Patterns? ...................................................................
29. 83
Skill as a Source of Comparative Advantage ..........................
84
Economies of Scale and Comparative Advantage ................. 85
Internal Economies of Scale ................................................ 86
External Economies of Scale................................................ 87
Overlapping Demands as a Basis for Trade ...........................
88
Does a “Flat World” Make
Ricardo Wrong?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Intra-industry Trade
..................................................................... 90
Technology as a Source of Comparative Advantage:
The Product Cycle Theory ....................................................
92
Radios, Pocket Calculators, and the International
Product Cycle................................................................... 94
Japan Fades in the Electronics Industry............................ 95
30. Dynamic Comparative Advantage: Industrial Policy............ 96
WTO Rules that Illegal Government Subsidies Support
Boeing and Airbus...................................................................
97
Do Labor Unions Stifle
Competitiveness? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Government Regulatory Policies
and Comparative Advantage ................................................ 99
Transportation Costs and Comparative Advantage ............101
Trade Effects ........................................................................
101
Falling Transportation Costs Foster Trade ..................... 103
Summary.................................................................................
....... 104
Key Concepts and Terms
.......................................................... 105
Study Questions
31. ........................................................................... 105
Exploring Further
........................................................................ 106
CHAPTER 4
Tariffs....................................................................................
.................... 107
The Tariff
Concept...................................................................... 108
Types Of Tariffs
........................................................................... 109
Specific Tariff.......................................................................
109
Ad Valorem Tariff ..............................................................
110
Compound Tariff ................................................................
111
Effective Rate of
Protection....................................................... 111
Trade Protectionism Intensifies As
Global Economy Falls Into the Great
32. Recession. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Tariff Escalation
........................................................................... 114
Outsourcing and Offshore Assembly Provision...................115
Dodging Import Tariffs: Tariff Avoidance
and Tariff Evasion .................................................................
116
Ford Strips Its Wagons to Avoid High
Tariff ............................................................................... 117
Smuggled Steel Evades U.S. Tariffs .................................. 117
Gains from Eliminating
Import Tariffs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
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Postponing Import
Tariffs......................................................... 119
Bonded Warehouse.............................................................
119
Foreign–Trade Zone ...........................................................
119
FTZ’s Benefit Motor Vehicle Importers ........................... 120
Tariff Effects: An
Overview....................................................... 121
Tariff Welfare Effects: Consumer Surplus
and Producer Surplus ...........................................................
122
Tariff Welfare Effects: Small Nation
Model..........................123
Tariff Welfare Effects: Large Nation
Model..............................126
34. The Optimum Tariff and Retaliation .............................. 128
Examples of U.S. Tariffs
............................................................ 130
Obama’s Tariffs on Chinese Tires .................................... 130
Should Footwear Tariffs Be Given
the Boot?......................................................................... 131
Could a Higher Tariff Put a Dent
in the Federal Debt?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
How a Tariff Burdens Exporters
.............................................132
Tariffs and the
Poor.................................................................... 134
Arguments for Trade Restrictions
...........................................135
Job Protection ......................................................................
136
Protection against Cheap Foreign Labor......................... 136
Fairness in Trade: A Level Playing Field ........................ 139
Maintenance of the Domestic Standard of Living ......... 139
35. Equalization of Production Costs ..................................... 140
Infant-Industry Argument ................................................. 140
Noneconomic Arguments ...................................................
140
Petition of the Candle Makers. . . . . . . . . 142
The Political Economy of Protectionism
...............................142
A Supply and Demand View of Protectionism .............. 144
Summary.................................................................................
....... 145
Key Concepts and Terms
.......................................................... 146
Study Questions
........................................................................... 146
Exploring Further
........................................................................ 148
CHAPTER 5
Nontariff Trade Barriers
......................................................................... 149
Absolute Import Quota
36. .............................................................. 149
Trade and Welfare Effects .................................................
150
Allocating Quota Licenses .................................................
152
Quotas versus Tariffs .........................................................
153
Tariff–Rate Quota: A Two–Tier
Tariff...................................154
Tariff–Rate Quota Bittersweet for
Sugar Consumers .................................................................
156
Export Quotas
.............................................................................. 156
Japanese Auto Restraints Put Brakes on
U.S. Motorists ................................................................ 157
Domestic Content Requirements
.............................................158
How “Foreign” is Your Car? . . . . . . . . . . 160
37. Subsidies.................................................................................
........ 161
Domestic Production Subsidy............................................ 161
Export Subsidy ....................................................................
162
Dumping
........................................................................................ 163
Forms of Dumping .............................................................
163
International Price Discrimination .................................. 164
Antidumping Regulations
.......................................................... 166
Swimming Upstream: The Case of
Vietnamese Catfish. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Whirlpool Agitates for Antidumping Tariffs
on Clothes Washers ...................................................... 168
Canadians Press Washington Apple Producers
for Level Playing Field.................................................. 169
38. Is Antidumping Law Unfair?....................................................
169
Should Average Variable Cost Be the Yardstick
for Defining Dumping?................................................. 170
Should Antidumping Law Reflect Currency
Fluctuations?.................................................................. 171
Are Antidumping Duties Overused? ................................ 171
Other Nontariff Trade Barriers ................................................
172
Government Procurement Policies.................................... 172
U.S. Fiscal Stimulus and Buy
American Legislation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Social Regulations .............................................................. .
174
CAFÉ Standards .................................................................
174
Europe Has a Cow over Hormone-Treated
U.S. Beef ......................................................................... 174
Sea Transport and Freight Regulations ........................... 175
39. Summary.................................................................................
....... 176
Key Concepts and Terms
.......................................................... 177
Study Questions
........................................................................... 177
CHAPTER 6
Trade Regulations and Industrial Policies
........................................... 181
U.S. Tariff Policies Before 1930
...............................................181
Smoot–Hawley
Act...................................................................... 183
Reciprocal Trade Agreements
Act...........................................184
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade .............................185
Trade without Discrimination .......................................... 185
Promoting Freer Trade ...................................................... 186
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Predictability: Through Binding and
Transparency ................................................................. 187
Multilateral Trade Negotiations ....................................... 187
World Trade Organization........................................................
189
Avoiding Trade Barriers during
the Great Recession. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
Settling Trade Disputes ......................................................
