CHAPTER , Courtesy of FEMA. ,,Nfoi41 available c.docx

CHAPTER
,
Courtesy of FEMA.
,,Nfoi41
available chlorine, p. 433
chlorine bleach, p. 433
dasses of oxidizers, p. 427
fireworks, p. 438
Fireworks 1.3G (special fireworks,
display fireworks), p. 439
Fireworks 1.4G (common fireworks,
consumer fireworks), p. 439
flare,p.443
fM!HM!I
11
Chemistry of Some Oxidizers
half-reaction, p. 425
hexavalent chromium compounds, p. 452
high-test hypochlorite (HTH), p. 434
ionic equation, p. 424
nonchlorine bleach, p. 432
oxidation number, p. 423
oxidizer (Don, p. 422
oxidizer (NFPA), p. 427
oxidizer (OSHA), p. 422

oxidizing agent (oxidant), p. 422
safety matches, p. 461
signaling smoke, p. 443
smoke bomb, p. 443
spectator ion, p. 424
strike-anywhere matches, p. 461
Associate the physical and health hazards of the oxidizers noted
in this chapter with
the information provided by their hazard diamonds and GHS
pictograms.
Determine the oxidation numbers of the atoms and ions in a
given substance .
1 Describe how NFPA distinguishes the degree of hazard
potentially posed by different
oxidizers.
Identify the primary industries that use the oxidizers noted in
this chapter.
1
Identify commercial products that contain oxidizers.
1
Describe the OSHA and OHS regulations that pertain to the
handling, storage,
stowing, loading, unloading, or discharge of bulk quantities of
ammonium nitrate.
ld~ntify the labels, markings, and placards that DOT requires on
the packaging of
oxidizers and the transport vehicles used for their shipment.
Identify the resp onse actions to be executed when oxidizers are
released fro m th eir
Packaging into th e enviro nm ent.

ox id izing agen t
(oxida nt) An oxygen•
rich substance capable
of read ily yield ing
some of its oxygen; the
substance reduced
during an oxidation-
reduction react ion
oxi dizer For the
purposes of DOT
regulations, any
substance that may
enhance or support the
combustion of other
mater ials, generally by
yielding its oxygen
oxidizer (O SH A) Any
gas, l iqu id, or sol id that
read ily yields oxygen or
other oxid izing gas, or
that readily reacts to
promote or initiate
combustion of combus•
t ible materials and,
under some circum•
stances, can undergo
vigorous self.sustained
decomposition due to
contamination or heat
exposure
Certain chemical reacrio~s s:ea rly benefit modern li~esryles.
They ~nclude the c tion of fue- 1s, the ch_lo n n:Hlon of_

water, the ex.plos1on of dy~?mne, the bleaco~ fabrics, and the
tbrm ~ o f recre~nom l fireworks . These spe~1f1c phenomena
a; utgflf
ciared wit h oxidarion-rcducuon reacuons, also call~d red ox
rea~ttons. These rea crio e a.sSo-
the ha zardous m~Herials associa ted with_ chem consmure the
s~1b1ec r matter of thischansa~
Vhen oxidation-reduction rcac11ons are conducted m a
controlled fash · Pttr.
ene rgy rh ey release can be harnessed to advantage. For
example, the reaction hion, tht
in devices such as barteries, dry cells, a nd fuel ce lls provide a
suppl y of pona~ t ar 0ctlir
energy. Howe'er, whe n redox reactions occu r in an
uncontrolled fashion th e elect~
energy is relea sed into the immediate _environment, where_ it
can initiate ~r i:t:~~era~
and explosion and cause the loss of life an~ property. This
potential for destructi~ firt
necess iraces the examination of redox reaction s as a
component of the st ud y of ha llCs
o us materials. lard.
11 . 1 W HAT IS AN OXIDIZER?
Ir was noted in Chapter 7 that ~ydroge n burns in o~ygen an~
chlorine to produce 'ite
and hydrogen chloride, res pecnvely. These combustion
reacuons a re represe nted b · h'
fo llowing equations: ) 1 e
2H,(g) + 0 2(g)
H~drogcn
H,(g) + Cl 2(g)
H~drogcn Chlonnc

2H 20(g)
Water
2HC l(g)
H)drogen ch londe
The subs tances supporting these independent combustion
processes are examples of oKi-
dizers, o xidants, or oxidizing agents. The first two terms a re u
sed by emergency respond-
e rs, bur the third term is used by chemists. H ydroge n is an
example of a reducing agrnt.
Oxidizing agents always react wit h reduci ng agents in concert.
Because hydrogen burns in a chlorine atmosphere, it is evident
chat oxygen is not tbr
sole substance that s upports the combustion of other materials .
Like oxygen, chlorine is
an example of an oxidizer.
11 .1-A DOT CLASSIFICATION OF OXIDIZERS
In the DOT regulati o ns, an ox idize r is defined as a subsrance
that may enhance or sup-
port the combustion of othe r mat e ri a ls, generally by yie
lding its oxygen. DOT al so
distinguishes berween two cla sses of oxidizers: inorganic (or
metallic ) oxidizers, which
are si mpl y called oxidizers, and o rganic peroxides. Their
properties arc nocrd in 1lu5
chapter and Section 13.9, respectively.
11 .1-B OSHA/GHS IDENTIFICATION OF OXIDIZERS
Formerly, OSHA defined an oxidizer as a substance other rhan a
blasting agent ore~pt
sive that initiates or promotes combu stion in other materials,

thereby causing _fire e~t :
of itself or through the relea se of oxygen or ocher gases .
Following the adoption ° ~
GHS, OSHA no w considers oxidizers as any of the three cl
asses, oxidizing gases, oxi ·
ing liquids, or oxidizing solids. As oxidizers, each of rh e latter
stares of mat1cr ca use cw
contribute to the combustion of ocher materia l, generally by
providing oxygen. _ ht
Except for oxidizers that are organic compo und s, OSHA
minimally req uires~
manufacturers, distributors, and importers of oxidizers ro post
the GHS flain e•_o~•er• I :
letter- .. 0 " pictogram ro the labels of chemical products
consisting of an oxidizi~g:rr
liquid, or solid, in addition to appropriate signal words and
hazard and precauuo
sta temenrs.
422 Chapter 11 Chemistry of Some Oxidizers
11
_2 OXIDATION NUMBERS
emists use ch e_ ~oncept 0 ~ an ox1dat1on ~umber, or oxidation
state, to describe the
Ch ibining capability of on~ ion for anorh_er ion or of one atom
for another atom. In prac-
c~ 11 an oxida tion number 1s formally ass igned to the atoms
1hat make up a substa nce by ::~~;g ihe following rules:
The oxidation number of each atom in an element is zero; rhus,
the oxidation number
1 f each atom in the element~ H 2_, O z, Na , and Mg is O.

~h algebraic su m of the ox1dat1on numbers of the atoms in any
substance is zero.
1 Th~ hydrog en acorn in hydrogen-containing compounds other
than metallic hydri?es
1 has an oxidation number of +1. The hydrogen in a hyd ride
ion (l-r) has an oxidation
number of -1 .
The oxygen acorn in OX)'gen-containing compounds other than
peroxides and super-
xidcs ha s an oxidation number of - 2. Each oxygen atom in a
peroxide ion (O t )
d a superoxide ion (O l ) has an oxidation number of-I and -
0.5, respectively.
~he oxidation number of a monatomic ion (i.e., ha vi ng one
atom) is the same as its
1
net ionic charge; thus, the oxidation number of sodium is +1; of
magnesium, +2; of
the chloride ion, - 1; and of the sulfide ion, -2.
1 The algebraic sum of the oxidation numbers of the atoms in a
polyatomic ion is equal
to its ionic charge .
The chemical formula of a substance must be known to use
these rules and determine the
oxida tion numbers of its component atoms. As an example, let's
use them to determine the
oxidation number of each atom in sodium chlorate, an oxidizing
agent used in fireworks and
signaling flares. The chemical formula of sodium chlorate is
NaCI03. This formula indicates
that the compound is composed of two ions, the sodium ion (N a

+ ) and the chlorate ion
(CIOj") . The oxidation number of each element in sodium
chlorate is determined as follows:
OXIDATION
CONSTITUENT NUMBER
Sodium ion, Na• +1
Orygenatom -2
Chlorat e ion, (10 3
_,
Chlorine atom +5
RELEVANT RULE
The 01tidation number of a monatomic ion is the same as its
ionic charge.
Other than in peroxides, the oxidation number of oxygen is -2 .
The algebra ic sum of the oxidation numbers of the atoms in a
polyatomic ion is equal to its ionic charge; that is, -1 = +S + [3
x
(-2)] = +5 + (-6) ,
The algebraic sum of the oxidation numbers in any substance is
zero; that is, 0 = + 1 +5 + {3 x (-2)] = +6 + (-6).
Additio nal examples of determining the oxidation numbers of
the atom s in some com-
po unds a re noted in Tab le I 1.1.
11.3 OXIDATION- REDUCTION REACTIONS
Brcause a redox reaction occurs between an ox idi zing ~1gent
and a reducing agent, the
~quation illustrating a rcdox reaction is always written in the
following generalized form:

