scientist

1. Sr. No. Name NationalityProfession Book Discovery Speciality
UNIT 1
1 Carolus Linnaeus Swedish Naturalist Systema
Naturae,
Species
Binomial names, Two Kingdom Classification, Artificial
System - Herbs, Shrubs, Trees
Father of Taxonomy
2 A. P. de Candole Termed Classification and Taxonomy
3 Aristotle Trees, Shrubs, Herbs FATHER OF BIOLOGY
Animals W/ and w/o red blood
4 H. J. Lam Termed Taxon
5 Ernst Haeckel German Biologist Protista
Monera
6 John Ray Historia
Generalis
Botanica
Coined term 'species'
7 R. H. Whittaker America
n
Taxonomist Five Kingdom Classification - 1969
8 Carl Woese Three Domain System - 1990
9 Adolf Mayer Tobacco Mosaic disease is infectious - 1886, Injection
infected into healthy
10 D. J. Ivanowski Confirmed Mayer's observation - 1892, virus Smaller than
bacteria
11 M. W. Beijerink Extract - Virus venom - contagium vivum fluidum - 1898
12 Louis Pasteur Termed Virus (venom)
13 W. M. Stanley TMV could be crystallised - 1935
14 Schelsinger, Hershey
and Chase
Virus study
15 William Twort Discovered Bacteriophage - 1915
16 Felix d' Herille Named Bacteriophage
17 Theoder Diener Discovered and named Viriods - 1971
18 Theophrastus Enquiry into Used term Lichen, First used term Gymnosperms FATHER OF BOTANY
19 Alexopaulous and
Mims
Categorized Lichens - 1979
20 George Bentham & Natural System
21 Hutchinson et Al and
Engler & Prantle
Phylogenetic System
22 Julian Huxley Gave concept of new systematics
UNIT 2

2. 1 Bichat Father of Histology/
Microanatomy
UNIT 3
1 Robert Hooke Discovered cell (cell walls) - 1665
2 Anton von
Leeuwenhoek
Dutch Businessma
n
Introduced improved microscope
Observed Bacteria, RBC, spems
First saw and described live cells
3 Robert Brown Discovered and coined Nucleus - 1885
4 Mathias Schleiden German Botanist Cell theory/ doctrine
5 Theodore Schwann British Zoologist
(Schwann only →) Studied Animal tissues - bones and cartilage
Discovered plasma membrane
Presence of cell wall
Plants and Animals composed of cells and products of cells
6 J. E. Purkinje Protoplasm in Animal Embryo
7 Von Mohl Protoplasm in Plant Embryonic cells - 1846
8 Rudolf Virchow Cell Lineage Theory - Omnis cellula e cellula - 1855 FATHER OF MICROSCOPIC/
MODERN PATHOLOGY & F.
OF MODERN MEDICINE
9 Christian Gram Danish Bacteriologi
st
Gram stain - 1884
10 Jonathan Singer and
Nicolson Garth
Fluid Mosaic model - 1972
11 Camillo Golgi Neurologist Discovered golgi bodies - 1898
12 Dalton and Felix Ultra-structure of Golgi app.
13 Duve Termed Lysosome - 1955
14 George Palade Discovered ribsosomes in animal cells - 1955
15 Hofmeister First seen Chromosomes - 1848
16 Waldayer Named Chromosomes - 1888
17 Balbiani Discovered Polytene chromosomes - 1881
18 Berzelius Coined term Protein
19 Fredrick Meischer Swiss Biochemist Discovered Nucleic acid - Named as Nuclein
20 Watson-Crick Double Helix structure B-DNA - 1953 Nobel Prize - 1962
21 H. Fraenkel Conrat RNA genetic material in TMV
22 William Kunhe Coined term Biochemistry, Coined Enzymes while working
on yeast fermentation - 1878

