The document discusses disruptive innovation in the phosphate and uranium industries. It proposes using high-temperature reactors to thermally process low-grade phosphate rocks to extract phosphorus, uranium, and rare earth elements. This could provide a more economical processing method and allow utilization of more of the available resources. However, the established industries may resist such technological changes that could disrupt existing markets and business models. For innovation to succeed, impatience and a willingness to enter smaller markets are important.
The document discusses zero liquid discharge systems for fertilizer production. It provides details on different types of nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers and their manufacturing processes. This can generate wastewater containing nutrients like phosphorus and nitrogen, as well as other pollutants. Zero liquid discharge systems aim to treat this wastewater on-site to allow water reuse and recover fertilizer products, minimizing liquid discharges.
This document discusses the challenges facing the mining industry due to low commodity prices. It notes that commodity prices are near 14-year lows and that the commodity metals price index, which tracks prices of metals like copper, aluminum, and uranium, is well below its 2005 level. Many metal prices have declined substantially from their highs in the late 2000s. The mining industry is under stress due to these low prices, which are expected to continue, as well as declining ore quality, productivity, and innovation in the industry. The document advocates for a more sustainable approach to mining called "comprehensive extraction" that minimally disturbs land, recovers multiple resources, produces no waste, and provides benefits to stakeholders.
Topic 8 THE SECONDARY SECTOR
3º ESO GEOGRAPHY
Basada en el libro de texto de SANTILLANA RICHMOND "Essential Geography" para 3º de ESO Bilingüe, Geografía
Building a New Economy: Creating Value from WasteSteve Halls
An expert discusses building a new economy based on creating value from waste in Oman. Key points include:
- Rapid industrial growth in Sohar is increasing waste production which can be managed through transformation rather than disposal.
- Wastes like plastic, food, and e-waste can be transformed into valuable products and materials through approaches like integrated resource recovery (IR2).
- IR2 produces efficient transformation of wastes to generate energy and materials, treating wastes as resources. This prevents pollution while enhancing employment, income, and industry sustainability.
Harsha Wickramasinghe:Research related to energy security opportunities & pi...costi2014
Presentation by Mr. Harsha Wickramasinghe: Deputy Director General-Sustainable Energy Authority on Research related to energy security : Opportunities & pitfalls" conducted at the Roundtable Discussion on Energy Security on September 16, 2014 and SLIDA Sri Lanka
Welcoming you to the world of indian renewable energy for european companiesEAI
The document discusses opportunities for EU companies in India's renewable energy sector. It outlines India's growing energy needs and the large potential and opportunities for solar, wind, biomass, biofuels, small hydro, large hydro, and waste to energy. Specific opportunities for EU companies include providing equipment, components and financing for projects, engaging in technology transfers, conducting research collaborations, and manufacturing components in India. The renewable energy market in India is expected to experience high growth over the short and medium term across most technologies.
Innovation and technology ecosystem - minerals and metals by Sandeep guptaSandeep Gupta
A short 'as practiced' write up on the subject in mining, smelters and power plants at non ferrous sector. Typical journey, new tools, approaches and culture building included.Leading to Capex Excellence and Asset sweating. General Electric's Leadership, Innovation and Growth program is inspiring bench mark.
Innovation and Change in the Historically Conservative Water Utility Industry...marcus evans Network
Paul Gagliardo, American Water - Speaker at the marcus evans Water & Wastewater Management Summit 2012, held in Summerlin, NV, May 3-4, 2012 delivered his presentation entitled Innovation and Change in the Historically Conservative Water Utility Industry
The document discusses zero liquid discharge systems for fertilizer production. It provides details on different types of nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers and their manufacturing processes. This can generate wastewater containing nutrients like phosphorus and nitrogen, as well as other pollutants. Zero liquid discharge systems aim to treat this wastewater on-site to allow water reuse and recover fertilizer products, minimizing liquid discharges.