O xidi zing agen t + Redu c in g age nt --t Produ c- L::,
~,S Pec_ific example of this is the reaction between iron (lll )
chloride and tin (ll ) chloride.
r Wrn c the eq uation for this reaction as follows:
2FeC l3(aq ) + SnC l2(aq) 2F('C 12(aqJ + S nCl.i(w1)
lrun1 lll 1 ch lun,k Tin( l ll chlomlc lr0n ( II Jch londc Ti n
lV)chlonJ,:
oxi dation number
(o xid ation state) • A
number assigned to an
atom or ion by follow •
ing established rules
that aim to reflect its
capacity for combining
with other atoms or ions
Chapter 11 Chemistry of Some Oxidizers 423
spectator io n One or
more o f the ions t h at
do not participate in an
oxidatio n-reduction
re action
ion ic equation An
equation th at dep icts
only the ions that par•
t icipate in an oxidation-
reduction reaction

Mllhiiil
SYMBOL OF ELEMENT OXIDATION NUMBER
0
Cl
- 1
I -2 so 2
1 H 20 2
-----~:3------- ~ N;:H-, -----
- 2 Ni H4
-1 NH20H
+1 N20
+2 NO
+3 HN02
+4
+5 _,
+1
+3
+5
+ 7
HN0 3
HCI
HCIO
KC I02
KCI0 1
HCI04
Because the chloride ions do not parricipare in this redox
reactio n, they often are called
spectator ions. We can eliminate them and write an ionic

equation fo r the reaction as follows:
2Fc3 .. (aq) + Sn 2+(aq ) - 2Fc 2+(aq) + Sn-l+(aq)
In an ionic equation, only rhe symbo ls of the ions cont ributing
to the reaction are wm·
ten . In this rep resentat ion , electrons have si mpl y been
transferred between the iron ions
a nd tin ions. The informa tion conveyed by chis equation is
summa rized as foll ows:
The iron (ll1 ) ions become iro n(ll ) ions. The ox idation
number of iron dec reases from
+3 to +2; thus, rhe iron {III ) ions are reduced. lron (III )
chloride is ca lled rhe oxid,zmg
agent, because it oxidizes tin (II ) chloride.
The rin (Il) ions become rin (IV) ions. The oxidation number of
tin increa ses from +l
to +4; thus, the tin (Il) ions are oxidized . Tin (ll) chlor ide is ca
ll ed the redu cing agttll,
because it reduces iron (IJI ) chloride.
Because a simultaneous increa se and decrea se in oxidation
numbers alwa )'S accomP'.1·
oxidation and reduction , respecti vel y, we can summarize the
natu re of this process in
1omc systems as follows:
Oxidation is the ph enomeno n associated wi th an increase in
oxidation num~r and
loss of electrons from an ion, a tom, or group of atoms . d
Re~uction is the phenomenon associated with a decrease in
oxidation number 30
gam of electrons from an ion, atom, or group of atoms.
424 Cha pter 11 Chemistry of Some Oxidizers

Some Common Ox1dmng Agents
ox101z1NG AGENT
~m pero)(ide
~ Ilic .
nypocn to rItes
;;i'allic chlorates
Nitric ac id
(concentrated)
Nitric acid (dilute)
Metallic
peroxydisulfates
ELEMENT T HAT
CHANGES
OXI DAT I ON
NUM BER
Oxygen
Chlorine
Chlorine
Nitrogen
Nitrogen
Sulfur

OXIDATION N UMBER
IN IN
REACTANT PRODUCT
-1 -2
+1 -1
+5 -1
+5 +4
+5 +2
+7 +6
EQUATION I LLU ST RAT I NG
HA LF·REACTION
Na 20 2(aq) + 2H 20(f) - 2e
- 2Na · (aq) ..,. 40H (aq)
00 (aq) + 2W(aq) + 2e
- Cl (aq) _.. H 20(f)
CI0 3 (aq) ..,. 6W(a q ) ..,. 6e
- Cl (aq) - 3H 20(f)
N 0 1 {aq) - 2W(aq) -r- e
- N02{g) - H 20 (f)
N0 3 (aq) -r- 4W(aq) -r- 3e~
- NO(g) + 2H 20(f)
S20 .2 (aq) + 2e
- 2so / (aq)

1 The substance that accepts electrons during a redox reaction is
ca lled the oxidizing
agent.
The substance that lo ses electrons during a redox reaction is
called the reducing agent .
Oxida tion and reduct ion phenomena can also be represented
sepa ratel y by equations
like the fo llowing:
Sn 2--- (aq ) - Sn4 .. (aq ) + 2r
Fe3 .. (t,q ) + c- - Fc::! +- (a q )
The phenomenon illu strated by each equation is ca lled a h a lf-
re action . One half.reaction
repre sents oxidation, whereas the other represents reduction.
The processes represented
b)' half.reactions always occur simu ltaneo usly.
Se ve ral 01hcr exa mpl es o f oxidation-red uction phenomena
~ue provided in Table l l .2.
h alf.reacti o n
An equ ation that
sepa rately depicts
eithe r oxidation o r
reduction
SOLVED EXERCISE 11.1
ft
de ntify the element ox1d1zed, the element red uced. the
ox1d1z1ng ag ent , and the reducing agen t in th e re dox
reaa,on denoted by the following equation

6Fe50,:(aq) • Na 2Cr20 1(a q ) -r- 7H 2504(.:iql -
lronill)ulfd tf' So d,umd,c!uoma:.:- Su! fur,ca<•d
3Fe2(S0,1)]1a ql -r- Na2 SO.daq1 .,. Cr 2(SO.;l/aq -r- 7H 10 ri
lron{llI) sul fate <,oo,um ~ull.u c ( t- ·,w uIr,,111> sul f,11 (.'
aer
t this equat,on, the sodium and su lfate ions are 1dent1f1ed as
spectator ions, because th e oxi dat ion
! ,minate: 1: d;~I:~I
~~u
I
~n~;:q~:t~i~
I
~r:r:~:~.ame on each ~1de of the arrow . W hen the spect at or
,ans are
Chapte r 11 Chemistry of Some Oxidizers 425
:

1, I I I
!!It r1
fl f I
I 1; I II
I/ Ii'
I I

I
I /I
i I
ii
FI GURE 1 1.1 The
cn m1na/ act of detonating
awea.oon ofmass
destruction at th e
Oldahoma City federa l
bu ildin g resulted ,n 168
iatal1t1esand8 S0m1u ri es
The w ea pon was a 4000-
po und ( 1800-kg) mtXture
of amm onium nJtrate fer-
ti lizer and fuel 01I (ANFO }
Th e detonation occurred
atth e rat e ofapproXJ•
mat ely 13,000 ft.ls (4000
mis) (Courresyof FEMA /
ro aeterm,nt' the a,o: uat,on nu,.,ber of chrom um ,n the d ch
romate on. reca ll that the aiget ra c sum of
~~~~r.,...o~c~r~~t::at~~; n a 001yatom •c ,on 1s equa l to ,ts
1on,c cha rge We thus de1erm ,ne that ll'ie~~
- 2 = /2 X ( .. 6)) -t- /7 X (- 2))
- 2 = - 2
Theo~ oat or number of the monatom ,c ,eris is the s.!lme as the
ir 1on1c Ch.!lrge
1n tr'lt' on ,c eau.!lt on, we rt.:id· /y observe thai the ,ron(II}
1cm beco<Ti e or on (rl l) ,or,s The oxida•ion

;~:~:%~:,~~r~;d;io~~ ;3!' ;~,':;/ /~;n~:;~~l~;t!'
~;~~~s:~:;,~;~;:n~n ox,da;,on :~!
cNo~-:~,~~~r:!~~1~~~~1:6 ;~ a~ _,~n:, be:~ohrnc~~~~;~u:~l
l~~o~: ,;r:: :~:r~: rMJmb!f c(
dKrN2 ,n QJ()dat en number ,s .!ISSOC•.!lt!'d with reduct,on,
th e d,chroma te rons are reduced Thus, sooru~'
mate ,s the oxrd.z,ng agenr ""'<i>
11 .4 COMMON FEATURES OF OXIDIZ ERS
Oxidize r s generalJy are perce ived ~s rclari vel y_ powerful
chemica l sub stances, becaUSttbry
o fren react rapidl y, e ven a t e xplo sive ra 1es, with other s ub
stan ces . These latter subsca
include fuel s, lubri cants , grea se~, o ils, cotton , animal and
ve~etable fa1s, paper, coal,~
straw, sawdu st, and wood sha'mgs. Becau se the y a rc
porent1llly powerful, oxidizers hart
been chosen by te rrorists ro inre niio~all y c~use ma ss
d~s1ru_ction and chaos. ln 1995,an
A m e rican terrorist used an ammonium mtrar e/fuel oil mixture
a s a weapon o( mau
des truct ion. Ignition of the mixture des tro yed the Murra h
Federal Building in Oklahomi:
Ciry, sho wn in Figure I 1. I. The incident killed 168 people and
injured 850.
Di ffe r e nt o xidiz er s ca n hav e di ss imilar srrengrh s . This
va ri atio n in rhe strength of
indi vidua l oxidizers can be approximat ed by examin ing the li
sting in Table 11.3. In ,bu
series, o x idi zing agents a rc arranged accordin g ro their
decreasing oxidizing power. Any
s ub stance w h ose name app ear s on thi s li st is a stronger
oxidizing agent than the sub-
s tanc es who se names are lis ted below it. Ir is not e wo nh y

that many substa nces are s1ro11-
ger oxidizing a gents than ox ygen itself.
426 Chapter 11 Chemistry of Some Oxidizers
Relative Strength of Ox1d1zing Agents ..
Fluor ine
Ozone
Hydrogen perox ide
Hypoch lorous acid
Metall icch1oratesb
Lead diox ide
Metallicpermanganatesb
Met.!lll icd ichromatesb
Nitric ac id (concentrated)
Chlorine
Su lfur ic ad d (concentrated)
Oxygen
Metall ic iodates
Bromine
lron(U I) (Fe 1 · 1 compounds
Iod ine
Sutfur
Tin(IV) (Sn4 · ) compounds
•u11ed In aescend,ng orde r of ox idi zing power
b1~ an,md ,c envlron men1.
In its codes and standards, N FPA us es the term oxidizer to
denote a substance that
cJ n increase t he rate of combustion of Olher materials with
whic h it contacts, NFPA dis -
cmg ms he s the degree of haza rd posed by specific oxidizers
by assigning them co classes of

oxidizers as fo ll ows: 1
I Class I oxidi zer. This is a subs ta nce th at does nor moderatel
y increase the burning rate
of combustible materia ls wit h which it comes in co ntact.
Cla ss 2 oxidizer. T hi s is a substance that causes a moderate
increase in the burning
rai e of combustible materia ls with whic h it comes in contact.
Clas s 3 o xid izer. T his is a substa nc e that causes a severe inc
rease in the burning rate
of combustible materials with which it comes in contact.
1 Cla ss 4 oxidizer. This is a substance that can undergo an
explosive reaction due co
contamination or exposure to thermal or physical s hock , and
that causes a severe
increa se in the burning rare of combustible materia ls wi1h
which it comes in contact.
Some specific o xidize rs are denoted in Table 11.4 using this
system of classification.
11.5 HY DROGEN PEROXIDE
Hrdrogen peroxide is an important substance having the che
mical formula and molecul a r
11ructure l 110! and H- 0 - 0 - 1--1, respectively. Specific
conce ntration s o f h ydrogen perox-
id~ so lution s are designated b)' NFPA as me mbers of each
class of o x idize r. They arc used
Prrmarily for the fo ll owing purposes:
Solut ions ha ving a concentration from 1% co 3 % by mass are
used as top ical
anri scp rics on minor cues and wounds, as well as sterilizing a
nd di s infecting a ge nt s . Th er

~ :.ardou.s M,ttenals uxle (Qui ncy, M.iss;a chUSfflS: N:1 tioru
l Fire Protccuon ~ation), 2009.
o x idize r (NF PA) • As
used in NFPA's stan-
dards and codes, any
substance that can
increase the rate of
combustion of other
material and, under
some ci rcumstances,
can undergo vigorous
self-susta ined decom-
position due to con -
tamination or heat
exposure
cl as se s o f o x i d ize r s •
As used in NFPA's
standards and codes,
any of four classes in to
which in d ividua l oxidiz -
ers are ass igned based
on their ab ility to attect
the burning rate of
combustib le materials
or to undergo self-sus-
tained decompos ition
Hydrogen peroxide,
35.,,o solution
Chapter 11 Chemistry of Some Oxid izers 427
I I

~ I
All 1norgar11c nrtrates (un less otherw,se (lass,f,W)
All lnorgamc n rtrm~s (unless otherw ,se d,11slfred )
Ammon i um pef}u lfate
B<1 num pero:iude
U lc,um pero•1de
CLASS 1
Pota ssiu m d,chromate
Potass1umpercarbonate
Potass1umpersulfate
Sod ium carbonate pero,ode
Ca lci um hypochtorite (66 % or less av.t ,l able ch lor,ne and a
Sodium d•chlo1o+tr1a zi ne tr 1one di hydrate
Sod1umd,chromate
Sodium perborate (anhydrous)b
Sod ium perborate monohydrate
Sodium perborate tetrahydrate
Sod,umpercarbona te
total water content of ,tt least 1 7% by mass)
Hydrogen peroxide so lut,or,s (greater than 8% up to 17 5%)
Leadd ,oxide
t1th1um hypoch lori te (39 % or less ava d.,ble chlor,ne)
Lith ,umpero:llde
Magn~n.,m pero.1ude
Manganesed10:ude
Ni tric .tc, d (40 % concentrat,on or less)
Perch loric <1c 1d solutions (h,m th<m 50 % by mass)
Bar ,umbromate
Barium chlorate
Baruam hypoch lorite

Barium perc;hlorate
Bar ium permanganate
1-Bromo-3-ch/oro-5,5-d ,methylhydantoin (B COMH)
Calcium chlorate
Ca!oumchtome
Calcium hypochlonte (less than SO% by mass)
Calcium permanganate
Chrom ium tr10,11de (chromic ac rd )
Halane (t.J -d1chtoro-S,S -dimethyl hydantoin)
Sodium persulfate
S1font1um peroxide
Trichloro -s-tr1az1netr1one
z ,nc pero:1Ude
CLASS2
N1troc acid (more than 40% but Jess than 86 % by mas~
Pe~~~~;" ac id solutions (more than SO% but less th,ri 60" ti,,
Potass ium pe rchlorate
Potass i um permanganate
Potass1um perox1de
Potass ium superoxide
Slive r perox ide
Sodium chlome (40% or le ss by mass)
Sod ium perchlorate
Sod ium perchlorate monohydrate
Sod ium permanganate
Hydrogen pero1Ude (greater than .27.5 % up to 52% by mass)
le~perchlor,ue
Sod11Jm perox ide
Strontium chlor ate
Lrth1um chlorate

lithium hypochlorite (more t h an 39 % available ch lorine)
Lrth1um perch lorate
Magnesi um bromate
Magnes,umchlorate
Magnesium perch /orate
Mercurouschlorate
Ammonium d 1chromate
Caluum hypochlorite (over 50 % by mass)
Chlor,c ac id {10% max,mum concentrat 1on)
Hyd ro gen perox ide solutions (grea te r than 52 ~0 up 10
9t %byma1s)
Mono- {tr1 chloro)-tetra -(monopotaui um dochloro)-pent,H -
Per ch/or,, ac id solutions. 60 % to 72 .5% by mass
Strontium perchlorate
Th allium chlorate
Urea hydrogen perox ide
Zmcbromate
Zl ncchlorate
Zinc permangan ate
CLASS3
Potass1umbromat e
Potass ium chlorate
Potass ium d 1chloro+triaz lnetrione
Sodium bromate
Sod ium chlorate
Sod ium chlome (over 40 % by mass)
Sod ium d 1chloro-s-tr1az1netr1one anhydrous
CLASS4

Ammonium perch!o r.;1te (part rd e size greater than Guar11
dme nitrate
15 m icrons) Hydrogen pero ~ide solutions (more than 91 % by
man)
Ammonium perma n ga na te --
' ilepnmPd w~h pe,m~1or1 from "-FPA .:00-10 11, ~nra~
M,1tpn,1/s CodP. Copyrig ht C 201). N4t!Ofl.tl f ire Prote,ct,on
Assoc;,;rtlon, Qui~ M-'- i'-
"pnmPd m.J1Pr'-'/ a no1 the romplete o ffic, ar posrt,on oft~ NF
PA on thP refe ,enad subi m wt, 1cn Is ,epresent e-d only by the
~•rd 111 iarntiflY.
'1od ,uM perborJtP ii thP rommon namP fo, the sub1tan ce
whole p1ope , chpm lcal namp 111od ,um pero• obo••te (Sect
,on 11 ~-El
428 Ch apte r 11 Chemistry of Some Oxidizers
nir11onl y av.111.iblc a s ovcr-1~e -co unter produc ts in drug
s1ores. They ;1.re a lso wi~dy
Jrrc0 h sp ira ls a nd medica l clinics 10 desfroy ge rm s lik e
Escher, clna coli, botulism,
u,eJ 111 II
O
;:1nd o th er mfect iou s microorsani sms that cause dr sease.
s.iln: ";
0
1::dons h.1ving co n~entra rio n of 6% by mass a re used m bl
e.1c h ha ir. In the
rocrss . hy dr ogen perox ide oxrd1zes the dark -colored pi
gment called melarun to co lorless

~roJu cr-1 {ions having a conceniration from 30% 10 50% by
mass are use d in th e chem!-
•d
O l;, w sy nthesize peroxo-organic co mpound s (Sec1io n I 3. 9
). T he JO% so lu110n rs
cJI in _u~r : o bleach co tt o n, tlour. woo l, straw, leather, gelar
m, and papt'r. T he- JO% so l u-
JISO u>r I O be used instead of ch lorine for treati ng dnnkmg
wa ter. Contempora neously,
uon
5
:~~t1::1 has a lso ac hieved nmorir1y in con nection w ith rr s
mi suse by terrorists for the th:iucuon of rhc- explos ive
criaceto~e rr iperoxide (Secuon 13.9-C) . . _
rr • Sol ut ions ha ving a concentrauon _of 70 % by ma ss ar c
use d by th e chem ica l 111du s
try to cxrc ut e oxida rio n-reduct1on react ion s. They a re o