191
41. Does the WTO Reduce National Sovereignty?................ 192
Should Retaliatory Tariffs Be Used for
WTO Enforcement? ...................................................... 193
Does the WTO Harm the Environment? ........................ 194
Harming the Environment ................................................ 194
Improving the Environment .............................................. 195
WTO Rules against China’s Hoarding
of Rare Earth Metals .................................................... 195
Future of the World Trade Organization ....................... 197
Trade Promotion Authority (Fast Track Authority) ..........198
Safeguards (The Escape Clause): Emergency
Protection from Imports......................................................
199
U.S. Safeguards Limit Surging Imports of
Textiles from China ...................................................... 200
Countervailing Duties: Protection against
Foreign Export Subsidies .....................................................
201
Lumber Duties Hammer Home Buyers ........................... 202
42. Antidumping Duties: Protection against Foreign
Dumping.................................................................................
. 202
Would a Carbon Tariff Help Solve
the Climate Problem? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Remedies against Dumped and Subsidized
Imports
................................................................................... 204
U.S. Steel Companies Lose an Unfair Trade Case
and Still Win ................................................................. 206
Section 301: Protection against Unfair
Trading Practices ...................................................................
207
Protection of Intellectual Property Rights
.............................208
The Globalization of Ideas and
Intellectual Property Rights. . . . . . . . . . . 210
Microsoft Scorns China’s Piracy
43. of Software ..................................................................... 210
Trade Adjustment Assistance ...................................................
212
Industrial Policies of the United States
..................................212
U.S. Airlines and Boeing Spar over Export–Import
Bank Credit.................................................................... 214
U.S. Solar Industry Dims as China’s Industrial
Policy Lights Up ............................................................ 215
Industrial Policies of Japan
....................................................... 216
Strategic Trade Policy
................................................................. 217
Economic Sanctions
.................................................................... 219
Factors Influencing the Success of Sanctions .................. 220
Economic Sanctions and Weapons of Mass
Destruction: North Korea and Iran ........................... 221
Summary.................................................................................
44. ....... 223
Key Concepts and Terms
.......................................................... 224
Study Questions
........................................................................... 224
Exploring Further
........................................................................ 225
CHAPTER 7
Trade Policies for the Developing Nations
......................................... 227
Developing-Nation Trade
Characteristics..............................227
Tensions between Developing Nations
and Advanced Nations .........................................................
229
Trade Problems of the Developing Nations .........................229
Unstable Export Markets ................................................... 230
Falling Commodity Prices Threaten Growth
of Exporting Nations .................................................... 232
Worsening Terms of Trade ............................................... 232
45. Limited Market Access .......................................................
233
Agricultural Export Subsidies of Advanced
Nations ........................................................................... 235
Bangladesh’s Sweatshop Reputation................................. 235
Stabilizing Primary-Product Prices
.........................................237
Production and Export Controls ...................................... 237
Buffer Stocks ........................................................................
237
Multilateral Contracts ........................................................
239
Does the Fair Trade Movement Help Poor
Coffee Farmers? ............................................................. 239
The OPEC Oil Cartel
................................................................. 240
Maximizing Cartel Profits ................................................. 240
OPEC as a Cartel ...............................................................
242
Does Foreign Direct Investment
46. Hinder or Help Economic
Development?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
Aiding the Developing Nations................................................
244
The World Bank .................................................................
245
International Monetary Fund........................................... 246
Generalized System of Preferences.................................... 247
Does Aid Promote Growth of Developing
Nations?.......................................................................... 248
How to Bring Developing Nations in from
the Cold..................................................................................
248
Economic Growth Strategies: Import Substitution
versus Export Led Growth ..................................................
250
Import Substitution ............................................................
250
Import Substitution Laws Backfire on Brazil ................. 251
Export Led Growth .............................................................
252
47. Is Economic Growth Good for the Poor? ........................ 253
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Can All Developing Nations Achieve Export
Led Growth? .................................................................. 2 53
East Asian Economies
................................................................ 254
Flying Geese Pattern of Growth........................................ 255
Is State Capitalism Winning? . . . . . . . . . 256
48. China’s Great Leap Forward.....................................................
257
Challenges for China’s Economy ...................................... 258
China’s Export Boom Comes at a Cost: How to
Make Factories Play Fair............................................. 260
India: Breaking Out of the Third World...............................261
Brazil Takes off
............................................................................ 263
Summary.................................................................................
....... 264
Key Concepts and Terms
.......................................................... 265
Study Questions
........................................................................... 265
CHAPTER 8
Regional Trading Arrangements
.......................................................... 267
Regional Integration versus Multilateralism
49. .........................267
Types of Regional Trading Arrangements
............................268
Impetus for
Regionalism............................................................ 270
Effects of a Regional Trading Arrangement .........................270
Static Effects.........................................................................
270
Dynamic Effects...................................................................
273
Is the U.S.–South Korea Free-Trade
Agreement Good for Americans? . . . . . 274
The European Union
.................................................................. 274
Pursuing Economic Integration ........................................ 275
Agricultural Policy ..............................................................
276
Is the European Union Really a
Common Market? ......................................................... 278
Economic Costs and Benefits of a Common Currency:
50. The European Monetary Union ........................................280
Optimum Currency Area................................................... 280
Eurozone’s Problems and Challenges ............................... 281
European Monetary “Disunion”. . . . . . . 282
Will the Eurozone Survive? ............................................... 283
North American Free Trade Agreement................................284
NAFTA’s Benefits and Costs for
Mexico and Canada ............................................................
285
NAFTA’s Benefits and Costs for the
United States.................................................................. 286
U.S.–Mexico Trucking Dispute ......................................... 288
U.S.–Mexico Tomato Dispute ........................................... 289
Is NAFTA an Optimum Currency Area? ........................ 290
Summary.................................................................................
....... 291
Key Concepts and Terms
.......................................................... 292
51. Study Questions
........................................................................... 292
Exploring Further
........................................................................ 293
CHAPTER 9
International Factor Movements and Multinational
Enterprises..... 295
The Multinational Enterprise
...................................................295
Motives for Foreign Direct
Investment..................................297
Demand Factors..................................................................
298
Cost Factors .........................................................................
298
Supplying Products to Foreign Buyers: Whether
to Produce Domestically or Abroad .................................299
Direct Exporting versus Foreign Direct
Investment/Licensing .................................................... 300
Foreign Direct Investment versus Licensing .................... 301
52. Country Risk Analysis
................................................................ 302
Do U.S. Multinationals Exploit
Foreign Workers? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
International Trade Theory and Multinational
Enterprise...............................................................................