This document discusses the challenges facing the mining industry due to low commodity prices. It notes that commodity prices are near 14-year lows and that the commodity metals price index, which tracks prices of metals like copper, aluminum, and uranium, is well below its 2005 level. Many metal prices have declined substantially from their highs in the late 2000s. The mining industry is under stress due to these low prices, which are expected to continue, as well as declining ore quality, productivity, and innovation in the industry. The document advocates for a more sustainable approach to mining called "comprehensive extraction" that minimally disturbs land, recovers multiple resources, produces no waste, and provides benefits to stakeholders.
Topic 8 THE SECONDARY SECTOR
3º ESO GEOGRAPHY
Basada en el libro de texto de SANTILLANA RICHMOND "Essential Geography" para 3º de ESO Bilingüe, Geografía
Building a New Economy: Creating Value from WasteSteve Halls
An expert discusses building a new economy based on creating value from waste in Oman. Key points include:
- Rapid industrial growth in Sohar is increasing waste production which can be managed through transformation rather than disposal.
- Wastes like plastic, food, and e-waste can be transformed into valuable products and materials through approaches like integrated resource recovery (IR2).
- IR2 produces efficient transformation of wastes to generate energy and materials, treating wastes as resources. This prevents pollution while enhancing employment, income, and industry sustainability.
Harsha Wickramasinghe:Research related to energy security opportunities & pi...costi2014
Presentation by Mr. Harsha Wickramasinghe: Deputy Director General-Sustainable Energy Authority on Research related to energy security : Opportunities & pitfalls" conducted at the Roundtable Discussion on Energy Security on September 16, 2014 and SLIDA Sri Lanka
Welcoming you to the world of indian renewable energy for european companiesEAI
The document discusses opportunities for EU companies in India's renewable energy sector. It outlines India's growing energy needs and the large potential and opportunities for solar, wind, biomass, biofuels, small hydro, large hydro, and waste to energy. Specific opportunities for EU companies include providing equipment, components and financing for projects, engaging in technology transfers, conducting research collaborations, and manufacturing components in India. The renewable energy market in India is expected to experience high growth over the short and medium term across most technologies.
Innovation and technology ecosystem - minerals and metals by Sandeep guptaSandeep Gupta
A short 'as practiced' write up on the subject in mining, smelters and power plants at non ferrous sector. Typical journey, new tools, approaches and culture building included.Leading to Capex Excellence and Asset sweating. General Electric's Leadership, Innovation and Growth program is inspiring bench mark.
Innovation and Change in the Historically Conservative Water Utility Industry...marcus evans Network
Paul Gagliardo, American Water - Speaker at the marcus evans Water & Wastewater Management Summit 2012, held in Summerlin, NV, May 3-4, 2012 delivered his presentation entitled Innovation and Change in the Historically Conservative Water Utility Industry
This document discusses the importance of managing uncertainty for organizations. It notes that the future is uncertain and non-linear, and can be impacted by random and disruptive events. Effective risk management requires considering these complex factors and incorporating them into decision making frameworks. The document also provides an overview of different mechanical processes and theories that can help understand complex systems and uncertainty, from thermodynamics to quantum mechanics.
The document discusses the need for organizations to better adopt sophisticated business intelligence and analytics systems to integrate outputs from these systems into strategic planning and financial management processes. It provides contact information for individuals at Abiliti: Future Systems, which provides consulting services related to digital technologies, marketing, and data analysis. Finally, it discusses various frameworks and categories within the financial technology industry.
The document discusses the need for organizations to better manage uncertainty through adopting more sophisticated business intelligence and analytics systems. It provides contact information for individuals at Abiliti: Future Systems, which helps clients anticipate and prepare for the future through futures studies projects. The futures training module is designed to support those responsible for thinking about the future and integrating futures outputs into strategic planning and risk management.
Energy Storage Solutions for an Intelligent Future, Garry Staunton, The North...Invest Northern Ireland
The document discusses the opportunity for Northern Ireland to become a leader in intelligent energy systems through increased use of renewable energy, energy storage, and demand side management. It outlines Matrix's mission to advise the Northern Ireland government on high tech opportunities. The vision is for Northern Ireland's economy to be led by business and academia in science and technology exploitation. The document recommends that Northern Ireland establish an Intelligent Energy System Group and delivery team to drive projects integrating distributed generation, storage, and controls to optimize renewable energy use while reducing grid upgrades. It argues Northern Ireland is well positioned due to its resources, infrastructure, academic strengths, and industrial capabilities.