3. 23 J. B. Sumner Isolated Urease in pure crystalline form from jack bean
extract - 1926
24 Leonar Michaelis and
Mand Menten
Michaelis-Menten constant (1913)
25 Bloor Termed Lipid
26 Kari Nageli New cells from division of pre-existing
27 Strasburger New nuclei from division of pre-existing
28 Carl Alexander
Neuberg
FATHER OF BIOCHEMISTRY
UNIT 4
1 E. Munch Movement of water pathway, Mass flow hypothesis
2 Joseph Priestley Root Pressure, Bell Jar experiment for Photosynthesis
3 Boehm Capillarity theory
4 Dixon and Jolly Cohesion-tension-transpiration pull theory
5 Renner and Bode Under normal conditions, no air bubbles in xylem even in
last stage of wilting
6 Levitt Proton transport theory
7 Steward Starch sugar hypothesis, transpiration - unavoidable evil
8 Curtis Transpiration - necessary evil
9 Stephen Hales Plants require Sunlight for nutrition
10 Gerick Named 'Hydroponics'(1860), Relation between
photosynthesis, chloroplast and starch
11 Jan Ingenhousz Bell jar experiment of Priestly - only during daytime in
green part of plant
12 Jan Senebier Green plants take CO2 and release O2
13 Nicolas de Saussure Water important for photosynthesis
14 Dutrochet Green pigment chlorophyll important for plants
15 Liebig CO2 is main source of carbon for plants
16 Julius von Sachs Hydroponics (1860), first visible product of photosynthesis
is starch (1854), term 'Grand Period of Growth'
17 Stokes Purified and separated chl-a and chl-b, demonstrated
18 Englemann Action spectrum of photosynthesis using prism and
Cladophora expt.
19 Van Neil Related with chemosynthesis and that O2 comes from water
(1930)

4. 20 Robert Hill Hill's Photolysis of water (1937), Proposed z-scheme and two
photosystems (with Bandall)
21 Ruben, Hassid and
Kamen
Confirmed Hill's reaction (1941) using radioactive O18
22 Dr. Arnon Found Hydrogen acceptor in plants NADP (1954), Existence
of light and dark reactions, said that two possible pathways
for light reactions - Cyclic and Non-cyclic
photophosphorylation
23 Emerson Existence of light and dark reactions
24 Bandall Proposed z-scheme and two photosystems
25 Dr. Peter Mitchell Chemiosmotic Hypothesis (1978) Nobel Prize Chemistry (1978)
26 Blackman Dark reaction of Photosynthesis, Law of limiting factors
27 H.P. Kortshak Reported alternative C4 pathway, demonstrated presence of
C4 dicarboxylic acid in sugarcane
28 M.D. Hatch Entire series of reactions of C4 pathway
29 C.R. Slack
30 Embden, Mayerhoff,
Parnas
Glycolytic Pathway
31 Sir Hans Krebs Krebs/ Citric acid cycle (1937) Nobel Prize Biochemistry
(1953)
32 Charles Darwin Phototropism in canary grass - tip of coleoptiles site of
transmittable influence
33 Francis Darwin
34 Cousins Release of volatile substance from ripened oranges hastened
ripening in bananas
35 F.W. Went Isolated auxins from oat seedling coleoptiles, Avena
curvature test
36 Kurosawa Discovered Gibberellins (Japan, 1928) in rice pl. infected by
Gibberella fujikoroi
37 Yabuta and Sumiki Isolated Gibberellin
38 Skoog Discovered kinetin, Gave name kinetin
39 Miller Discovered kinetin
40 Garner & Allard Photoperiodism in Maryland Mammoth (1920)
41 Cajlachjan Named Florigen (1935)
42 Klippart Discovered Vernalisation (1857)
43 Lysenko Russian Geneticist Gave term Vernalisation (1928)
44 Melchers Suggested hormone Vernalin