.. 305
Japanese Transplants in the U.S. Automobile Industry .....305
International Joint Ventures
..................................................... 307
Welfare Effects.....................................................................
308
Multinational Enterprises as a Source of Conflict...............310
Employment .........................................................................
310
Caterpillar Bulldozes Canadian Locomotive Workers ........ 311
Technology Transfer ...........................................................
312
National Sovereignty ..........................................................
53. 314
Balance-of-Payments ..........................................................
315
Transfer Pricing ..................................................................
316
International Labor Mobility: Migration
...............................316
Apple Uses Tax Loopholes
to Dodge Taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
The Effects of Migration ....................................................
318
Immigration as an Issue .................................................... 320
Does Canada’s Immigration Policy Provide
a Model for the United States? ................................... 322
Does U.S. Immigration Policy Harm
Domestic Workers?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
Summary.................................................................................
....... 324
Key Concepts and Terms
.......................................................... 324
54. Study Questions
........................................................................... 324
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PART 2 International Monetary Relations 327
CHAPTER 10
The Balance-of-Payments
...................................................................... 329
Double Entry
Accounting.......................................................... 329
55. Balance-of-Payments Structure ................................................
331
Current Account .................................................................
331
Capital and Financial Account......................................... 332
International Payments Process. . . . . . . 333
Official Settlements Transactions ..................................... 334
Special Drawing Rights ......................................................
335
Statistical Discrepancy: Errors and Omissions ............... 336
U.S. Balance-of-
Payments.......................................................... 337
What Does a Current Account Deficit (Surplus) Mean? ........
339
Net Foreign Investment and the Current
Account Balance............................................................ 340
Impact of Capital Flows on the Current Account ......... 340
Is a Current Account Deficit a Problem? ........................ 341
The iPhone’s Complex Supply
56. Chain Depicts Limitations of
Trade Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342
Business Cycles, Economic Growth, and the Current
Account........................................................................... 343
How the United States Has Borrowed at
Very Low Cost ............................................................... 344
Do Current Account Deficits Cost
Americans Jobs? ............................................................ 345
Can the United States Continue to Run Current
Account Deficits Indefinitely? ...................................... 346
Balance of International Indebtedness
...................................348
United States as a Debtor Nation .................................... 349
Global Imbalances. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
The Dollar as the World’s Reserve Currency.......................351
Benefits to the United States ............................................. 351
A New Reserve Currency?..................................................
352
58. Forward and Futures Markets ..................................................
366
Foreign Currency
Options......................................................... 368
Exchange Rate Determination ..................................................
369
Demand for Foreign Exchange ......................................... 369
Supply of Foreign Exchange ..............................................
369
Equilibrium Rate of Exchange .......................................... 370
Indexes of the Foreign-Exchange Value of the Dollar:
Nominal and Real Exchange Rates ...................................371
Arbitrage
........................................................................................ 373
The Forward
Market................................................................... 374
The Forward Rate...............................................................
375
Relation between the Forward
Rate and Spot Rate....................................................... 376
59. Managing Your Foreign Exchange Risk:
Forward Foreign Exchange Contract ......................... 377
Case 1 ...................................................................................
378
Case 2 ............................................................................ .......
378
How Markel, Volkswagen, and Nintendo
Manage Foreign Exchange Risk .................................. 379
Does Foreign Currency Hedging Pay Off?....................... 380
Currency Risk and the Hazards of
Investing Abroad. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
Interest Arbitrage, Currency Risk, and Hedging .................382
Uncovered Interest Arbitrage ............................................ 382
Covered Interest Arbitrage (Reducing Currency Risk) ......383
Foreign Exchange Market Speculation
...................................384
Long and Short Positions .................................................. 385
Andy Krieger Shorts the New Zealand Dollar................ 385
George Soros Shorts the Yen ............................................. 385
60. People’s Bank of China Widens Trading Band
to Punish Currency Speculators .................................. 386
Stabilizing and Destabilizing Speculation ....................... 386
Foreign Exchange Trading as a Career
..................................387
Foreign Exchange Traders Hired by Commercial
Banks, Companies, and Central Banks ..................... 387
How to Play the Falling (Rising) Dollar. . . 388
Currency Markets Draw Day Traders............................. 389
Summary.................................................................................
....... 390
Key Concepts and Terms
.......................................................... 390
Study Questions
........................................................................... 390
Exploring Further
........................................................................ 392
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CHAPTER 12
Exchange Rate Determination
.............................................................. 393
What Determines Exchange
Rates?.........................................393
Determining Long Run Exchange Rates
................................395
Relative Price Levels ...........................................................
396
Relative Productivity Levels ...............................................
396
Preferences for Domestic or Foreign Goods .................... 396
62. Trade Barriers .....................................................................
398
Inflation Rates, Purchasing-Power-Parity,
and Long Run Exchange Rates ..........................................398
Law of One Price ................................................................
398
Burgeromics: The “Big Mac” Index and the
Law of One Price .......................................................... 399
Purchasing-Power-Parity ................................................... 400
Inflation Differentials and the
Exchange Rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
Determining Short Run Exchange Rates:
The Asset Market Approach...............................................404
Relative Levels of Interest Rates........................................ 405
Expected Change in the Exchange Rate .......................... 407
Diversification, Safe Havens,
and Investment Flows .................................................. 408
International Comparisons of GDP:
64. ........................................................................ 418
CHAPTER 13
Mechanisms of International
Adjustment........................................... 419
Price
Adjustments........................................................................
420
Gold Standard .....................................................................
420
Quantity Theory of Money ............................................... 420
Current Account Adjustment ............................................ 421
Financial Flows and Interest Rate Differentials ...................422
Income Adjustments
................................................................... 423
Disadvantages of Automatic Adjustment Mechanisms .........424
Monetary Adjustments
............................................................... 425
Summary.................................................................................
65. ....... 425
Key Concepts and Terms
.......................................................... 426
Study Questions
........................................................................... 426
Exploring Further
........................................................................ 426
CHAPTER 14
Exchange Rate Adjustments and the Balance-of-Payments
............ 427
Effects of Exchange Rate Changes
on Costs and Prices ..............................................................