1. The lecture discusses conventional energy resources including coal, petroleum, natural gas, hydropower, and nuclear power. Coal was a major fuel during the industrial revolution and petroleum currently fuels over 55% of transportation.
2. Petroleum formed from decayed plants and is found in sedimentary basins, with over 90% already discovered. It is highly energy dense and easily transported.
3. Major challenges include meeting growing energy demand sustainably while transitioning to cleaner sources as many conventional reserves are being depleted.
Bodmer Capital Group is a Swiss mining company focused on acquiring mineral rights in Mongolia. Mongolia has an abundance of mineral resources and a well-educated workforce. Bodmer Capital owns letters of intent for 22 potential mining opportunities in Mongolia valued at CHF 450 million. They plan to use aerial survey technology to determine the size and value of deposits before monetizing the licenses through sale, public offering, or joint venture. Their goal is to leverage connections in Mongolia to acquire phosphate mining licenses, which is in high demand as a vital plant nutrient and fertilizer.
This document discusses opportunities for industrial symbiosis in the Tyseley Environmental Enterprise District in Birmingham, UK. It outlines how industrial symbiosis works by having industries exchange byproducts and waste to be used as resources by other industries. The document proposes analyzing resource flows and infrastructure in Tyseley to identify synergies between existing industries that could improve resource efficiency and economic development. An example of wood recycling synergies is provided. Finally, it discusses how to facilitate industrial symbiosis by creating awareness, common communication platforms, access to information, and technical progress.
A New Separation Technology to Process Tantalite Bearing MineralsCurt Huber
AB Minerals has developed a new eco-friendly process to produce tantalum and niobium from conflict-free ore. The process does not use hydrofluoric acid and has significantly lower costs and environmental impact than current methods. AB Minerals plans to build multiple processing plants around the world to transform minerals into higher value products in-country, benefiting local miners, economies, and changing perceptions of the industry.
Introduction
What’s Hydroelectricity?
How Hydropower Works?
Essential Element of a Hydropower Plant
Classification of Hydropower Electric Plant
Show a Dynamic model of Hydel Power
Procedure of the Making Model
Equipment
Some View of the Project
Advantage
Disadvantage
Effect
Methods to alleviate the negative impact
Continent Wide distribution
Conclusion
Atlantic Copper is a leading copper smelter and refinery in Spain that is focused on sustainability innovation projects. It processes 1 million tons of ore annually to produce 300,000 tons of refined copper. Recent projects include RED_SCOPE to maximize wastewater recovery, WhISPER to reduce water usage and recover energy in iron silicate production, and CirCular to recycle 60,000 tons of e-waste per year and boost metal recovery rates. These innovation projects support Atlantic Copper's goals of reducing its environmental impact and transitioning to a greener, more circular economy model of operations.
This document discusses the potential opportunities for collaboration between the carbon trading industry and oil and gas industry. It notes that the oil and gas industry has expertise in areas relevant to reducing greenhouse gas emissions like carbon sequestration and alternative energy technologies. However, it also acknowledges challenges like regulatory compliance and managing financial and geopolitical risks. The document examines specific opportunities for both industries in areas like carbon storage, renewable energy, and reducing emissions from oil production. It advocates for taking a multi-disciplinary, cross-industry approach to developing solutions.
This document discusses the opportunities for collaboration between the carbon trading industry and oil and gas industry. It notes that the oil and gas industry has expertise in managing greenhouse gases through technologies like carbon sequestration. It also has knowledge of alternative energy sources. However, challenges include regulatory compliance and managing financial and geopolitical risks. Repairing the ozone layer could help balance atmospheric carbon dioxide levels by reducing ocean acidification. Overall, the document argues that direct engineering solutions in addition to carbon trading are needed to meaningfully address climate change.