flen dil ut ed befor e- u se and sto red
JS J!o/~~1~ ~:: ~o:~t~;n:. concentr.Hio n of 90 % by vo lu me a
re use d b y the aerospa ce
nd usrr)' as rocket-g rade so lu tion s. T hey have been used 10
o ~i di ze fuel s s uch_ as h ydra -
1 •hJCh lau nched the Apoffo roc kets a nd orhcr pa yload s mw
space. Ru ss ia u ses the
:;:;i:n 10 launc h Soyuz roc kets into s pace. T he 90 % so lu tio
n ha s a lso been use d by the
U.S. rml1rarr.
Th ;e so lut io n s vis ibl )' re se mbl e wate r in p h ys ica l
appea rance, alrh_oug h th ey may
hJitt slightl y pungent, irrit atin g o dor s. Some o ther phys ica
l properties of hydro ~e n

roxide so lution s a re no ted in Table I 1.5. Alth ough anh yd
rou s h ydro ge n perox id e k, brc n p roduced, it is unava ilabl
e commerciall y becau se ir is li kel y to decompo se
nol ~~!r~·orld"s s uppl y of hydrogen perox ide is manufactured
by a number of method s.
Onr i,wok es rh e oxidation of 1sopropr l alcoho l, during which
ace1one is coprod uced.
CH ,
I
C!-1 1- C - l·l(/J ...- O~ (x)
I
O H
l,or ror ; J .,kuh" I
CH3-n - CH 3(/J - H_-O~({J
0
The h>drogen pe ro xi de and ace tone a re se para1ed b y dis
till ation. T h e h ydr oge n
p('to:.:1 dl' sol 1111on may then be diluted to produce the d es
ir ed concentration fo r co m -
memal salc.
iiiiiiiii Phys ical Properties of Some Hydrogen Peroxide
Solution
s
Melt,rigpo.nt

Bo ,lo11gpoin t
Vipo1d ens1ty(drr: l )
S?tc,f1c~v, tyat68•F(20 "0
Vapo, preuure at 68"F (2_.:.0 "_:C:_) -'-"'-----'
lo'~b,1tty1nwa1e,
Chapter 11 Chem istry of Some Oxidizers 429
H)drogen peroxide is an inherend y unstable substance. It
slowly decomposes as fo!IO,:
~H,O ,(nq) __. 2H 20({) ... O ~(g)
ll ~ds"o~cn ~nn1J~ ,,tn O, )gcn
The r.m:- of the decomposition reaction is c:1t~l yze d by sun
lig ht as w~ll as certain metal
most notabl y, iron, coppe r, chr omium, a nd sil ve r. An aqu eo
us so luuon of 8% hydr 1,
pe roxide LS comp letely deco mposed following a I 0 -mo n_th
ex pos~ re to light, wh er:tn

si milar soluti on kept in darkness fo r the s:m1e length of ume
r~~1ams virtuall y unal ter~
In solutions of co nce nt rati ons of less than 30%, the dec':'~po
~mon °~ hydrogen ~ roxidt
occu rs so s lowl y wh en sto red in dark gla ss bot~les tha~ It
~s virtually 1mp_erc eptible.
Conce nrrat c-d so luc io ns of hydrogen pe roxide (>6 Y~ 1110
i l beco me intensdy heat d
when rh cr decompose. These hot solutions th en va porize. ,:-o
preve nt th eir decom~i-
rion from posing a haiard before th e intended u_s~ o f ch e
oxidant, a ll commercial for111.1
of hydrogen peroxi de arc s ta bili zed by ad d1t1 o n of a s
ubstanc e 1har retards Jts
deco~:n::i~~~:;ed hydroge n pero xide solutions ha ve rhe
following properties:
Whe n co ncentrated hydrogen peroxide soluti o ns decompo_se,
ample hcac may be
evolved 10 cause th e spo ntan eo us ignition of nearby
combusuble materials.
Hydrogen peroxide so lutions having a concentrat!o,_, in
_excess of 20% are highly cor-

rosive. '(/ hen exposed to skin, they ca use seve re 1rntat1on;
and w hen exposed to the
e)·es, th ey ca n cause blindness.
FI GU RE 11 .2 In comp hancewith DOT regulatoons, !he
shipper affixes OXIOtZER and (OilROSfVE labels to 1h,s
1n1ermed1atebu lkconta1nerhold1ngahydrogenperox-
1de solutwn cons1s11ng of 30% to 32°,o hydrogen perox-
ide The shipper also poru OXIO!ZER placards tha t
display the DOT 1den1,f,ca1J o,, number 20 1~ across their
center areas (CourresyofA-.mrorPerirxrndn<eMdrffiil/s,
ln<:, Cenre,v,1 I1e;: Pe,,f!S}'N;m1<1 )
430 Chapter 11 Chemistry of Some Oxidize rs
11 .5-A THE KURSK
H ydrogen peroxid e has been linked wi th the na val disam,
onboard the Ru ssia n s ubmarin e Kursk. In 2000, the Kurd
exploded and sank in the Barents Sea. Aboard were a numb(r 0f
torpedoes, each of wh ose fuel system s consisted in part of
highly
co ncentrated h ydroge n p eroxid e. Inves tigators proposed
tba1
the di sas ter was linked to a lea k of h ydrogen peroxide from a
single torpedo. The oxidizer interact ed wit h the torpedo's

stain•
less steel casin g, which catalyzed the decomposition of tlu:
hyd rog en peroxide. The subsequent buildup of oxygen rcsultrd
in ovc rpress ur iza ti o n of th e torpedo and its sub sequent
explo-
sio n. Thi s first ex p lo sion th en ini t ia ted the det o nation of
othtr
torp edoe s wi thin the storag e compartmen t. The hull of the
sub-
ma rine burst, and the Ku rs k foundered and sank . There were
no
sur vivors.
11 .5-B WORKPLACE REGULATIONS INVOLVING
HYOROGEN PEROXIDE
When hydrogen peroxide is us ed in the workp lace, OSHA
requires
employers to limit empl oyee ex pos ur e to an inhalation
concentr.1·
tion of I part per milli on , averaged over an 8-hou r workday.
11 .5-C TRANSPORTING HYDROGEN PEROX IDE
Hydrogen peroxide solu t io ns may be tran spo rted by means
of

m?to r van s on public hi ghways or by rai l in boxca rs, u~uall
y~:
t.:uned in nonb ulk darkened glass or plastic bottles or inter~.
ate bulk co nta iners like the type s hown in Fig ur e 11 .2. In 3
ddikOO.
hydrogen peroxide may be transport ed in bu lk in a tank [fl.IC
Of
rai l tankca r.
20!i, to40'/o
;;;60¾ -,60¾
Shipping Oescnpt,ons of Aqueou s Hydroge n
Peroxide Solut10ns
SHIPPING DESCRIPTION•
-t UN2984, Hydrogen pero)( ide, aqueous solut ion
(co ntains 8 •/o - 20 % hydrogen pero)( ide). 5.1. PG Ill
UN2014, Hydrogen perox i de. aqueous solution (stabilized)
(conta ins 20%-40 % hydrogen perox i de), 5.1. (8). PG II
UN201 4. Hydrogen perox ide, aqueous solut ion (stabilized)

(conta ins40% -6Q 0;. hydrogen perox ide). S 1, (8), PG 11
UN2 015, Hydrogen perox ide, stab ili zed)
(co ntains >60% hydrogen perox i de), 5.1, (8). PG I
'l!tlOff sh ipmtnl, OO T requ ires the adC1 1tlon of a subrtan.te
to hydrog en pero• ldt to Inhibit In de co mP05!tl on.
When shippers offer a hydrogen peroxide solutio n for tran
sportation, DOT require s
h w provide the rel evant s hipp ing description s hown in Table
l 1.6 on an accompany-
t ei;hipping pape r. DOT a …
11 n hts,de (J _ 1-+ 2) Ba lance oxygen byinsertmgal ,nfr on the
left s. oe 01 1~ arrow but six on th~ }so b3lances the nurnber of
potassium ato ms on eac h 1.:1 Cl~ •ormu•.i fot potdSS um
b,c,1rbon: 1:01:s e 01 a,.,ow TheeQu,monnowlookS a .., ~ ...
Di'.S)-' .;,(Oils;_ Hi0.9)., C0 2(gl
Perlorm,ng a rin.tf checl: 0/'I the numbe r of atom;";~::t:~
!~:~es~~: :7~h=1~:,t i~~~:si~hm , tv,a a~
of h}drogen. rv.o atoms of caroon, an d 51,: ato ms , rs @Q~~~

,
REDUCTION
5.4·8 .
11
is a lways associa ted ,_vith the acc~mpa nyi ng p rocess ca ll
ed reduction . An}' o ne
o~;d:}~iowing p roc esses co n stitut es redu ct io n: .
ofl
1
11
o und s redu ce w hen they lose oxyge n atom s. For exa mpl e,
when sod rnm p er-
• ~~~r:te is hc a red , it loses oxygen atoms.
ii , ___________ "ow_bdl.Jn,~c,=d~--------------------
NaCJO"(s) NaCl(~) .... 20,1(gJ Sod1ump,:n.h lvr:Ul"' Sod ,um
chlo n,k O,) gc n
OJfid.1 tio n-rl!-duction
rNCtion (re-dox re«tion)

A chem ical react ion
betwee n one or more
01Cid iz ing and reducing
agents
oxidatio n • A ch emical
process during wh ich a
substance reacts as an
oxid izing agent
5 .4 OXIDATION- REDUCTION REACTIONS
. 1 ocess in rerm s of whether it represe nts an OXid .
Chemi~rs also cl? ssi~ a c~:~:t
1
/:i~ed a redox react_ion. Comb! nation, decom po:i~11-
redu':1on reaction , re~ rea c:io ns involve oxi darion-reducnon
processes, whe/ll,
a nd s im ple replaec:;nr:crions do not. Although we s.rudy
redox reactio ns in m:;s
double replac em b . d standi ng is now required, because we
will enco '

deprh in Chapter 11 , a as 1c un er · unr~
th em frequentl y.
5 .4 -A OXIDATION
Oxidation is an y of th e fo llowing processes:
Elemencs and compounds oxidize when th ey gain oxygen ,1to
~1 s. W~en a compound
is o xidized, eac h rype of atom within the ~o.mpou n d
co~_bmes _wnh oxygen. Fot
exa mple, carbon, hydroge n, and methane ox1d1ze by combm
mg w1rh oxygen.
C (s) + 0 1(g) - C01(g)
caroon 0Aygrn
2H1(g) O,(g)
Hydrogrn o,n:rn
CH.J(g) + 20 2(8)
Mrlhl!IIC- O.ygrn
Cwbontl 10;0Jt"
WaJc- r

CO,(g) + 2H10 (g)
Ca.rbou J1o~id,: Wa te1
Compounds also oxidize when rhey Jose hydrogen ato m s.
When methanol decon,.
p oses, for insta nce, formalde hyde and hyd roge n form.
C H30H(g) - , HCHO(g) + H ,(g)
Mcth.lnol Fonna/dch)de l·l)drvgc n
Beca use methanol loses hydrogen aro ms, iris sa id to be
oxidized.
An element or ion o xi dizes when it become s less affi liated w
ith its electrons. for ionK
s ub sta nces, this is accomplished by the loss of one o r more
electron s.
.:-•.r:t {s) - Na-(aq) + e -
Mg (s) Mg,-(aq ) + 2, -
Cu (s) -----. Cu 2 ... (aq ) + 1l' -
Fe2- (aq ) ----+ Fe3 ... (aq ) + e-
2Cr-{aq) Cl1(g ) + 2e -

ln th e firs t three examples, neut ral atoms of sodium, mag
nesium, and copper, rt~pc(·
ri vel y, Jose eit her one o r two electrons as indicated and
become posi tively charged t~!Hi
in the fo urth example, rh e iron (II J ion loses an electron and
becomes th e iron (IIIJ ion;
a nd in th e fifth example, eac h of two c hl o ride ions loses a n
electron ro form 3 nruiul
mo lecu le of chlorine.
f re sodium perchlorate is sa id to be reduced. .
Th~e :u nds a lso reduce when th ey ga in h ydroge n a toms.
For example, t he organic
1 ~~n:O und erh ene combines wi th h yd roge n to beco me et
ha ne.
C2H°'(g) + H 2(g) - C2Ho(g)
E1hcnc Hydroge n E1hanc
B se it ga ins hr drogen atoms, eth ene is redu ced.
• S~~~~nces reduce w he? th ey ~ecome n~ore affi lia ted with
elecuons. For ionic sys -
tems, redu ction is assoctated with the gain of electrons.

C l,(g) + 2, - - lCl - (aq )
s,1,1 + 16, - - ss1 - 1aq )
Fe3 .. {aq) + e- - Fc 2-(aq)
Fe 2~(aq) + l e- - Fe(s)
In che firs t rwo examples, n.eucral _elemen ts gain electro n s