427
Case 1: No Foreign Sourcing—All Costs Are
Denominated in Dollars............................................... 428
Case 2: Foreign Sourcing—Some Costs Denominated
in Dollars and Some Costs Denominated
in Francs ........................................................................ 428
66. Cost Cutting Strategies of Manufacturers in
Response to Currency Appreciation .................................430
Appreciation of the Yen: Japanese
Manufacturers ............................................................... 430
Japanese Firms Send Work Abroad as
Rising Yen Makes Their Products Less
Competitive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432
Appreciation of the Dollar:
U.S. Manufacturers....................................................... 432
Will Currency Depreciation Reduce a
Trade Deficit? The Elasticity Approach...........................433
J–Curve Effect: Time Path of Depreciation
..........................436
Exchange Rate Pass-Through ...................................................
438
Partial Exchange Rate Pass-Through............................... 438
Does Currency Depreciation Give Weak
Countries a Way out of Crisis?. . . . . . . . 441
67. The Absorption Approach to Currency
Depreciation............................................................................
441
The Monetary Approach to Currency Depreciation ..........442
Summary.................................................................................
....... 443
Key Concepts and Terms
.......................................................... 444
Study Questions
........................................................................... 444
Exploring Further
........................................................................ 444
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CHAPTER 15
Exchange Rate Systems and Currency
Crises.................................... 445
Exchange Rate
Practices............................................................. 445
Choosing an Exchange Rate System: Constraints
Imposed by Free Capital Flows.......................................... 447
Fixed Exchange Rate System
.................................................... 448
Use of Fixed Exchange Rates ............................................ 448
Par Value and Official Exchange Rate............................ 450
Exchange Rate Stabilization.............................................. 450
Devaluation and Revaluation ........................................... 452
Bretton Woods System of Fixed Exchange Rates ........... 452
Floating Exchange Rates
............................................................ 453
69. Achieving Market Equilibrium ......................................... 454
Trade Restrictions, Jobs, and Floating
Exchange Rates.............................................................. 455
Arguments for and against Floating Rates ..................... 455
Managed Floating Rates
............................................................. 456
Managed Floating Rates in the Short
Run and Long Run....................................................... 457
Exchange Rate Stabilization and Monetary Policy........ 459
Is Exchange Rate Stabilization Effective? ........................ 461
The Crawling Peg
........................................................................ 462
Currency Manipulation and Currency Wars........................462
Is China a Currency Manipulator?.................................. 464
Currency
Crises............................................................................ 465
The Global Financial Crisis
of 2007–2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466
70. Sources of Currency Crises ................................................
468
Speculators Attack East Asian Currencies....................... 469
Capital Controls
........................................................................... 470
Should Foreign Exchange Transactions be Taxed? ........ 471
Increasing the Credibility of Fixed Exchange Rates ...........472
Currency Board...................................................................
472
For Argentina, No Panacea in a Currency Board......... 474
Dollarization........................................................................
475
Summary.................................................................................
....... 477
Key Concepts and Terms
.......................................................... 478
Study Questions
........................................................................... 478
CHAPTER 16
71. Macroeconomic Policy in an Open Economy
..................................... 479
Economic Objectives of
Nations..............................................479
Policy
Instruments....................................................................... 480
Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply:
a Brief
Review......................................................................... 480
Monetary and Fiscal Policy in a Closed Economy .............481
Monetary and Fiscal Policy in an Open Economy .............483
Effect of Fiscal and Monetary Policy under
Fixed Exchange Rates ................................................... 484
Effect of Fiscal and Monetary Policy under
Floating Exchange Rates .............................................. 486
Macroeconomic Stability and the Current Account:
Policy Agreement versus Policy Conflict.........................486
Monetary and Fiscal Policy Respond to
Financial Turmoil in the Economy. . . . . 487
72. Inflation with Unemployment..................................................
488
International Economic Policy Coordination .......................488
Policy Coordination in Theory ......................................... 489
Does Policy Coordination Work? ..................................... 491
Does Crowding Occur in an
Open Economy?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492
Summary.................................................................................
....... 493
Key Concepts and Terms
.......................................................... 493
Study Questions
........................................................................... 494
CHAPTER 17
International Banking: Reserves, Debt, and Risk
............................... 495
Nature of International Reserves .............................................
495
Demand for International Reserves
........................................496
73. Exchange Rate Flexibility...................................................
496
Other Determinants............................................................
498
Supply of International Reserves .............................................
499
Foreign Currencies
...................................................................... 499
Gold
...............................................................................................
. 500
International Gold Standard............................................. 501
Gold Exchange Standard ................................................... 501
Demonetization of Gold..................................................... 502
Should the United States Return to the
Gold Standard?.............................................................. 503
Special Drawing Rights
.............................................................. 503
Facilities for Borrowing
Reserves.............................................504
74. IMF Drawings .....................................................................
504
General Arrangements to Borrow .................................... 504
Swap Arrangements............................................................
505
International Lending
Risk........................................................ 505
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The Problem of International Debt
75. ........................................506
Dealing with Debt Servicing Difficulties .......................... 507
Reducing Bank Exposure to Developing
Nation Debt ............................................................................
508
Debt Reduction and Debt
Forgiveness...................................509
The Eurodollar
Market............................................................... 510
Summary.................................................................................
....... 511
Key Concepts and Terms
.......................................................... 511
Study Questions
........................................................................... 511
Glossary
...............................................................................................
................513
76. Index
...............................................................................................
.....................527
xiv Contents
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Preface
I believe the best way to motivate students to learn a subject is
to demonstrate how it is
used in practice. The first fourteen editions of International
Economics reflected this
belief and were written to provide a serious presentation of
77. international economic the-
ory with an emphasis on current applications. Adopters of these
editions strongly sup-
ported the integration of economic theory with current events.
The fifteenth edition has been revised with an eye toward
improving this presentation
and updating the applications as well as including the latest
theoretical developments.
Like its predecessors, this edition is intended for use in a one-
quarter or one-semester
course for students having no more background than principles
of economics. This
book’s strengths are its clarity, organization, and applications
that demonstrate the use-
fulness of theory to students. The revised and updated material
in this edition empha-
sizes current applications of economic theory and incorporates
recent theoretical and
policy developments in international trade and finance.
INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS THEMES
This edition highlights five current themes that are at the
forefront of international
economics:
78. GLOBALIZATION OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITY
• Wooster, Ohio bears brunt of globalization—Ch. 2
• Japan fades in the global electronics industry—Ch. 3
• Comparative advantage and global supply chains—Ch. 2
• Caterpillar bulldozes Canadian locomotive workers—Ch. 9
• Apple uses tax loopholes to dodge taxes—Ch. 9
• Diesel engines and gas turbines as engines of growth—Ch. 1
• Waves of globalization—Ch. 1
• Has globalization gone too far?—Ch. 1
• Putting the H-P Pavilion together—Ch. 1
• Is the United States losing its innovation edge?—Ch. 1
• Rising transportation costs hinder globalization—Ch. 3
• iPhone’s complex supply chain highlights limitations of trade
statistics—Ch. 10
• Constraints imposed by capital flows on the choice of an
exchange rate system—
Ch. 15
FREE TRADE AND PROTECTIONISM
• Whirlpool wins dumping case—Ch. 5
• Wage increases and China’s trade—Ch. 3
• Should shoe tariffs be stomped out?—Ch. 4
• Natural gas boom fuels trade debate—Ch.2
79. • Element Electronics brings TV manufacturing back to the
United States—Ch. 1
• Carbon tariffs—Ch. 6
• Averting trade barriers during the Great Recession—Ch. 6
• Bangladesh’s sweatshop reputation—Ch. 7
x v
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• Does the principle of comparative advantage apply in the face
of job
outsourcing?—Ch. 2
• Boeing outsources work, but protects its secrets—Ch. 2
• Does trade make the poor even poorer?—Ch. 3
80. • WTO rules against subsidies to Boeing and Airbus—Ch. 3
• Does wage insurance make free trade more acceptable to
workers?—Ch. 6
• China’s hoarding of rare earth metals declared illegal by
WTO—Ch. 6
• The environment and free trade—Ch. 6
TRADE CONFLICTS BETWEEN DEVELOPING NATIONS
AND INDUSTRIAL NATIONS
• U.S.-Mexico tomato dispute—Ch. 8
• Is state capitalism winning?—Ch. 7
• Canada’s immigration policy—Ch. 9
• Is international trade a substitute for migration?—Ch. 3
• Economic growth strategies–import substitution versus export
led growth—Ch. 7
• Does foreign aid promote the growth of developing
countries?—Ch. 7
• The globalization of intellectual property rights—Ch. 7
• How to bring in developing countries from the cold—Ch. 7
• Microsoft scorns China’s piracy of software—Ch. 6
• The Doha Round of multilateral trade negotiations—Ch. 6
• Wage increases work against China’s competitiveness—Ch. 7
• China’s export boom comes at a cost: How to make factories
play fair—Ch. 7
81. • Will emerging economies soon outstrip the rich ones?—Ch. 7
• Do U.S. multinationals exploit foreign workers?—Ch. 9
LIBERALIZING TRADE: THE WTO VERSUS REGIONAL
TRADING
ARRANGEMENTS
• Does the WTO reduce national sovereignty?—Ch. 6
• Regional integration versus multilateralism—Ch. 8
• Is Europe really a common market?—Ch. 8
• The U.S.-South Korea Free Trade Agreement—Ch. 8
• NAFTA and the U.S.-Mexico trucking dispute—Ch. 8
• Will the euro survive?—Ch. 8
TURBULENCE IN THE GLOBAL FINANCIAL SYSTEM
• Yen’s depreciation drives Toyota’s profits upward—Ch. 11
• People’s Bank of China punishes speculators—Ch. 11
• Can the euro survive?—Ch. 8
• Does currency depreciation give weak countries a way out of
crisis?—Ch. 14
• Currency manipulation and currency wars—Ch. 15
• Paradox of foreign debt: how the United states borrows at low
cost—Ch. 10
• Mistranslation of news story roils currency markets—Ch. 12
• Why a dollar depreciation may not close the U.S. trade
82. deficit—Ch. 14
• Japanese firms send work abroad as yen makes its products
less
competitive—Ch.14
• Preventing currency crises: Currency boards versus
dollarization—Ch. 15
• Should Special Drawing Rights replace the dollar as the
world’s reserve
currency?—Ch. 17
• Should the United States return to the gold standard?—Ch. 17
xvi Preface
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to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed
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83. Besides emphasizing current economic themes, the fifteenth
edition of this text con-
tains many new topics such as outsourcing and the U.S. auto
industry, U.S. safeguards
limiting imports of textiles from China, why Italian shoemakers
strive to give the euro
the boot, bike imports that forced Schwinn to downshift, and
how currency markets
draw day traders. Faculty and students will appreciate how this
edition provides a con-
temporary approach to international economics.
ORGANIZATIONAL FRAMEWORK: EXPLORING
FURTHER SECTIONS
Although instructors generally agree on the basic content of the
international economics
course, opinions vary widely about what arrangement of
material is appropriate. This book
is structured to provide considerable organizational flexibility.
The topic of international
trade relations is presented before international monetary
relations, but the order can be
reversed by instructors choosing to start with monetary theory.
84. Instructors can begin with
Chapters 10–17 and conclude with Chapters 2–9. Those who do
not wish to cover all the
material in the book can easily omit all or parts of Chapters 6–
9, and Chapters 15–17
without loss of continuity.
The fifteenth edition streamlines its presentation of theory to
provide greater flexibil-
ity for instructors. This edition uses online Exploring Further
sections to discuss more
advanced topics. By locating the Exploring Further sections
online rather than in the
textbook, as occurred in previous editions, more textbook
coverage can be devoted to
contemporary applications of theory. The Exploring Further
sections consist of the
following:
Comparative advantage in money terms—Ch. 2
Indifference curves and trade—Ch. 2
Offer curves and the equilibrium terms of trade—Ch. 2
The specific-factors theory—Ch. 3
Offer curves and tariffs—Ch. 4
Tariff-rate quota welfare effects—Ch. 5
85. Export quota welfare effects—Ch. 5
Welfare effects of strategic trade policy—Ch. 6
Government procurement policy and the European Union—Ch. 8
Economies of scale and NAFTA—Ch. 8
Techniques of foreign-exchange market speculation—Ch. 11
A primer on foreign-exchange trading—Ch. 11
Fundamental forecasting–regression analysis—Ch. 12
Income adjustment mechanism—Ch. 13
Exchange-rate pass-through—Ch. 14
To access the Exploring Further sections, go to
www.cengagebrain.com.
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS
For Students
International Economics CourseMate (www.cengagebrain.com)
In this age of technology, no text package would be complete
without Web-based
resources. An international economics CourseMate product is
offered with the fifteenth
edition.