Webinar 4.2 - Learning from Experience_Theatre Royal Plymouth Case StudyJulie's Bicycle
This webinar covered sustainability reporting requirements for arts organizations in the UK. It included an introduction to Julie's Bicycle and their work supporting over 1000 creative organizations. The webinar discussed the Arts Council's requirements that organizations must develop an environmental policy, action plan, and report their energy and water usage data. As a case study, Theatre Royal Plymouth's premises manager Kevin Faulkner presented on their sustainability efforts. The webinar emphasized that sustainability issues are important both ethically and financially for arts organizations.
Alec Couchman of Warren-Mahoney Architects, NZ presents the design of a new university Library designed with sustainability and new social paradigms in mind.
Presented at the 5th annual Green Building Festival in Toronto, Canada, 2009.
AB Minerals Corp. - A New Separation Techmology to Process Tantalite Bearing ...Curt Huber
AB Minerals has developed a new processing technology to produce metallurgical grade Tantalum powder and Niobium hydroxide, from industrial scale processing plants using Certified Conflict-Free ore
A New Separation Technology to Process Tantalite Bearing MineralsCurt Huber
AB Minerals has developed a new processing technology to produce metallurgical grade Tantalum powder and Niobium hydroxide, from an industrial scale processing plant using certified conflict-free ore. This is a low-cost plant solution that can be rapidly implemented in any country that has sufficient coltan/tantalite supplies available for processing.
CPI-International Energy Unit (IEU) is a subsidiary of CP International Group dedicated to introducing next generation renewable energy technologies and sustainability solutions. IEU focuses on strategic areas like solar energy, waste-to-energy, and environmental sustainability. Key technologies include a hybrid solar PV-thermal collector and an advanced thermal process for converting waste to energy without combustion. IEU provides turnkey solutions and has investment opportunities in solar and waste-to-energy projects in MENA, with estimated total investments of $5 billion by 2030 generating annual net profits of $3.8 billion.
This document provides an introduction to innovation, including key concepts and definitions. It discusses Joseph Schumpeter's definition of innovation as new products, processes, markets, raw materials or forms of organization. Innovation is distinguished from invention, technology and research and development. The importance of innovation for competitiveness is explained. Different types, degrees, levels and dimensions of innovation are outlined. Public and social innovation are also discussed. The document reviews models of the innovation process and factors that influence it like globalization and collaboration. It examines rationales for science, technology and innovation policy from both neoclassical economics and systems of innovation perspectives.
This document discusses opportunities for cooperation in green technologies between transition economies. It notes that green technologies can stimulate economic growth by focusing not just on energy and resource savings, but also innovation. Transition economies could benefit from more investments in startups, joint research programs between universities and SMEs, and involvement in international networks. Riga Technical University is provided as an example, with its research focusing on renewable energy, environmental technologies, smart networks, and materials science. The university currently works with Latvian partners on projects like biogas production and water treatment, and sees opportunities for increased cooperation through activities like pilot testing of technologies, consulting, and student/researcher exchange programs.
AB MINERALS UPDATED PRESENTATION - A New Separation Technology to Process Tan...crwh888
AB Minerals has developed a new, disruptive processing technology to produce metallurgical grade Tantalum powder and Niobium hydroxide, from industrial scale processing plants using Certified Conflict-Free ore
This document discusses the importance of managing uncertainty for organizations. It notes that the future is uncertain and non-linear, and can be impacted by random and disruptive events. Effective risk management requires considering these complex factors and incorporating them into decision making frameworks. The document also provides an overview of different mechanical processes and theories that can help understand complex systems and uncertainty, from thermodynamics to quantum mechanics.
The document discusses the need for organizations to better adopt sophisticated business intelligence and analytics systems to integrate outputs from these systems into strategic planning and financial management processes. It provides contact information for individuals at Abiliti: Future Systems, which provides consulting services related to digital technologies, marketing, and data analysis. Finally, it discusses various frameworks and categories within the financial technology industry.
The document discusses the need for organizations to better manage uncertainty through adopting more sophisticated business intelligence and analytics systems. It provides contact information for individuals at Abiliti: Future Systems, which helps clients anticipate and prepare for the future through futures studies projects. The futures training module is designed to support those responsible for thinking about the future and integrating futures outputs into strategic planning and risk management.