5. UNIT 5
1 Dr. Casimir Funk Discovered and named Vitamins
2 Bohr Bohr's effect
3 Root Root effect
4 Hamburger Chloride Shift/ Hamburger's phenomenon
5 Haldane Haldane effect
6 William Harvey Discovered Closed circulatory system (1628)
7 Landsteiner ABO Blood Group System (1900), Rh factor discovery in
Rhesus monkey
8 Decastello & Sturli AB Blood Group System (1902)
9 Weiner Rh factor discovery in Rhesus monkey
10 Duffy Various blood systems
11 Kidd
12 Lewis
13 Macferlane Cascade theory for blood clotting
14 Lennec Invented stethoscope
15 Einthoven Invented ECG (1903) FATHER OF
ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY
16 Friedrich Gustav Jakob
Henle
German Anatomist Discovered Henle's loop
17 Andrew Huxley,
Niedergerke
Sliding Filament theory
18 Hodgkin and Huxley English Neurophysi
o-logist
Membrane or Ionic Theory of Nerve Impulse
19 Sir Charles
Sherrington
First time used the term 'synapse'
20 Pavlov First demonstrated conditioned reflex
21 Starling Coined term hormone, discovered Secretin (1902)
22 Bayliss discovered Secretin (1902)
23 Kimball and Murlin Discovered Glucagon
24 Frederick G. Banting Canadian Scientist Purified insulin from dog's pancreas, studied diabetes at
University of Western Ontario, extracted insulin from islet
cells, injected in diabetes patient, successfully treated him
for diabetes
Nobel Prize
25 Charles H. Best Purified insulin from dog's pancreas, assisted Banting
26 A.F. Sanger Gave molecular structure of insulin (using cow's insulin),
Gave the term insulin

6. 27 Tsan First crystallized human insulin

7. Sr. No. Name Nationality
Profession Book Discovery Speciality
UNIT 6
1 Camerarius Discovered Pollination
2 S.G. Nawaschin & Guignard Discovered double fertilization in Lilium and Fritilaria
3 Graffenberg Made Initial IUCD of Ag
4 Robert Edwards Physician 1st IVF-ET success - Louise Joy Brown (DOB: 25 July 19
5 Patrick Steptoe
6 Dr. Subhash
Mukhopadhyay/
Indian Physician 1st IVF in India - Kum Harsha (Durga)
UNIT 7
1 William Bateson Coined term genetics (1906), alleles/allelomorphs,
complementary factor in sweet pea
2 Mendel (added in unit scientists)
3 Hugo de Vries Holland
(Dutch)
Botanist Rediscovered Mendel's findings, published in Flora
(1901), Theory of mutation (1901), experiments on
evening primrose
4 Karl Correns Germany Rediscovered Mendel's findings, postulated Mendel's
laws of inheritance
5 Erich Tschermak Austria Rediscovered Mendel's findings,
6 Donald Johannsen Coined term gene, Discovered Australopithecus
afariensis (Lucy)
7 Galton Polygenic inheritance
8 H. Nilsson-Ehle Swedish geneticist Polygenic inheritance in wheat kernel colour
9 Davenport & DavenportAmerican Polygenic inheritance in human skin colour (1910)
10 Reginald C. Punnett Britsh geneticist Punnett Square
11 Sutton and Boveri Chromosomal theory of inheritance, suggested linkage (1902)
12 Thomas Hunt Morgan Experiment verification of Chromosomal theory of
inheritance (expt. On Drosophila melanogaster),
proved linkage (1910)
13 Castle (with Morgan) Proposed chromosomal theory of linkage (1911)
14 Henking 1891 - discovered X body (X chromosome)
15 Nettie Stevens discovered Y chromosome (as sex determining)
16 Cooley Discovered Thalassaemia
17 Whipple and Bradford Coined term Thalassaemia
18 Friedrich Miescher Seperated Cellular substance from the nuclei of pus
cell and named nuclein