Preface xvii
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not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due
to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed
from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does
not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage
Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any
time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Within the online study tool CourseMate, students will find a
vast amount of
resources for self-study including access to the eBook, glossary,
online quizzes, videos,
graphing workshop games, EconApps, and flashcards. Students
can purchase Course-
Mate at www.cengagebrain.com.
Study Guide
To accompany the fifteenth edition of the International
Economics text, Jim Hanson
(Professor Emeritus at Willlamette University) has prepared an
online Study Guide for
87. students. This guide reinforces key concepts by providing a
review of the text’s main
topics and offering practice problems, true–false, multiple
choice, and short–answer
questions. The Study Guide is available online only and
students can purchase it at
www.cengagebrain.com.
For Instructors
International Economics CourseMate (www.cengagebrain.com)
Through CourseMate, instructors have access to Engagement
Tracker that is designed to
assess that students have read the material or viewed the
resources that you’ve assigned.
Engagement Tracker assesses student preparation and
engagement. Using the tracking
tools enables you to see progress for the class as a whole or for
individual students, iden-
tify students at risk early in the course, and uncover which
concepts are most difficult for
your class.
Aplia
Aplia is another feature of the fifteenth edition. With Aplia,
88. international economics
students use interactive chapter assignments and tutorials to
make economics relevant
and engaging. Students complete online assignments to improve
their proficiency in
understanding economic theory and they receive immediate,
detailed explanations for
every answer. Math and graphing tutorials help students
overcome deficiencies in these
crucial areas.
PowerPoint Slides
The fifteenth edition also includes PowerPoint slides created by
Syed H. Jafri of Tarleton
State University. These slides can be easily downloaded from
the Carbaugh Website
available for instructors-only at http://login.cengage.com.
Slides may be edited to meet
individual needs. They also serve as a study tool for students.
Instructor’s Manual
To assist instructors in the teaching of international economics,
there is an Instructor’s
Manual with Test Bank that accompanies the fifteenth edition.
The manual contains:
89. (1) brief answers to end-of-chapter study questions; (2) multiple
choice; and (3) true–
false questions for each chapter. The Instructor’s Manual with
Test Bank is available for
download for qualified instructors from the Carbaugh Website
for instructors-only at
www.cengagebrain.com.
Study Guide
To accompany the fifteenth edition of the International
Economics, Jim Hanson (Profes-
sor Emeritus at Willlamette University) has prepared an online
Study Guide for students.
This guide reinforces key concepts by providing a review of the
text’s main topics and
offering practice problems, true–false, multiple choice and
short–answer questions. The
xviii Preface
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not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due
to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed
from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
90. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does
not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage
Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any
time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Study Guide is only available online and students can purchase
it at www.cengagebrain.
com. Instructors can view the online Study Guide through
http://login.cengage.com.
Compose
Compose is the home of Cengage Learning’s online digital
content. Compose provides
the fastest, easiest way for you to create your own learning
materials. South–Western’s
Economic Issues and Activities content database includes a
wide variety of high-
interest, current event/policy applications as well as classroom
activities designed specifi-
cally to enhance economics courses. Choose just one reading or
many—even add your
own material—to create an accompaniment to the textbook that
is perfectly customized
91. to your course. Contact your South–Western/Cengage Learning
sales representative for
more information.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I am pleased to acknowledge those who aided me in preparing
the current and past edi-
tions of this textbook. Helpful suggestions and often detailed
reviews were provided by:
Sofyan Azaizeh, University of New Haven
J. Bang, St. Ambrose University
Burton Abrams, University of Delaware
Abdullah Khan, Kennesaw State University
Richard Adkisson, New Mexico State University
Richard Anderson, Texas A&M
Brad Andrew, Juniata College
Richard Ault, Auburn University
Mohsen Bahmani-Oskooee, University of Wisconsin—
Milwaukee
Kevin Balsam, Hunter College
Kelvin Bentley, Baker College Online
Robert Blecker, Stanford University
Scott Brunger, Maryville College
Jeff W. Bruns, Bacone College
92. Roman Cech, Longwood University
John Charalambakis, Asbury College
Mitch Charkiewicz, Central Connecticut State University
Xiujian Chen, California State University, Fullerton
Miao Chi, University of Wisconsin—Milwaukee
Howard Cochran, Jr., Belmont University
Charles Chittle, Bowling Green University
Christopher Cornell, Fordham University
Elanor Craig, University of Delaware
Manjira Datta, Arizona State University
Ann Davis, Marist College
Earl Davis, Nicholls State University
Juan De La Cruz, Fashion Institute of Technology
Firat Demir, University of Oklahoma
Gopal Dorai, William Paterson College
Veda Doss, Wingate University
Seymour Douglas, Emory University
Carolyn Fabian Stumph, Indiana University—Purdue University
Fort Wayne
Preface xix
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to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed
93. from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does
not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage
Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any
time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Farideh Farazmand, Lynn University
Daniel Falkowski, Canisius College
Patrice Franko, Colby College
Emanuel Frenkel, University of California—Davis
Norman Gharrity, Ohio Wesleyan University
Sucharita Ghosh, University of Akron
Jean-Ellen Giblin, Fashion Institute of Technology (SUNY)
Leka Gjolaj, Baker College
Thomas Grennes, North Carolina State University
Darrin Gulla, University of Kentucky
Li Guoqiang, University of Macau (China)
William Hallagan, Washington State University
Jim Hanson, Willamette University
Bassam Harik, Western Michigan University
Clifford Harris, Northwood University
John Harter, Eastern Kentucky University
94. Seid Hassan, Murray State University
Phyllis Herdendorf, Empire State College (SUNY)
Pershing Hill, University of Alaska—Anchorage
David Hudgins, University of Oklahoma
Ralph Husby, University of Illinois—Urbana/Champaign
Robert Jerome, James Madison University
Mohamad Khalil, Fairmont State College
Wahhab Khandker, University of Wisconsin—La Crosse
Robin Klay, Hope College
William Kleiner, Western Illinois University
Anthony Koo, Michigan State University
Faik Koray, Louisiana State University
Peter Karl Kresl, Bucknell University
Fyodor Kushnirsky, Temple University
Daniel Lee, Shippensburg University
Edhut Lehrer, Northwestern University
Jim Levinsohn, University of Michigan
Martin Lozano, University of Manchester, UK
Benjamin Liebman, St. Joseph’s University
Susan Linz, Michigan State University
Andy Liu, Youngstown State University
Alyson Ma, University of San Diego
Mike Marks, Georgia College School of Business
Michael McCully, High Point University