and for1:1 n ega ti_ve ions; ~n the
third example, th e iron (fII ) 10n gams a n electron and beco
mes th e 1ron (U) 10n; and 1~ the
final exa mpl e, rh e iron (II ) ion gains two electrons and
becomes an a to m of elementa l iro n.
The molecu les a nd ions on the left of th ese a rrows are said to
be reduced.
Oxid.1tion and , eduction a lso occur in cova lent sys tem s, but
here, an actual t ransfe r-
ence of electrons d oes not occur. For insta nce, co nsider th e c
he mi ca l react io n represented
by 1he combi nation of hydroge n and ch lo r ine.
H1(.~) + Cl :2(~) - 2HCl(g)
l-l )Jrogcn Chlorine l·l}drogc-nchlondc

In th e hydrogen a nd ch lo rin e mo lec ules, the electron pa irs
in the cova len t bonds arc
sha red eq uall y br their res pecti'e atoms. In th e hr drogen
chloride molec ule , ho wever, the
chlorin e atom shar es the pair of bond in g electrons 10 a greate
r d eg ree than does th e
hydrogen a tom. This un equa l s harin g of the electro n pai r is
illustrated in Figure 5.1. h
causes a n unsymm etri ca l electron di stribution in the
molecule of h ydroge n chloride. Thi s
unsymme tric a l distribution of el ec trons is t y pical of
oxidation in co val e nt sys tems .
Hydroge n has been oxidized a nd c hlorin e has been reduced .
00 GXi)
Hydrogen Chlorine H yd rogen ch loride
flG URE S.1 Whe n the ox1dat1on- reduct ron phenomenon
occurs between cova lently bonded substances,
e'ee1rons are not comp letely transfer red from one rea ctan t to
th e oth er In the hydrogen an d chlorine m olecules
shown here ro the left of the arrow, the electron pairs are mu t
ually sh ared between th e tvvo hke atoms But 1n
t/-te hydrogen chl ori de molecule shown to th e rig ht of the
arrow, the electronic d1stnbu t1on is asymmetric about

th e center of th e molecule Th is pa n 1al loss and gain of
electron density 1s typical of t he oXJd at1on-reduct 1on
redct ron s 11wo!wn g covalen tly bonded substances
red u ction • A chem ical
process during which a
substance reacts as a
reducing agent
140 Chapter 5 Principles of Chemica l Reactions
Chapter 5 Principles of Chemica l Reactions 141
I reduci ng ag ent The substance oxidized
during an oxidation-
reduct ion reaction
oxidiz ing agent {oxi-
dizer) The substance
reduced dur ing an
oxidat ion-reduction
react ion
rate of reaction The

speed at which a
chemical transformation
occurs; the amount of a
product formed, or
reactant consumed, per
unit of time
igni tion source Any
purposeful or inciden-
tal means by which
self-sustained combus-
tion is initiated
Any oxidized substance is called a reducing agent, and any
reduced substance is
called an oxidizing agent, or oxidizer. These names result from
the effect that the agent
ha s on other substances. In the combination of hydrogen and
chlorine, chlorine is th,
oxidizing agent and hydrogen is the reducing agent.
Consider another example. Decades ago, cameras used
flashb~lbs to generate a bril-
liant blaze to lighten a darkened scene. The brilliance was
~ssociated with a chemical

reaction in which metallic magnesium burned to form
magnesmm oxide.
2Mg(s) + O!(g) ---> 2MgO (s)
ivlagncs iurn Oxygen r..fagnc sium o:c;idc
During this reaction, a magnesium atom loses two electrons to_
become a_ magnesium
ion. It also combines with oxygen. For both reasons, magnesium
ts ox1d1zed. Each
atom of an oxygen molecule gains two electrons and becomes an
oxide ion. The oxy-
gen is reduced. Magnesium is the reducing agent, and oxygen is
the oxidizing agent,
or oxidizer.
5.5 FACTORS AFFECTING THE RATE OF REACTION
Each chemical reaction occurs at a definite speed called its rate
of reaction. Sometimes
the rate of reaction is referenced by correlating it to a chemical
phenomenon, as in the use
of terms such as the rate of combustion, rate of corrosion, or
rate of explosion. Chemists
establish these rates of reaction by experimentally noting the
change in concentration of a

reactant or product over time.
The speed at which a given substance undergoes a chemical
change is often associated
with its hazardous nature. This is clearly illustrated by the
detonation of nitroglycerin.
Several grams can completely decompose within a millionth of
a second. Fortunately, nm
all chemical reactions occur as rapidly, or we would have even
greater problems when
responding to emergencies involving hazardous materials.
The rate of reaction depends on at least seven factors, each of
which will be discussed
independently in the sections that follow. When appropriate, the
influence of each factor
is noted as it bears on the rate of combustion.
5 .S· A NATURE OF THE MATERIAL
When exposed to air, some substances do not burn at all.
Examples of such substances are
water, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and the noble gases, Other
substances, like hydrogen,
magnesium, and sulfur, do not begin burning in air until they
are first exposed to a source

of ignition. Common ignition sources include open flames,
sparks (static, electrical, and
mechanical), lightning, smoking, cutting and welding, hot
surfaces, physical and chemical
reactions, electrical arcs, radiant heat, and the accumulation of
electrical charges (friction)
generated by the movement of materials (e.g., liquids through a
pipe or hose or powders
through chutes or conveyors).
Still other substances burn spontaneously in air, even without
exposure to an ignition
source. An example is elemental white phosphorus, which bursts
into flame on exposu~e
to the air. These rates of combustion vary from zero to some
finite value. It is their indt·
vidual chemical nature that causes some substances not to burn
at all, others to burn only
when kindled, and others to burn spontaneously.
5.5-B SUBD IVISION OF THE REACTANTS
Wooden logs do not burn spontaneously. Initially, they must
first be kindled, perhaps b;
the heat generated from the b~rni_ng of smaller pieces of wood.
By contrast, when the dus

from the same type of wood 1s dispersed or suspended in air
within a confined area and
142 Chapter 5 Principles of Chemical Reactions
1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
6. Determine strategies for dealing with chemical properties of
specific types of hazardous substances.
6.1 Identify the chemical properties, uses, and primary hazards
associated with common oxidizers
6.2 Identify workplace exposure concentrations associated with
common oxidizers.
6.3 Identify PSM requirements that would be useful for
preventing or minimizing the consequences
of a significant oxidizer-related incident.

Course/Unit
Learning Outcomes
Learning Activity
6.1
Unit V Lesson
Chapter 5 Reading
Chapter 11 Reading
Unit V Research Paper
6.2
Unit V Lesson
Chapter 11 Reading
6.3
Unit V Lesson
Chapter 11 Reading
PSM Standard Reading
Reading Assignment

Chapter 5:
Principles of Chemical Reactions, pp. 140-142
Chapter 11:
Chemistry of Some Oxidizers, pp. 421-463
Additional Reading Assignment(s):
Please review the information regarding the Process Safety
Management of Highly Hazardous Chemicals at
the following link:
https://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_t
able=STANDARDS&p_id=9760
Unit Lesson
In this unit, we still study the chemistry of some oxidizers as
discussed in Chapter 11 of our textbook. Most or
all of you have heard of oxidizers or even oxidation-reduction
reactions (redox in short). These reactions,
when controlled, can benefit our society. Examples are
combustion of fuels, disinfection of water, household
cleaning, and bleaching of fabrics. However, when the reactions
become uncontrolled, fire, and/or an

explosion could result that may result in loss of life and
property.
Before we get into these reactions, we will review what an
oxidizer is. According to Meyer (2014), the
Department of Transportation (DOT) defines an oxidizer as a
substance that may enhance or support
combustion of other materials, generally by yielding its oxygen.
However, an oxidizer does not necessarily
have oxygen to give up. A substance that removes electrons
from other substances is also an oxidizer (also
known as an oxidizing agent). So, an oxidizer can consist of
elements, acids, or salts that are separated into
UNIT STUDY GUIDE
Chemistry of Some Oxidizers
https://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_t
able=STANDARDS&p_id=9760
2
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE

Title
different families. These families each have specific hazards
associated them (Burke, 2003). The elements
include oxygen, chlorine, fluorine, bromine, and iodine. If you
recall from the periodic table in Unit I, these
elements belong to the same family.
To learn oxidation-reduction reactions, we have to know what
an oxidation number or oxidation state is. This
is defined as the ability of an ion or atom to combine with
another ion or atom (Meyer, 2014). It provides a
way to keep track of electrons in redox reactions. In practice,
there are rules for assigning oxidation numbers.
In Section 5.4 of our textbook, oxidation-reduction is also
discussed in more detail. Basically, in an oxidation
process, there is an increase in oxidation number and loss of
electrons. In reduction, there is a decrease in
oxidation number and gain of electrons.
In redox reactions, the equation should be written as the
following:

A good example of a redox reaction between iron chloride and
tin chloride is shown on pages 424-425 of the
textbook.
The National Fire Protection Agency (NFPA) lists oxidizers in
four classes (Classes 1 to 4), with Class 1
having the lowest activity. Class 4 has the highest activity