8. 19 Altman Renamed nuclein as nucleic acid
20 Maurice Wilkins Provided X-ray crystallographic studies data to
Watson-Crick
Nobel Prize (1962) along with
Watson and Crick
21 Rosalind Franklin Provided X-ray crystallographic studies data to
Watson-Crick
22 Erwin Chargaff Chargaff's rule: Purine/Pyrimidine=A=G/T+C=1
23 Fredrick Griffith British Physician Experiment on mice using pneumonia bacteria,
transformation principle (1928)
24 Oswald Avery Biochemical nature of transforming principle using
enzymes (1944)
25 Collin Macleod
26 Maclyn McCarty
27 Alfred Hershey Bacteriophage experiment (1952)
28 Martha Chase
29 Seymour Benzer Introduced terms Cistron, Muton, Recon
30 Holley Clover leaf model of t-RNA
31 Hoagland Hair pin model of t-RNA
32 Matthew Meselson Confirmed semi-conservative nature of DNA
replication
33 Franklin Stahlin
34 Taylor & colleagues Experiments on DNA replication on Vicia faba using
radioactive thymidine (1958)
35 Beadle and Tatum Enzyme experiments with mutation on Neurospora
crassa (1941), One gene one enzyme hypothesis
36 Vernon Ingram One gene one polypeptide hypothesis (1957)
37 George Gamow Suggested Codon
38 Hargobind Khurana Chemical method in synthesizing RNA molecules
with defined combinations (homo and co-polymers)
Cracked genetic code, Nobel Prize
Prize (1968)
39 Marshall Nirenberg Cell-free system for protein synthesis
40 Heinrich Matthaei
41 Francis Jacob Geneticist Operons in E. coli
42 Jacque Monod Biochemist
43 Herbert Spencer Survival of fittest Terminology of 'Survival of fittest' and 'Evolution'
44 Charles Darwin Origin of Species,
Descent of Man
Defined evolution as 'Descent with modification',
reproductive fitness, theory of natural selection,
study on Galapagos islands and ship HMS Beagle,
Proposed his idea about origin of Man
45 Abbe Lemaitre Big Bang Theory
46 Father Suarez Mythological Theory of special creation)

9. 47 Richter Theory of Panspermia/ Cosmozoic theory/ spore theory (1865)
48 Harvey & Huxley Theory of Biogenesis
49 Francesco Redi Experiments on theory of biogenesis (Louis Pasteur -
Swan neck flask experiment)
50 Lazzaro Spallanzani
51 Louis Pasteur
52 Oparin Russia Origin of Life (1936 Modern theory/ chemical theory/ naturalistic theory
… Haldane called mixture of prebiotic chemicals as
hot dilute/ pre-biotic soup… Oparin - Hypothesis of
53 Haldane England
54 Harold Urey Experiment proving chemical evolution
55 Stanley Miller American Scientist
56 Orel, Crick, Woese RNA first hypothesis
57 Sidney fox Protein first hypothesis (produced proteinoid microspheres)
58 Alfred Wallace Naturalist Origin of species
by means of
natural selection
Worked in Malay Archipelago, theory of natural
selection with Darwin, divided earth into 6
zoogeographic regions
59 Giovanni Avduina Geological time scale (1760)
60 Leonardo do Vinci FATHER OF PALEONTOLOGY
61 Andreas Wagner Discovered first fossil of connecting link
Archeopteryx from rocks from Jurrasic period in
Germany (1861)
62 Richard Owen Coined term Homologous organs
63 Von Bayer Proposed Recapitulation or Biogenetic theory:
Ontogeny recap Phylogeny
64 Haeckel
65 Jean Baptiste de Lamarc French Naturalist
Philosophie Zooliqu Theory of use and disuse of organs (1809)
66 Thomas Malthus English Economist,
Scholar,
Demographi
st
History of human
population
growth
Influenced Darwin
67 Paul Wiessman Sheep experiment on artificial selection
68 Thomas Huxley Man's Place in
Nature (1863)
Proposed term 'Modern synthesis', first attempt to
explain origin of man
Neo-Darwinism/ Modern
synthetic theory
69 Gates
70 Dobzhansky Genetics and
Origin of species
71 Sewall Wright Sheep experiment on artificial selection, Proposed gen
72 Stebbins
73 Bernard Kettlewell Studied Industrial melanism in moth
74 Hardy & Wienberg Hardy-Wienberg Law of genetic equilibrium (1908)