Energy Storage Solutions for an Intelligent Future, Garry Staunton, The North...Invest Northern Ireland
The document discusses the opportunity for Northern Ireland to become a leader in intelligent energy systems through increased use of renewable energy, energy storage, and demand side management. It outlines Matrix's mission to advise the Northern Ireland government on high tech opportunities. The vision is for Northern Ireland's economy to be led by business and academia in science and technology exploitation. The document recommends that Northern Ireland establish an Intelligent Energy System Group and delivery team to drive projects integrating distributed generation, storage, and controls to optimize renewable energy use while reducing grid upgrades. It argues Northern Ireland is well positioned due to its resources, infrastructure, academic strengths, and industrial capabilities.
1. The lecture discusses conventional energy resources including coal, petroleum, natural gas, hydropower, and nuclear power. Coal was a major fuel during the industrial revolution and petroleum currently fuels over 55% of transportation.
2. Petroleum formed from decayed plants and is found in sedimentary basins, with over 90% already discovered. It is highly energy dense and easily transported.
3. Major challenges include meeting growing energy demand sustainably while transitioning to cleaner sources as many conventional reserves are being depleted.
Bodmer Capital Group is a Swiss mining company focused on acquiring mineral rights in Mongolia. Mongolia has an abundance of mineral resources and a well-educated workforce. Bodmer Capital owns letters of intent for 22 potential mining opportunities in Mongolia valued at CHF 450 million. They plan to use aerial survey technology to determine the size and value of deposits before monetizing the licenses through sale, public offering, or joint venture. Their goal is to leverage connections in Mongolia to acquire phosphate mining licenses, which is in high demand as a vital plant nutrient and fertilizer.
This document discusses opportunities for industrial symbiosis in the Tyseley Environmental Enterprise District in Birmingham, UK. It outlines how industrial symbiosis works by having industries exchange byproducts and waste to be used as resources by other industries. The document proposes analyzing resource flows and infrastructure in Tyseley to identify synergies between existing industries that could improve resource efficiency and economic development. An example of wood recycling synergies is provided. Finally, it discusses how to facilitate industrial symbiosis by creating awareness, common communication platforms, access to information, and technical progress.
A New Separation Technology to Process Tantalite Bearing MineralsCurt Huber
AB Minerals has developed a new eco-friendly process to produce tantalum and niobium from conflict-free ore. The process does not use hydrofluoric acid and has significantly lower costs and environmental impact than current methods. AB Minerals plans to build multiple processing plants around the world to transform minerals into higher value products in-country, benefiting local miners, economies, and changing perceptions of the industry.
Introduction
What’s Hydroelectricity?
How Hydropower Works?
Essential Element of a Hydropower Plant
Classification of Hydropower Electric Plant
Show a Dynamic model of Hydel Power
Procedure of the Making Model
Equipment
Some View of the Project
Advantage
Disadvantage
Effect
Methods to alleviate the negative impact
Continent Wide distribution
Conclusion
Atlantic Copper is a leading copper smelter and refinery in Spain that is focused on sustainability innovation projects. It processes 1 million tons of ore annually to produce 300,000 tons of refined copper. Recent projects include RED_SCOPE to maximize wastewater recovery, WhISPER to reduce water usage and recover energy in iron silicate production, and CirCular to recycle 60,000 tons of e-waste per year and boost metal recovery rates. These innovation projects support Atlantic Copper's goals of reducing its environmental impact and transitioning to a greener, more circular economy model of operations.
This document discusses the potential opportunities for collaboration between the carbon trading industry and oil and gas industry. It notes that the oil and gas industry has expertise in areas relevant to reducing greenhouse gas emissions like carbon sequestration and alternative energy technologies. However, it also acknowledges challenges like regulatory compliance and managing financial and geopolitical risks. The document examines specific opportunities for both industries in areas like carbon storage, renewable energy, and reducing emissions from oil production. It advocates for taking a multi-disciplinary, cross-industry approach to developing solutions.
This document discusses the opportunities for collaboration between the carbon trading industry and oil and gas industry. It notes that the oil and gas industry has expertise in managing greenhouse gases through technologies like carbon sequestration. It also has knowledge of alternative energy sources. However, challenges include regulatory compliance and managing financial and geopolitical risks. Repairing the ozone layer could help balance atmospheric carbon dioxide levels by reducing ocean acidification. Overall, the document argues that direct engineering solutions in addition to carbon trading are needed to meaningfully address climate change.