Neil Meredith, West Texas A&M University
95. John Muth, Regis University
Al Maury, Texas A&I University
Tony Mutsune, Iowa Wesleyan College
Jose Mendez, Arizona State University
Roger Morefield, University of St. Thomas
Mary Norris, Southern Illinois University
John Olienyk, Colorado State University
Shawn Osell, Minnesota State University—Mankato
Terutomo Ozawa, Colorado State University
Peter Petrick, University of Texas at Dallas
xx Preface
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to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed
from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does
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Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any
time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
96. Gary Pickersgill, California State University, Fullerton
William Phillips, University of South Carolina
John Polimeni, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health
Sciences
Rahim Quazi, Prairie View A&M University
Chuck Rambeck, St. John’s University
Elizabeth Rankin, Centenary College of Louisiana
Teresita Ramirez, College of Mount Saint Vincent
Surekha Rao, Indiana University Northwest
James Richard, Regis University
Suryadipta Roy, High Point University
Daniel Ryan, Temple University
Manabu Saeki, Jacksonville State University
Nindy Sandhu, California State University, Fullerton
Jeff Sarbaum, University of North Carolina, Greensboro
Anthony Scaperlanda, Northern Illinois University
Juha Seppälä, University of Illinois
Ben Slay, Middlebury College (now at PlanEcon)
Gordon Smith, Anderson University
Sylwia Starnawska, Empire State College (SUNY)
Steve Steib, University of Tulsa
Robert Stern, University of Michigan
Paul Stock, University of Mary Hardin—Baylor
Laurie Strangman, University of Wisconsin—La Crosse
Hamid Tabesh, University of Wisconsin–River Falls
97. Manjuri Talukdar, Northern Illinois University
Nalitra Thaiprasert, Ball State University
William Urban, University of South Florida
Jorge Vidal, The University of Texas Pan American
Adis M. Vila, Esq., Winter Park Institute Rollins College
Grace Wang, Marquette University
Jonathan Warshay, Baker College
Darwin Wassink, University of Wisconsin—Eau Claire
Peter Wilamoski, Seattle University
Harold Williams, Kent State University
Chong Xiang, Purdue University
Elisa Quennan, Taft College
Afia Yamoah, Hope College
Hamid Zangeneh, Widener University
I would like to thank my colleagues at Central Washington
University—Tim Dittmer,
David Hedrick, Koushik Ghosh, Roy Savoian, Peter Saunders,
Toni Sipic, and Chad
Wassell—for their advice and help while I was preparing the
manuscript. I am also
indebted to Shirley Hood who provided advice in the
manuscript’s preparation.
It has been a pleasure to work with the staff of Cengage
98. Learning, especially Steven
Scoble, who provided many valuable suggestions and assistance
in seeing this edition to
its completion. Thanks also to Jeffrey Hahn who orchestrated
the development of this
book in conjunction with Tintu Thomas, project manager at
Integra Software Services.
I also appreciate the meticulous efforts that Hyde Park
Publishing Services did in the
copyediting of this textbook. Finally, I am grateful to my
students, as well as faculty
and students at other universities, who provided helpful
comments on the material con-
tained in this new edition.
Preface xxi
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not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due
to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed
from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does
not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage
Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any
99. time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
I would appreciate any comments, corrections, or suggestions
that faculty or students
wish to make so I can continue to improve this text in the years
ahead. Please contact
me! Thank you for permitting this text to evolve to the fifteenth
edition.
Bob Carbaugh
Department of Economics
Central Washington University
Ellensburg, Washington 98926
Phone: (509) 963-3443
Fax: (509) 963-1992
E-mail: [email protected]
xxii Preface
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to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed
from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
100. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does
not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage
Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any
time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
C H A P T E R
1
The International
Economy and
Globalization
In today’s world, no nation exists in economic isolation. All
aspects of a nation’seconomy—its industries, service sectors,
levels of income and employment, and living
standard—are linked to the economies of its trading partners.
This linkage takes the
form of international movements of goods and services, labor,
business enterprise,
investment funds, and technology. Indeed, national economic
policies cannot be
formulated without evaluating their probable impacts on the
economies of other
101. countries.
The high degree of economic interdependence among today’s
economies reflects the
historical evolution of the world’s economic and political order.
At the end of World War II,
the United States was economically and politically the most
powerful nation in the
world, a situation expressed in the saying, “When the United
States sneezes, the
economies of other nations catch a cold.” But with the passage
of time, the U.S.
economy has become increasingly integrated into the economic
activities of foreign
countries. The formation in the 1950s of the European
Community (now known as the
European Union), the rising importance in the 1960s of
multinational corporations, the
market power in the 1970s enjoyed by the Organization of
Petroleum Exporting
Countries (OPEC), the creation of the euro at the turn of the
twenty-first century, and
the rise of China as an economic power in the early 2000s have
all resulted in the
evolution of the world community into a complicated system
102. based on a growing
interdependence among nations.
The global recession of 2007–2009 provides an example of
economic interdependence.
The immediate cause of the recession was a collapse of the U.S.
housing market and the
resulting surge in mortgage loan defaults. Hundreds of billions
of dollars in losses on these
mortgages undermined the financial institutions that originated
and invested in them.
Credit markets froze, banks would not lend to each other, and
businesses and households
could not get loans needed to finance day-to-day operations.
This shoved the economy
into recession. Soon the crisis spread to Europe. European
banks were drawn into the
financial crisis in part because of their exposure to defaulted
mortgages in the United
States. As these banks had to write off losses, fear and
uncertainty spread regarding
whether banks had enough capital to pay off their debt
obligations. The financial crisis
also spread to emerging economies such as Iceland and Russia
that generally lacked the
103. 1
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to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed
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resources to restore confidence in their economic systems. It is
no wonder that “when the
United States sneezed, other economies caught a cold.”
Recognizing that world economic interdependence is complex
and its effects uneven,
the economic community has taken steps toward international
cooperation. Conferences
devoted to global economic issues have explored the avenues
that cooperation could be
fostered between industrial and developing nations. The efforts
104. of developing nations to
reap larger gains from international trade and to participate
more fully in international
institutions have been hastened by the impact of the global
recession, industrial inflation,
and the burdens of high priced energy.