10. 75 Simpson Discovered Propliopithecus
76 Dr. LSB Leaky FATHER OF ANTHROPOLOGY, Discovered
Dryopithecus, Kenyapithecus, Homo Habilis
77 Edward Lewis Discovered Ramapithecus
78 Raymond Dart Discovered Austropithecus africanus
79 Mary Leaky Discovered Austropithecus boisei, Homo Habilis
80 Eugene Dubois Discovered Java man
81 W.C. Pei Discovered Peking man
82 C. Fuhlrott Discovered Neanderthal man
83 Macgregor Discovered Cro-Magnon Man
UNIT 8
1 Norman Borlaug Developed semi-dwarf varieties of wheat at
International centre for wheat and maize
improvement in Mexico
Nobel laureate
2 Haberlandt First to demonstrate totipotency and introduce plant
tissue culture. Used Knop's salt solution and sucrose
3 Dr. Alexander Fleming British Physician Discovered and named penicillin during
experiments with Staphylococcus aureus
Nobel Prize (1945)
4 Ernest Chain Established the full potential of penicillin as antibiotic
5 Howard Florey
UNIT 9
1 Peter Lobann Graduate students,
Dept. of
Biochemistry,
Proposed the technique of recombinant DNA
2 A. Dale Kaiser
3 Stanley Cohen First rDNA made from plasmid of Salmonella
typhimurium, inserted into E. coli
4 Herbert Boyer
5 Barbara McClintock Discovered first transposons in maize (Zea mays) (194Nobel Prize (1948)
6 Joshua Lederberg American Molecula
r
biologist
Introduced the term plasmid (1952)
7 Bolivar and Rodriguez Made plasmid pBR 322
8 Kary Mullis Developed gene amplification (PCR) (1983) Nobel Prize (1993)
9 Eli Lilly (Company) American Prepared Humulin by synthesizing A & B chains separately

11. 10 Frederick G. Banting Canadian Scientist Purified insulin from dog's pancreas, studied
diabetes at University of Western Ontario, extracted
insulin from islet cells, injected in diabetes patient,
successfully treated him for diabetes
Nobel Prize
11 Charles H. Best Purified insulin from dog's pancreas, assisted Banting
12 Edward Jenner Small pox + Cow pox vaccine (1796) FATHER OF IMMUNOLOGY
13 Frederick Sanger Method of determination of amino acid sequences in
proteins, Method to sequence DNA fragments
14 A. Wyman VNTRs first isolated in 1980 at University of Utah
15 R. White
16 Alec Jeffreys British Geneticist Technique of DNA fingerprinting (1984) I Europe
and America using VNTRs as genetic markers,
Developed Scheme to measure length of DNA
fragments (RFLP)
17 Dr. Lalji Singh Indian DNA fingerprinting technique in India using
radioactive DNA probe from BKM
18 Paul Berg Started Genetic Engineering FATHER OF GENETIC
ENGINEERING
19 Kiran Mazumdar Shaw INDIAN FATHER OF BIOTECH.
20 W. Arber Isolated restriction endonuclease first time
21 Carlson et al Introduced somatic hybridization
22 Larkin and Scowcraft Coined term somaclonal variation
23 Cesar Meilstein Hybridoma technique, Production of monoclonal antiNobel Prize in Medicine (along
with Neils Jerne)
24 Georges Kohler
25 Leonard Herzenberg Coined term hybridoma
UNIT 10
1 Ernst Haeckel German Biologist Coined term Ecology
2 Grinnel Gace term Niche (ecological)
3 Verhulst-Pearl Logistic Growth Curve
4 Gloger Animals in warm humid climate - dark pigment
than races of same spp. In cold dry climates
5 Bergmann Temperature affects size of organism
6 Allen Cold climate animals have shorter ears, snout and
limbs
7 Jordon Temperature affects morphology of some fishes and
has some relationships with number of vertebrae