where the materials may undergo explosive
reactions when catalyzed or exposed to heat, shock, or friction
(Meyer, 2014).
Common Oxidizers: Many household products used to sanitize
indoor/outdoor surfaces and swimming pools
contain oxidizers such as calcium or sodium hypochlorite.
Hydrogen peroxide is used to help heal insect
bites, burns, and scrapes, and is also used in hair color
products.
Fireworks are entertaining but inherently dangerous. Used in the
production of all fireworks is a mixture of an
oxidizing agent and a reducing agent. The oxidizing agent could
be sodium chlorite/chlorate or perchlorate,
and the reducing agent could be sulfur, pulverized magnesium,
or aluminum flakes (Meyer, 2014).

There are only a few ammonium compounds that are thermally
stable, so the use of them is limited. A
common compound that is used commercially is ammonium
nitrate, which is used as a fertilizer. Another
example of an ammonium compound used is ammonium
perchlorate, which accounts for, “70% of the solid
propellants used by the aerospace industry to propel space
shuttles” (Meyer, 2014, p. 445).
Notable incidents involving ammonium compounds include the
following:
was carrying nearly 2280 tons of
fertilizer grade ammonium nitrate when it caught fire. The heat
generated by the fire resulted in the
decomposition of the ammonium nitrate (Meyer, 2014). The
decomposition products, oxygen and
nitrogen dioxide, supported combustion in the storage hold of
the ship, a confined space, resulting in
an explosion.
ma bombing of the Murrah Federal Building:
Fertilizer grade ammonium nitrate and
diesel fuel were mixed and detonated (Dougherty, 2001).

Other common oxidizers include the following:
hexavalent chromium with +6 oxidation
state),
Oxidation–reduction reactions, also called redox reactions,
greatly benefit our modern lifestyle. When
oxidation–reduction reactions are conducted in a controlled
fashion, the energy they release can be
harnessed to our advantage. However, when redox reactions
occur in an uncontrolled fashion, the generated

3
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
energy is released into the immediate environment where it can
initiate or intensify fire and explosion,
resulting in the loss of life and property. This necessitates the
study of redox reactions by EHS and FS
professionals responding to hazardous materials incidents.
References
Burke, R. (2003). Hazardous chemistry for emergency
responders (2nd ed). Washington DC: Lewis.
Dougherty, J. (2001, May). McVeigh diagrams ANFO bomb.
Retrieved from
http://www.wnd.com/2001/05/9372/
Meyer, E. (2014). Chemistry of hazardous materials (6th ed.).
Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.

3/15/20, 2:38 PM1910.119 - Process safety management of
highly hazardous chemicals. | Occupational Safety and Health
Administration
Page 1 of 18https://www.osha.gov/laws-
regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.119
By Standard Number / 1910.119 - Process safety management of
highly hazardous chemicals.
Part Number: 1910
Part Number Title: Occupational Safety and Health Standards
Subpart: 1910 Subpart H
Subpart Title: Hazardous Materials
Standard Number: 1910.119
Title: Process safety management of highly hazardous
chemicals.
Appendix: A; B; C; D
GPO Source: e-CFR
Purpose. This section contains requirements for preventing or
minimizing the consequences of catastrophic releases of toxic,
reactive, flammable, or explosive chemicals.

These releases may result in toxic, fire or explosion hazards
1910.119(a)
Application.
1910.119(a)(1)
This section applies to the following:
1910.119(a)(1)(i)
A process which involves a chemical at or above the specified
threshold quantities listed in appendix A to this section;
1910.119(a)(1)(ii)
A process which involves a Category 1 flammable gas (as
defined in 1910.1200(c)) or a flammable liquid with a
flashpoint below 100 °F (37.8 °C) on site in one location, in a
quantity of 10,000 pounds (4535.9 kg) or more except for:
1910.119(a)(1)(ii)(A)
Hydrocarbon fuels used solely for workplace consumption as a
fuel (e.g., propane used for comfort heating, gasoline for
vehicle refueling), if such fuels are not a part of a
process containing another highly hazardous chemical covered
by this standard;

1910.119(a)(1)(ii)(B)
Flammable liquids with a flashpoint below 100 °F (37.8 °C)
stored in atmospheric tanks or transferred which are kept below
their normal boiling point without benefit of chilling or
refrigeration.
https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber
https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/interlinking/standards/1910.119
https://www.osha.gov/laws-
regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.119AppA
regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.119AppB
regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.119AppC
regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.119AppD
https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-
idx?SID=65b279ee2e7530009034c1f152d451e5&tpl=/ecfrbrows
e/Title29/29tab_02.tpl
regs/interlinking/standards/1910.119(a)
regs/interlinking/standards/1910.119(a)(1)
regs/interlinking/standards/1910.119(a)(1)(i)

regs/interlinking/standards/1910.119(a)(1)(ii)
regs/interlinking/standards/1910.119(a)(1)(ii)(A)
regs/interlinking/standards/1910.119(a)(1)(ii)(B)
Administration
1910.119(a)(2)
This section does not apply to:
1910.119(a)(2)(i)
Retail facilities;
1910.119(a)(2)(ii)
Oil or gas well drilling or servicing operations; or,
1910.119(a)(2)(iii)

Normally unoccupied remote facilities.
1910.119(b)
Definitions. Atmospheric tank means a storage tank which has
been designed to operate at pressures from atmospheric through
0.5 p.s.i.g. (pounds per square inch gauge, 3.45
Kpa).
Boiling point means the boiling point of a liquid at a pressure of
14.7 pounds per square inch absolute (p.s.i.a.) (760 mm.). For
the purposes of this section, where an accurate
boiling point is unavailable for the material in question, or for
mixtures which do not have a constant boiling point, the 10
percent point of a distillation performed in accordance
with the Standard Method of Test for Distillation of Petroleum
Products, ASTM D-86-62, which is incorporated by reference as
specified in §1910.6, may be used as the boiling
point of the liquid.
Catastrophic release means a major uncontrolled emission, fire,
or explosion, involving one or more highly hazardous
chemicals, that presents serious danger to employees in
the workplace.
Facility means the buildings, containers or equipment which

contain a process.
Highly hazardous chemical means a substance possessing toxic,
reactive, flammable, or explosive properties and specified by
paragraph (a)(1) of this section.
Hot work means work involving electric or gas welding, cutting,
brazing, or similar flame or spark-producing operations.
Normally unoccupied remote facility means a facility which is
operated, maintained or serviced by employees who visit the
facility only periodically to check its operation and to
perform necessary operating or maintenance tasks. No
employees are permanently stationed at the facility.
Facilities meeting this definition are not contiguous with, and
must be geographically remote from all other buildings,
processes or persons.
Process means any activity involving a highly hazardous
chemical including any use, storage, manufacturing, handling,
or the on-site movement of such chemicals, or
combination of these activities. For purposes of this definition,
any group of vessels which are interconnected and separate
vessels which are located such that a highly

hazardous chemical could be involved in a potential release
shall be considered a single process.
Replacement in kind means a replacement which satisfies the
design specification.
Trade secret means any confidential formula, pattern, process,
device, information or compilation of information that is used
in an employer's business, and that gives the
employer an opportunity to obtain an advantage over
competitors who do not know or use it. See Appendix E to
§1910.1200—Definition of a Trade Secret (which sets out the
criteria to be used in evaluating trade secrets).
regs/interlinking/standards/1910.119(a)(2)
regs/interlinking/standards/1910.119(a)(2)(i)
regs/interlinking/standards/1910.119(a)(2)(ii)
regs/interlinking/standards/1910.119(a)(2)(iii)
regs/interlinking/standards/1910.119(b)

Administration
1910.119(c)
Employee participation.
1910.119(c)(1)
Employers shall develop a written plan of action regarding the
implementation of the employee participation required by this
paragraph.
1910.119(c)(2)
Employers shall consult with employees and their
representatives on the conduct and development of process
hazards analyses and on the development of the other elements
of process safety management in this standard.
1910.119(c)(3)
Employers shall provide to employees and their representatives
access to process hazard analyses and to all other information

required to be developed under this standard.
1910.119(d)
Process safety information. In accordance with the schedule set
forth in paragraph (e)(1) of this section, the employer shall
complete a compilation of written process safety
information before conducting any process hazard analysis
required by the standard. The compilation of written process
safety information is to enable the employer and the
employees involved in operating the process to identify and
understand the hazards posed by those processes involving
highly hazardous chemicals. This process safety
information shall include information pertaining to the hazards