Webinar 4.2 - Learning from Experience_Theatre Royal Plymouth Case StudyJulie's Bicycle
This webinar covered sustainability reporting requirements for arts organizations in the UK. It included an introduction to Julie's Bicycle and their work supporting over 1000 creative organizations. The webinar discussed the Arts Council's requirements that organizations must develop an environmental policy, action plan, and report their energy and water usage data. As a case study, Theatre Royal Plymouth's premises manager Kevin Faulkner presented on their sustainability efforts. The webinar emphasized that sustainability issues are important both ethically and financially for arts organizations.
Alec Couchman of Warren-Mahoney Architects, NZ presents the design of a new university Library designed with sustainability and new social paradigms in mind.
Presented at the 5th annual Green Building Festival in Toronto, Canada, 2009.
AB Minerals Corp. - A New Separation Techmology to Process Tantalite Bearing ...Curt Huber
AB Minerals has developed a new processing technology to produce metallurgical grade Tantalum powder and Niobium hydroxide, from industrial scale processing plants using Certified Conflict-Free ore
A New Separation Technology to Process Tantalite Bearing MineralsCurt Huber
AB Minerals has developed a new processing technology to produce metallurgical grade Tantalum powder and Niobium hydroxide, from an industrial scale processing plant using certified conflict-free ore. This is a low-cost plant solution that can be rapidly implemented in any country that has sufficient coltan/tantalite supplies available for processing.
CPI-International Energy Unit (IEU) is a subsidiary of CP International Group dedicated to introducing next generation renewable energy technologies and sustainability solutions. IEU focuses on strategic areas like solar energy, waste-to-energy, and environmental sustainability. Key technologies include a hybrid solar PV-thermal collector and an advanced thermal process for converting waste to energy without combustion. IEU provides turnkey solutions and has investment opportunities in solar and waste-to-energy projects in MENA, with estimated total investments of $5 billion by 2030 generating annual net profits of $3.8 billion.
This document provides an introduction to innovation, including key concepts and definitions. It discusses Joseph Schumpeter's definition of innovation as new products, processes, markets, raw materials or forms of organization. Innovation is distinguished from invention, technology and research and development. The importance of innovation for competitiveness is explained. Different types, degrees, levels and dimensions of innovation are outlined. Public and social innovation are also discussed. The document reviews models of the innovation process and factors that influence it like globalization and collaboration. It examines rationales for science, technology and innovation policy from both neoclassical economics and systems of innovation perspectives.
This document discusses opportunities for cooperation in green technologies between transition economies. It notes that green technologies can stimulate economic growth by focusing not just on energy and resource savings, but also innovation. Transition economies could benefit from more investments in startups, joint research programs between universities and SMEs, and involvement in international networks. Riga Technical University is provided as an example, with its research focusing on renewable energy, environmental technologies, smart networks, and materials science. The university currently works with Latvian partners on projects like biogas production and water treatment, and sees opportunities for increased cooperation through activities like pilot testing of technologies, consulting, and student/researcher exchange programs.
AB MINERALS UPDATED PRESENTATION - A New Separation Technology to Process Tan...crwh888
AB Minerals has developed a new, disruptive processing technology to produce metallurgical grade Tantalum powder and Niobium hydroxide, from industrial scale processing plants using Certified Conflict-Free ore
AB MINERALS UPDATED PRESENTATION - A New Separation Technology to Process Tan...
02-Disruptive-Innovation
1. IAEA
International Atomic Energy Agency
Leadership Academy on Sustainable Uranium and
Critical Materials Production from Phosphates and
Other Sources
24-28 August, Nanchang, China
Thermal processing of low-grade phosphate rocks for
recovery of P, U and REE using HTRs: A case for disruptive
innovation?