Over the past 50 years, the world’s market economies have
become increasingly
interdependent. Exports and imports as a share of national
output have risen for most
industrial nations, while foreign investment and international
lending have expanded. This
closer linkage of economies can be mutually advantageous for
trading nations. This link
permits producers in each nation to take advantage of the
specialization and efficiencies of
large scale production. A nation can consume a wider variety of
products at a cost less than
what could be achieved in the absence of trade. Despite these
advantages, demands have
grown for protection against imports. Protectionist pressures
have been strongest during
periods of rising unemployment caused by economic recession.
Moreover, developing
105. nations often maintain that the so called liberalized trading
system called for by industrial
nations serves to keep the developing nations in poverty.
Economic interdependence also has direct consequences for a
student taking an
introductory course in international economics. As consumers,
we can be affected by
changes in the international values of currencies. Should the
Japanese yen or British
pound appreciate against the U.S. dollar, it would cost us more
to purchase Japanese
television sets or British automobiles. As investors, we might
prefer to purchase Swiss
securities if Swiss interest rates rise above U.S. levels. As
members of the labor force, we
might want to know whether the president plans to protect U.S.
steelworkers and
autoworkers from foreign competition.
In short, economic interdependence has become a complex issue
in recent times, often
resulting in strong and uneven impacts among nations and
among sectors within a given
nation. Business, labor, investors, and consumers all feel the
106. repercussions of changing
economic conditions and trade policies in other nations.
Today’s global economy requires
cooperation on an international level to cope with the myriad
issues and problems.
GLOBALIZATION OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITY
When listening to the news, we often hear about globalization.
What does this term
mean? Globalization is the process of greater interdependence
among countries and
their citizens. It consists of the increased interaction of product
and resource markets
across nations via trade, immigration, and foreign investment—
that is, via international
flows of goods and services, people, and investments in
equipment, factories, stocks, and
bonds. It also includes noneconomic elements such as culture
and the environment.
Simply put, globalization is political, technological, and
cultural, as well as economic.
In terms of people’s daily lives, globalization means that the
residents of one country
107. are more likely now than they were 50 years ago to consume the
products of another
country, invest in another country, earn income from other
countries, talk by telephone
to people in other countries, visit other countries, know that
they are being affected by
economic developments in other countries, and know about
developments in other
countries.
2 Chapter 1: The International Economy and Globalization
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What forces are driving globalization?1 The first and perhaps
108. most profound influ-
ence is technological change. Since the industrial revolution of
the late 1700s, technical
innovations have led to an explosion in productivity and slashed
transportation costs.
The steam engine preceded the arrival of railways and the
mechanization of a growing
number of activities hitherto reliant on muscle power. Later
discoveries and inventions
such as electricity, telephone, automobile, container ships, and
pipelines altered production,
communication, and transportation in ways unimagined by
earlier generations. More
recently, rapid developments in computer information and
communications technology
have further shrunk the influence of time and geography on the
capacity of individuals and
enterprises to interact and transact around the world. For
services, the rise of the Internet
has been a major factor in falling communication costs and
increased trade. As technical
progress has extended the scope of what can be produced and
where it can be produced,
and advances in transport technology have continued to bring
people and enterprises closer
109. together, the boundary of tradable goods and services has been
greatly extended.
Also, continuing liberalization of trade and investment has
resulted from multilateral
trade negotiations. For example, tariffs in industrial countries
have come down from
high double digits in the 1940s to about 4 percent by 2014. At
the same time, most quo-
tas on trade, except for those imposed for health, safety, or
other public policy reasons,
have been removed. Globalization has also been promoted
through the widespread liber-
alization of investment transactions and the development of
international financial mar-
kets. These factors have facilitated international trade through
the greater availability and
affordability of financing.
Lower trade barriers and financial liberalization have allowed
more companies to glob-
alize production structures through investment abroad that in
turn has provided a further
stimulus to trade. On the technology side, increased information
flows and the greater
110. tradability of goods and services have profoundly influenced
production location decisions.
Businesses are increasingly able to locate different components
of their production pro-
cesses in various countries and regions and still maintain a
single corporate identity. As
firms subcontract part of their production processes to their
affiliates or other enterprises
abroad, they transfer jobs, technologies, capital, and skills
around the globe.
How significant is production sharing in world trade?
Researchers have estimated
production sharing levels by calculating the share of
components and parts in world
trade. They have concluded that global production sharing
accounts for about 30 percent
of the world trade in manufactured goods. Moreover, the trade
in components and parts
is growing significantly faster than the trade in finished
products, highlighting the
increasing interdependence of countries through production and
trade.2
WAVES OF GLOBALIZATION
111. In the past two decades, there has been pronounced global
economic interdependence.
Economic interdependence occurs through trade, labor
migration, and capital (invest-
ment) flows such as corporation stocks and government
securities. Let us consider the
major waves of globalization that have occurred in recent
history.3
1World Trade Organization, Annual Report, 1998, pp. 33–36.
2A. Yeats, Just How Big Is Global Production Sharing? World
Bank, Policy Research Working Paper No.
1871, 1998, Washington, DC.
3This section draws from World Bank, Globalization, Growth
and Poverty: Building an Inclusive World
Economy, 2001.
Chapter 1: The International Economy and Globalization 3
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First Wave of Globalization: 1870–1914
The first wave of global interdependence occurred from 1870 to
1914. The interdepen-
dence was sparked by decreases in tariff barriers and new
technologies that resulted in
declining transportation costs, such as the shift from sail to
steamships and the advent
of railways. The main agent that drove the process of
globalization was how much mus-
cle, horsepower, wind power, or later on, steam power a country
had and how creatively
it could deploy that power. This wave of globalization was
largely driven by European
and American businesses and individuals. Therefore, exports as
a share of world
income nearly doubled to about 8 percent while per capita
incomes, which had risen by
0.5 percent per year in the previous 50 years, rose by an annual
113. average of 1.3 percent.
The countries that actively participated in globalization, such as
the United States,
became the richest countries in the world.
However, the first wave of globalization was brought to an end
by World War I. Also,
during the Great Depression of the 1930s, governments
responded by practicing protec-
tionism: a futile attempt to enact tariffs on imports to shift
demand into their domestic
markets, thus promoting sales for domestic companies and jobs
for domestic workers.
T R A D E C O N F L I C T S F E D E R A L R E S E R V E P
O L I C Y I N C I T E S
G L O B A L B A C K L A S H
Economic interdependence is part of our
daily lives. When domestic economic
policies have spillover effects on the economies of
other countries, policymakers must take these into
account. This why major countries frequently meet to
discuss the impacts of their policies on the world eco-