of the highly hazardous chemicals used or produced by the
process, information pertaining to the technology of
the process, and information pertaining to the equipment in the
process.
1910.119(d)(1)
Information pertaining to the hazards of the highly hazardous
chemicals in the process. This information shall consist of at
least the following:
1910.119(d)(1)(i)
Toxicity information;

1910.119(d)(1)(ii)
Permissible exposure limits;
1910.119(d)(1)(iii)
Physical data;
1910.119(d)(1)(iv)
Reactivity data:
1910.119(d)(1)(v)
Corrosivity data;
regs/interlinking/standards/1910.119(c)
regs/interlinking/standards/1910.119(c)(1)
regs/interlinking/standards/1910.119(d)
regs/interlinking/standards/1910.119(d)(1)

regs/interlinking/standards/1910.119(d)(1)(i)
regs/interlinking/standards/1910.119(d)(1)(ii)
regs/interlinking/standards/1910.119(d)(1)(iii)
regs/interlinking/standards/1910.119(d)(1)(iv)
regs/interlinking/standards/1910.119(d)(1)(v)
Administration
1910.119(d)(1)(vi)
Thermal and chemical stability data; and
1910.119(d)(1)(vii)
Hazardous effects of inadvertent mixing of different materials
that could foreseeably occur.

Note: Safety data sheets meeting the requirements of 29 CFR
1910.1200(g) may be used to comply with this requirement to
the extent they contain the information required by
this subparagraph.
1910.119(d)(2)
Information pertaining to the technology of the process.
1910.119(d)(2)(i)
Information concerning the technology of the process shall
include at least the following:
1910.119(d)(2)(i)(A)
A block flow diagram or simplified process flow diagram (see
Appendix B to this section);
1910.119(d)(2)(i)(B)
Process chemistry;
1910.119(d)(2)(i)(C)
Maximum intended inventory;
1910.119(d)(2)(i)(D)
Safe upper and lower limits for such items as temperatures,

pressures, flows or compositions; and,
1910.119(d)(2)(i)(E)
An evaluation of the consequences of deviations, including
those affecting the safety and health of employees.
1910.119(d)(2)(ii)
Where the original technical information no longer exists, such
information may be developed in conjunction with the process
hazard analysis in sufficient detail to support the
analysis.
1910.119(d)(3)
Information pertaining to the equipment in the process.
regs/interlinking/standards/1910.119(d)(1)(vi)
regs/interlinking/standards/1910.119(d)(1)(vii)
regs/interlinking/standards/1910.119(d)(2)(i)(A)

regs/interlinking/standards/1910.119(d)(2)(i)(B)
regs/interlinking/standards/1910.119(d)(2)(i)(C)
regs/interlinking/standards/1910.119(d)(2)(i)(D)
regs/interlinking/standards/1910.119(d)(2)(i)(E)
Administration
1910.119(d)(3)(i)
Information pertaining to the equipment in the process shall
include:

1910.119(d)(3)(i)(A)
Materials of construction;
1910.119(d)(3)(i)(B)
Piping and instrument diagrams (P&ID's);
1910.119(d)(3)(i)(C)
Electrical classification;
1910.119(d)(3)(i)(D)
Relief system design and design basis;
1910.119(d)(3)(i)(E)
Ventilation system design;
1910.119(d)(3)(i)(F)
Design codes and standards employed;
1910.119(d)(3)(i)(G)
Material and energy balances for processes built after May 26,
1992; and,
1910.119(d)(3)(i)(H)
Safety systems (e.g. interlocks, detection or suppression
systems).

1910.119(d)(3)(ii)
The employer shall document that equipment complies with
recognized and generally accepted good engineering practices.
1910.119(d)(3)(iii)
For existing equipment designed and constructed in accordance
with codes, standards, or practices that are no longer in general
use, the employer shall determine and
document that the equipment is designed, maintained, inspected,
tested, and operating in a safe manner.
1910.119(e)
Process hazard analysis.
regs/interlinking/standards/1910.119(d)(3)(i)(A)
regs/interlinking/standards/1910.119(d)(3)(i)(B)
regs/interlinking/standards/1910.119(d)(3)(i)(C)
regs/interlinking/standards/1910.119(d)(3)(i)(D)

regs/interlinking/standards/1910.119(d)(3)(i)(E)
regs/interlinking/standards/1910.119(d)(3)(i)(F)
regs/interlinking/standards/1910.119(d)(3)(i)(G)
regs/interlinking/standards/1910.119(d)(3)(i)(H)
regs/interlinking/standards/1910.119(d)(3)(iii)
regs/interlinking/standards/1910.119(e)
Administration
1910.119(e)(1)
The employer shall perform an initial process hazard analysis

(hazard evaluation) on processes covered by this standard. The
process hazard analysis shall be appropriate to the
complexity of the process and shall identify, evaluate, and
control the hazards involved in the process. Employers shall
determine and document the priority order for conducting
process hazard analyses based on a rationale which includes
such considerations as extent of the process hazards, number of
potentially affected employees, age of the
process, and operating history of the process. The process
hazard analysis shall be conducted as soon as possible, but not
later than the following schedule:
1910.119(e)(1)(i)
No less than 25 percent of the initial process hazards analyses
shall be completed by May 26, 1994;
1910.119(e)(1)(ii)
1910.119(e)(1)(iii)
1910.119(e)(1)(iv)

All initial process hazards analyses shall be completed by May
26, 1997.
1910.119(e)(1)(v)
Process hazards analyses completed after May 26, 1987 which
meet the requirements of this paragraph are acceptable as initial
process hazards analyses. These process
hazard analyses shall be updated and revalidated, based on their
completion date, in accordance with paragraph (e)(6) of this
standard.
1910.119(e)(2)
The employer shall use one or more of the following
methodologies that are appropriate to determine and evaluate
the hazards of the process being analyzed.
1910.119(e)(2)(i)
What-If;
1910.119(e)(2)(ii)
Checklist;
1910.119(e)(2)(iii)
What-If/Checklist;

1910.119(e)(2)(iv)
Hazard and Operability Study (HAZOP);
regs/interlinking/standards/1910.119(e)(1)
regs/interlinking/standards/1910.119(e)(1)(i)
regs/interlinking/standards/1910.119(e)(1)(ii)
regs/interlinking/standards/1910.119(e)(1)(iii)
regs/interlinking/standards/1910.119(e)(1)(iv)
regs/interlinking/standards/1910.119(e)(1)(v)

Administration
1910.119(e)(2)(v)
Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA);
1910.119(e)(2)(vi)
Fault Tree Analysis; or
1910.119(e)(2)(vii)
An appropriate equivalent methodology.
1910.119(e)(3)
The process hazard analysis shall address:
1910.119(e)(3)(i)
The hazards of the process;
1910.119(e)(3)(ii)

The identification of any previous incident which had a likely
potential for catastrophic consequences in the workplace;
1910.119(e)(3)(iii)
Engineering and administrative controls applicable to the
hazards and their interrelationships such as appropriate
application of detection methodologies to provide early
warning of releases. (Acceptable detection methods might
include process monitoring and control instrumentation with
alarms, and detection hardware such as hydrocarbon
sensors.);
1910.119(e)(3)(iv)
Consequences of failure of engineering and administrative
controls;
1910.119(e)(3)(v)
Facility siting;
1910.119(e)(3)(vi)
Human factors; and
1910.119(e)(3)(vii)
A qualitative evaluation of a range of the possible safety and
health effects of failure of controls on employees in the

workplace.
1910.119(e)(4)
The process hazard analysis shall be performed by a team with
expertise in engineering and process operations, and the team
shall include at least one employee who has
experience and knowledge specific to the process being
evaluated. Also, one member of the team must be
knowledgeable in the specific process hazard analysis
methodology
regs/interlinking/standards/1910.119(e)(2)(vi)
regs/interlinking/standards/1910.119(e)(2)(vii)

regs/interlinking/standards/1910.119(e)(3)(vi)
regs/interlinking/standards/1910.119(e)(3)(vii)
Administration
experience and knowledge specific to the process being
evaluated. Also, one member of the team must be
knowledgeable in the specific process hazard analysis
methodology
being used.

1910.119(e)(5)
The employer shall establish a system to promptly address the
team's findings and recommendations; assure that the
recommendations are resolved in a timely manner and
that the resolution is documented; document what actions are to
be taken; complete actions as soon as possible; develop a
written schedule of when these actions are to be
completed; communicate the actions to operating, maintenance
and other employees whose work assignments are in the process
and who may be affected by the
recommendations or actions.
1910.119(e)(6)
At least every five (5) years after the completion of the initial
process hazard analysis, the process hazard analysis shall be
updated and revalidated by a team meeting the
requirements in paragraph (e)(4) of this section, to assure that
the process hazard analysis is consistent with the current
process.
1910.119(e)(7)
Employers shall retain process hazards analyses and updates or
revalidations for each process covered by this section, as well
as the documented resolution of
recommendations described in paragraph (e)(5) of this section

for the life of the process.
1910.119(f)
Operating procedures.
1910.119(f)(1)
The employer shall develop and implement written operating
procedures that provide clear instructions for safely conducting
activities involved in each covered process
consistent with the process safety information and shall address
at least the following elements.
1910.119(f)(1)(i)
Steps for each operating phase:
1910.119(f)(1)(i)(A)
Initial startup;
1910.119(f)(1)(i)(B)
Normal operations;
1910.119(f)(1)(i)(C)
Temporary operations;
1910.119(f)(1)(i)(D)

Emergency shutdown including the conditions under which
emergency shutdown is required, and the assignment of