Hari Tulsidas, IAEA
7. IAEA
Innovation Vs Creativity
Innovation – The capacity to change reality
Creativity – Skill to change perception
To innovate is to make something new in
the system
To be creative is to think about a new
system
8. IAEA
Not a single idea is born good
Change
Time
Old useful
New
New useful
9. IAEA
Adjacent possible
• In 1870 Stephane Tarnier,
obstetrician in Maternite de Paris,
saw a chicken incubator in a
nearby zoo.
• Every year more than 20 million
babies are born prematurely or
with low birth weight
• Lives could be saved by simply
keeping them warm.
• He asked Odile Martin, the zoo’s
poultry raiser to construct a similar
device for human newborns.
• That brought down infant
mortality in the first week of
birth from 67% to 38%.
11. IAEA
The Slow hunch
“… it at once struck me that under
these circumstances favourable
variations would tend to be
preserved, and unfavourable ones
to be destroyed. The result of this
would be the formation of new
species. Here, then, I had at last
got a theory by which to work.”
Charles Darwin, Autobiography
on his September 28, 1838
experience
“Journalists have always asked me
what the crucial idea was, or what
the singular event was, that allowed
the Web to exist one day when it
hadn’t the day before. They are
frustrated when I tell them there
was no “Eureka!” moment . . .”
Tim Berners-Lee, on the
invention of World Wide Web
13. IAEA
How can good companies fail?
“How did Sears do it? In a way, the
most arresting aspect of its story is that
there was no gimmick. Sears opened
no big bag of tricks, shot off no
skyrockets. Instead, it looked as though
everybody in its organization simply did
the right thing, easily and naturally. And
their cumulative effect was to create an
extraordinary powerhouse of a
company.”
Fortune, May, 1964
“Sears has been a disappointment for
investors who have watched its stock
sink dismally in the face of unkept
promises of a turnaround. Sears’ old
merchandising approach—a vast,
middle-of-the-road array of mid-priced
goods and services—is no longer
competitive. No question, the constant
disappointments, the repeated
predictions of a turnaround that never
seems to come, have reduced the
credibility of Sears’ management in
both the financial and merchandising
communities.”
Forbes, May, 1990
14. IAEA
What is disruptive innovation ?
•Disruptive innovation helps create a
new market and value network, and
eventually disrupts an existing market
and value network, displacing an earlier
technology.
•Sustaining innovation improve the
performance of established products,
along the dimensions of performance
that mainstream customers in major
markets have historically valued.
15. IAEA
Slumdog Millionaire …
•Result in worse product
performance, at least in the near-term
•Underperform established technology
•But may be fully performance-
competitive in that same market
tomorrow.
•Bring to a market a very different
value proposition than had been
available previously
•Cheaper, simpler, smaller, and often
more convenient.
•Precipitate the leading firms’ failure
ultimately
17. IAEA
Small markets don’t solve the growth
needs of large companies
• To maintain their share prices and
create internal opportunities for
their employees, successful
companies need to grow.
• Therefore, it difficult for them to
enter the newer, smaller markets
that are destined to become the
large markets of the future.
18. IAEA
“Two or nothing …”
Kayelekera, Malawi
-mid-year 2013 cash costs were
reported to be $39.20 per pound
U3O8.
-based on current spot uranium
prices of $35 per pound
-pay out an estimated $20-25 million
per year to keep operations going
-company will not contemplate either
the restart of production in Malawi or
a currently suspended major
expansion of Langer Heinrich until
uranium prices "reach at least $75
per pound
Kayelekera operations, Malawi
19. IAEA
Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid
•Economically viable rock deposits
contain a very wide range of ores with
phosphate (P2O5) content anywhere
from 3.8% to 38%.
•Total global resources estimated at
300 billion tonnes, but economic
reserves estimated to be only 67
billion tonnes.
•Generally, resources are considered to
be upgradable to phosphate rock
product containing 30% or more
P2O5 economically.
•Vast majority of the presently un-
economical resources are low P2O5
deposits, with grades ranging from
10-20% P2O5.
•A majority of the world’s phosphate
reserves is difficult to beneficiate
due to high magnesium content
most commonly as dolomite.