12. 8 Gause Competitive Exclusion Principle
9 MacArthur Showed resource partitioning in 5 spp of warblers
10 A. G. Tansley Coined term ecosystem
11 Charles Elton Ecological (Eltonian) Pyramids
12 Robert Constanza Price tag to ecosystem services
13 Edward Wilson Socio-bio
logist
Popularised the term Biodiversity
14 Robert May Conservative and sound estimate of 7 million spp
15 Alexander von Humbold German alist, geographer species richness-area relationship logS=logC+ZlogA
16 David Tilman Ecosystem experiments using outdoor plots, plots
with more spp show less year to year variation in
biomass (Productivity - stability hypothesis)
17 Johnson et al Areas with more diversity have higher ability to
recover in productivity from disturbance (Diversity -
18 Paul Ehlrich Stanford ecologist Rivet-popper hypothesis
19 Odum Defined the term pollution
20 Ahmed Khan Bangalore Made Polyblend, mixed with bitumen to lay roads,
in collaboration with RV College of Eng. And
Bangalore city corporation
21 Ramesh Chandra Dagar Sonipat,
Haryana
Farmer Integrated organic farming = agriculture +
bee-keeping + dairy management + water-harvesting
+ composting, Created Harayana Kisan Welfare club
22 Amrita Devi Bishnoi (and other Bishnoi women) Sacrificed life for saving
trees from cutting by king's men, they cut tree along
with her
Govt. of India - Amrita Devi
Bishnoi Wildlife Protection
Award fot rural individuals/
communities showing
extra-ordinary courage and
dedication in protecting wildlife
23 Sunderlal Bahuguna Uttarakhand Environmentalist Initiated Chipko movement

13. Unit Name Nationality Professio
n
Book Speciality
1 Ernst Mayr Darwin of 20th Century', one of 100 greatest scientists of all time, Joined Harvard's Faculty of Arts and Sciences
(1953), Retired in 1975 assuming title Alexander Agassiz Professor of Zoology Emeritus, Studied various fields like
ornithology, taxonomy, Zoogeography, evolution, systematics, and history and philosophy of biology;
single-handedly origin of species diversity the central question of evolutionary biology, gave modern definition of
spp., Won three prizes or triple crown of biology - Balzan prize (1983), International Prize of biology (1994),
Crafoord Prize (1999). Mayr died at age of 100 in 2004.
2 Katherine Esau Ukraine Plant
Anatomy,
The Anatomy
of Seed Plants
Studied agriculture in Russia and Germany, received doctorate (1931) in US, Reported that curly top virus spreads
through phloem, 'Anatomy of seed plants' referred to as Webster's of plant biology - encyclopediac, 1957 - elected to
National Academy of Sciences (sixth woman to receive the honour), Received National medal of Science from
President George Bush (1989), When she died in 1997, Peter Raven (director of Anatomy and Morphology, Missouri
Botanical Garden), remembered that she 'absolutely dominated' field of plant biology even at age of 99
3 G.N Ramachandran Indian Professor Born near Cochin on southwestern coast of India, His father was professor of mathematics at local college and had
influence on Ramachandran interest in maths, graduated in 1942 as top-ranker in B.Sc (Honors) Physics in
University of Madras, received Ph.D. from Cambridge university (1949), when he med Linus Pauling he was
influenced on Pauling's publications on α-helix and β-sheet structures- found Madras school of conformational
analysis of biopolymers, Discovery of triple helical structure of collagen published in "Nature" (1954),
'Ramachandran plot' (analysis of allowed conformations of proteins) rank among most outstanding contributions in
structural biology, passed away at age of 78 on April 7 2001
4 Melvin Calvin Minnesota Biochemist Ph.D. in Chemisty from University of Minnesota, Professpr of Chemistry at University of California, Berkeley, After
WWII, Calvin put radioactivity to beneficial use, (along with J.A. Bassham and Dr. Benson) proposed C4 cycle (1954),
NOBEL PRIZE BIOCHEMISTRY (1961), his principles of photosynthesis are being used in studies on renewable
resource for energy and materials.
5 Alfonso Corti Italian Anatomist Studied cardiovascular system of reptiles, mammalian auditory system, discovered Organ of Corti, Died in 1888
6 Panchanan
Maheshwari
Indian Botanist Born in Jaipur, Moved to Allahabad to D.Sc., Inspired by Dr. W Dudgeon (American missionary) , developed interest
in morphology (botany), worked on and popularised embrological aspects in taxonomy, developed Dept. of Botany
in Uni. Of Delhi, emphasized need for initiation of work on artificial tissue culture of immature embryos, work on
test tube fertilisation and intra-ovarian pollination -worldwide acclaim, Fellowships - FRS London, Indian Nat. Sci.
7.1 James Dewey
Watson
Chicago Zoologist B.Sc (Zoology) (1947), Interest in bird-watching ---> learn genetics, Fellowship for graduate study in Zoology at
Indiana university, Bloomington ---> Ph.D (1950) on study of effect of hard X-rays on bacteriophage multiplication
7.2 Francis Harry
Compton Crick
Northampto
n, England
studied Physics at University college, London, B.Sc (1937), Ph.D. (1954) on X-ray diffraction: Polypeptides and
proteins, critical influence in career by frienship with Watson, Proposal of double-helical structure of DNA (1953)
and replication scheme, provided direct evidence about codon (1961), Wobble hypotheis (1966), FRS (1959),
Honours (Watson+Crick) = John Collins Warren Prize of Massachusetts Gen. Hospital (1959), Lasker award (1960),
7.3 Gregor Johann
Mendel
Austria Teacher,
Priest
Experiments
in Plant
Hybridisation
FATHER OF GENETICS, experiments on hybridisation on garden pea for 7 years (1856-1863), born on 22nd July
1822, parents = poor farmers, joined Augustinian Monastery of Brunn as priest, sent to University of Vienna for
higher studies in Physics, Maths, Gen. Sciences, returned & cont. as teacher & priest, Started expts in 1856, Presented
expts in paper (name alongside), at meeting of Natural History Society of Brunn ---> published in journal Annual
Proceedings of Natural History Society (1886), died (1884)