shutdown responsibility to qualified operators to ensure that
emergency shutdown is executed in a safe and timely manner.
regs/interlinking/standards/1910.119(f)
regs/interlinking/standards/1910.119(f)(1)
regs/interlinking/standards/1910.119(f)(1)(i)
regs/interlinking/standards/1910.119(f)(1)(i)(A)
regs/interlinking/standards/1910.119(f)(1)(i)(B)
regs/interlinking/standards/1910.119(f)(1)(i)(C)
regs/interlinking/standards/1910.119(f)(1)(i)(D)

Administration
emergency shutdown is executed in a safe and timely manner.
1910.119(f)(1)(i)(E)
Emergency Operations;
1910.119(f)(1)(i)(F)
Normal shutdown; and,
1910.119(f)(1)(i)(G)
Startup following a turnaround, or after an emergency
shutdown.
1910.119(f)(1)(ii)
Operating limits:
1910.119(f)(1)(ii)(A)

Consequences of deviation; and
1910.119(f)(1)(ii)(B)
Steps required to correct or avoid deviation.
1910.119(f)(1)(iii)
Safety and health considerations:
1910.119(f)(1)(iii)(A)
Properties of, and hazards presented by, the chemicals used in
the process;
1910.119(f)(1)(iii)(B)
Precautions necessary to prevent exposure, including
engineering controls, administrative controls, and personal
protective equipment;
1910.119(f)(1)(iii)(C)
Control measures to be taken if physical contact or airborne
exposure occurs;
1910.119(f)(1)(iii)(D)
Quality control for raw materials and control of hazardous
chemical inventory levels; and,

1910.119(f)(1)(iii)(E)
Any special or unique hazards.
regs/interlinking/standards/1910.119(f)(1)(i)(E)
regs/interlinking/standards/1910.119(f)(1)(i)(F)
regs/interlinking/standards/1910.119(f)(1)(i)(G)
regs/interlinking/standards/1910.119(f)(1)(ii)
regs/interlinking/standards/1910.119(f)(1)(ii)(A)
regs/interlinking/standards/1910.119(f)(1)(ii)(B)
regs/interlinking/standards/1910.119(f)(1)(iii)
regs/interlinking/standards/1910.119(f)(1)(iii)(A)
regs/interlinking/standards/1910.119(f)(1)(iii)(B)
regs/interlinking/standards/1910.119(f)(1)(iii)(C)
regs/interlinking/standards/1910.119(f)(1)(iii)(D)

regs/interlinking/standards/1910.119(f)(1)(iii)(E)
Administration
1910.119(f)(1)(iv)
Safety systems and their functions.
1910.119(f)(2)
Operating procedures shall be readily accessible to employees
who work in or maintain a process.
1910.119(f)(3)
The operating procedures shall be reviewed as often as
necessary to assure that they reflect current operating practice,
including changes that result from changes in process
chemicals, technology, and equipment, and changes to facilities.
The employer shall certify annually that these operating
procedures are current and accurate.

1910.119(f)(4)
The employer shall develop and implement safe work practices
to provide for the control of hazards during operations such as
lockout/tagout; confined space entry; opening
process equipment or piping; and control over entrance into a
facility by maintenance, contractor, laboratory, or other support
personnel. These safe work practices shall apply
to employees and contractor employees.
1910.119(g)
Training—
1910.119(g)(1)
Initial training.
1910.119(g)(1)(i)
Each employee presently involved in operating a process, and
each employee before being involved in operating a newly
assigned process, shall be trained in an overview of the
process and in the operating procedures as specified in
paragraph (f) of this section. The training shall include
emphasis on the specific safety and health hazards, emergency
operations including shutdown, and safe work practices
applicable to the employee's job tasks.

1910.119(g)(1)(ii)
In lieu of initial training for those employees already involved
in operating a process on May 26, 1992, an employer may
certify in writing that the employee has the required
knowledge, skills, and abilities to safely carry out the duties
and responsibilities as specified in the operating procedures.
1910.119(g)(2)
Refresher training. Refresher training shall be provided at least
every three years, and more often if necessary, to each
employee involved in operating a process to assure that
the employee understands and adheres to the current operating
procedures of the process. The employer, in consultation with
the employees involved in operating the process,
shall determine the appropriate frequency of refresher training.
1910.119(g)(3)
Training documentation. The employer shall ascertain that each
employee involved in operating a process has received and
understood the training required by this paragraph.
regs/interlinking/standards/1910.119(f)(1)(iv)

regs/interlinking/standards/1910.119(g)
regs/interlinking/standards/1910.119(g)(1)
regs/interlinking/standards/1910.119(g)(1)(i)
regs/interlinking/standards/1910.119(g)(1)(ii)
Administration

The employer shall prepare a record which contains the identity
of the employee, the date of training, and the means used to
verify that the employee understood the training.
1910.119(h)
Contractors—
1910.119(h)(1)
Application. This paragraph applies to contractors performing
maintenance or repair, turnaround, major renovation, or
specialty work on or adjacent to a covered process. It
does not apply to contractors providing incidental services
which do not influence process safety, such as janitorial work,
food and drink services, laundry, delivery or other
supply services.
1910.119(h)(2)
Employer responsibilities.
1910.119(h)(2)(i)
The employer, when selecting a contractor, shall obtain and
evaluate information regarding the contract employer's safety
performance and programs.

1910.119(h)(2)(ii)
The employer shall inform contract employers of the known
potential fire, explosion, or toxic release hazards related to the
contractor's work and the process.
1910.119(h)(2)(iii)
The employer shall explain to contract employers the applicable
provisions of the emergency action plan required by paragraph
(n) of this section.
1910.119(h)(2)(iv)
The employer shall develop and implement safe work practices
consistent with paragraph (f)(4) of this section, to control the
entrance, presence and exit of contract employers
and contract employees in covered process areas.
1910.119(h)(2)(v)
The employer shall periodically evaluate the performance of
contract employers in fulfilling their obligations as specified in
paragraph (h)(3) of this section.
1910.119(h)(2)(vi)
The employer shall maintain a contract employee injury and
illness log related to the contractor's work in process areas.

1910.119(h)(3)
Contract employer responsibilities.
1910.119(h)(3)(i)
The contract employer shall assure that each contract employee
is trained in the work practices necessary to safely perform
his/her job.
regs/interlinking/standards/1910.119(h)
regs/interlinking/standards/1910.119(h)(1)
regs/interlinking/standards/1910.119(h)(2)
regs/interlinking/standards/1910.119(h)(2)(i)
regs/interlinking/standards/1910.119(h)(2)(ii)
…
Unit Research Paper
OSHA issued the Process Safety Management of Highly
Hazardous Chemicals Standard (PSM) (29 CFR 1910.119) which
contains requirements for the safe management of chemicals for
companies that exceed OSHA’s threshold quantities for highly

hazardous substances. This standard requires the establishment
of a management program that includes conducting process
hazard analyses, establishing detailed operating procedures, and
includes other important requirements to mitigate the possibility
of a serious, chemical related incident occurring at the facility.
For this assignment, suppose you are a safety manager at a
chemical manufacturing facility that manufactures concentrated
nitric acid. You have heard that employees who load nitric acid
into rail tank cars have been checking the pre- inspection
checklist from the rail shipping office instead of actually
inspecting the vehicles with the checklist in hand as
required by the operating procedure. This has not been the first
time the shipping crew has been lax about process safety related
work rules. Based on this scenario, please compose a research
paper which includes the following information:
Identify the chemical properties, uses, and primary hazards
associated with common oxidizers including concentrated nitric
acid.
Identify important occupational exposure limits (OELs)
associated with at least 3 common oxidizers.
Identify PSM requirements that would be useful for preventing
or minimizing the consequences of a significant oxidizer related
incident.
Using the OSHA Standard and your own experience, justify and
validate the importance of the PSM standard to your facility (if

it stores and processes highly hazardous materials) or a facility
that may impact your community or a near-by community.
Examples might include a water treatment facility that utilizes
liquefied chlorine gas, a coal fired power plant that utilizes
liquefied chlorine gas for water treatment, a food processing
plant with a large ammonia refrigeration system, a fertilizer
manufacturing or storage facility, a chemical manufacturing
facility, etc.
Your research paper must be at least two pages in length. You
are required to cite the OSHA Standard 29 CFR 1910.119 in
your response as well as at least two other sources. All sources
used, including the textbook, must be referenced. Paraphrased
and/or quoted materials must have accompanying citations in
APA format.
Board Question
Share with the class some common oxidizers that you might
have in your home (e.g., under the counter, in the kitchen or
bathroom, or out in the garage). Do you think any of these
products should be outlawed from home use? Why, or why not?

CHAPTER , Courtesy of FEMA. ,,Nfoi41 available c.docx

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