•Generally, acidulation of phosphate
rock requires a feed of less than 1%
MgO content
•Some low-grade phosphate ore,
contains iron and aluminum. The
Minor Element Ratio (MER -
(MgO+Fe2O3+Al2O3)/P2O5 in
percent for commercial wet process
requires MER of 0.1 or less.
20. IAEA
Thermal route
•Thermal processing was developed
from 1933 onwards by the Tennessee
Valley Authority (TVA) and was used
widely to produce phosphoric acid from
1934–1977.
•Is used to produce elemental
phosphorus that is then oxidized to
P2O5.
•The process involves the high
temperature (greater than 1100 C).
•The process gives phosphoric acid
of high purity, which can be used in
detergent and food industries
•Ability to use low-grade phosphate
rock and rocks with high MER
KPA processes
Integrated processes based
on a rotary kiln reactor 1937-
1983
• failed commercially as a result
of a combination of kiln
burden, melting and
operating problems.
• Can succeed if electric
resistance heating could be
replaced in an electric furnace
process by an efficient heat
integration process
21. IAEA
The ranking
1. Dihydrate Process
2. Hemi-Dihydrate Process
3. Hemi-Dihydrate Recrystallization
Process
4. Hemihydrate Process
5. Di-Hemihydrate Process
6. Nitrophosphate Process
7. Furnace Process
8. Thermal Process
9. Hydrochloric Acid Route
Donal S. Tunks of Jacobs Engineering
22. IAEA
Uranium extraction
• Extraction by hydrometallurgy
(xHy)
• Fragmentation of slag by immersion of
molten material in water
• Extraction by pyrometallurgy
(xPy)
• Volatilisation (fluoride volatility). Has
been used in an advanced reprocessing
of spent nuclear fuel, where the oxide
fuel is treated with fluorine gas to form a
mixture of fluorides. This mixture is then
distilled to separate the different classes
of material.
• Liquid-liquid extraction using immiscible
metal-metal phases or metal-salt
phases
• Electrolytic separation in molten salt
• Fractional crystallisation.
23. IAEA
Thermal processing technology
•Technology is not totally radical;
thermal route has been adopted for
producing may metal products
•Use of HGTRs – not a new
technology –it is well proven and
offers the benefit of small scale
•Phosphate industry already has a
niche thermal processing industry
for producing high purity products
•Convenient – Possibility of zero
wastes makes HTR-TP convenient to
be located anywhere, and provides
higher social return. It by-passes the
contentious PG problem.
24. IAEA
We will not touch it!
•Lower production volumes
•Higher cost per unit of
production (mainly due to lower
production volumes)
•Lower cost structures and profit
margins
•Established phosphate industry
value network (supplies,
distributers and investors) also has
higher cost structures (higher profit
margins)
•Resource dependence – existing
customers control resource allocation
•Small markets don’t solve the growth
needs of large companies
•Markets are not established, hence
unknowable
•Core capabilities of established industry
reside not only in the people, but also in
processes and organizational values
(business culture)
25. IAEA
The Lean start-up
•Smaller markets / smaller projects
with a fraction of capital and operating
costs
•Differentiated products (De-
commodification)
•Comprehensive extraction of all
valuable elements – P, S, F, REE, U,
Cd, Pb as pure fractions
•Possibility of producing U as UF6 ,
which can be directly sent of
enrichment, by-passing refining and
conversion processes.
•High energy requirements is the
greatest constraint for adoption of
thermal processing, but HTRs offers
another disruptive innovation pathway
Social acceptability!
•Better environmental performance
•New skills generation
•Low requirement of competing
resources
•Zero wastes
27. IAEA
Impatience pays!
“Good ideas are not
adopted automatically.
They must be driven into
practice with courageous
impatience.”
Hyman Rickover, US Admiral (1900
- 1986)
First nuclear reactor in true sense -
Hanford.
The design was set out by Eugene
Wigner in 1942, even before a chain
reaction was demonstrated!. He went
straight to 500 MWt when no zero MWt
plant existed.
The design was completed in five
months. First chain reaction – the
Chicago pile- was demonstrated just
before the design was completed.
Construction started in August 1943
and it was fully commissioned by
October 1944.
It took 2.5 years from an idea to reality,
and Wigner was furious that it took this
long.