14. 8 Monkambu
Sambasivan (M.S.)
Swaminathan
Born in Kumbakonam, Tamil Nadu, Graduation and PG in Botany from Madras University, worked in diff. capacities
in large no. of institutions in India, developed expertise in genetics and plant breeding. School of Cytogenetics and
Radiation research est. at IARI enabled him to develop short duration high yielding basmati. Known for concept of
crop caffeteria, crop scheduling and genetically improving yielf and quality. In collaboration with Norman Borlaug,
initiated Green Revolution, introduced Mexican semi-dwarf wheat varieties in India. Initiator of 'Lab-to-Land', food
9 Herbert Boyer Brought up in a corner where roailroads and mines were destiny of most young men. Graduate from University of
Pittsburg (1963). PG at University of Yale. Asst. professorship at Univeristy of California (San Francisco). Performed
studies on couple of REN of E. Coli with useful properties. Found that 'sticky ends' are produced. Led to rich and
rewarding conversation with Stanford scientist Stanley Cohen. Cohen had developed method of removing plasmids
from bacterium. Both together made first rDNA and recombinant cell.
10 Ramdeo Misra FATHER OF ECOLOGY IN INDIA, Ph.D. in Ecology (1937) under Prof. W. H. Pearsall, FRS from Leeds University in
UK. Established teaching and research in ecology at Dept. of Botany of Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi. Research
led foundations for understanding of tropical communities and their succession, environmental responses of plant
populations and productivity. Over 50 scholars obtained Ph.D. under his supervision and moved to other institutes
to initiate ecology teaching and research. Fellowships of Indian National Science Academy and World Academy of
Arts and Science, and Sanjay Gandhi Award in Environment and Ecology. Due to his efforts, GOI est. National
Committee for Planning and Coordination (1972) which paved way to est. of Ministry of Environment of Forests
(1984)