UGC NET Paper 1 Mathematical Reasoning & Aptitude.pdf
controlled oral.pptx
1.
2. Contents
Overview of Digestive system
Introduction
Advantages
Disadvantages
Mechanisms
1.Dissolution
2.Diffusion
3.Combination of Dissolution & Diffusion
4.Osmotic pressure controlled system
References
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3. Patient comfort and compliance
Therapeutic advantage
Reduction in adverse side effects and improvement in
tolerability
Reduction in healthcare cost
Maximum utilization of drug enabling reduction in total
amount of dose administered
WHY CONTROLLED RELEASE
4. Concept
Controlled drug delivery is one which
delivers the drug at a predetermined rate,
for locally or systemically, for a specified
period of time.
Continuous oral delivery of drugs at
predictable & reproducible kinetics for
predetermined period throughout the
course of GIT.
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6. Challenges in Oral
Drug Delivery
Development of drug delivery system
Delivering a drug at therapeutically effective rate to
desirable site.
Modulation of GI transit time
Transportation of drug to target site.
Minimization of first pass elimination
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7. Advantages
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Total dose is low.
Reduced GI side effects.
Reduced dosing frequency.
Better patient acceptance and compliance.
Less fluctuation at plasma drug levels.
More uniform drug effect
Improved efficacy/safety ratio.
8. Disadvantages
Dose dumping.
Reduced potential for accurate dose adjustment.
Need of additional patient education.
Stability problem.
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9. Mechanism aspects of Oral drug
delivery formulation
1.Dissolution : 1.Matrix
2.Encapsulation
2.Diffusion : 1.Matrix
2.Reservoir
3.Combination of both dissolution & diffusion.
4.Osmotic pressure controlled system
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10. Dissolution Definition:
Solid substances solubilizes in a given
solvent.
Mass transfer from solid to liquid.
Rate determining step: Diffusion from solid
to liquid.
Several theories to explain dissolution –
Diffusion layer theory (imp)
Surface renewal theory
Limited solvation theory.
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11. Noyes Whitney Equation
dc/dt = kD.A (Cs – C )
dc/dt = D/h A. (Cs – C)
dc/dt = Dissolution rate.
k= Dissolution rate constant (1st order).
D = Diffusion coefficient/diffusivity
Cs = Saturation/ maximum drug solubility.
C =Con. Of drug in bulk solution.
Cs-C=concentration gradient.
h =Thickness of diffusion layer.
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12. Matrix Type
Also called as Monolith dissolution
controlled system.
Controlled dissolution by:
1.Altering porosity of tablet.
2.Decreasing its wettebility.
3.Dissolving at slower rate.
First order drug release.
Drug release determined by dissolution
rate of polymer.
Examples: Dimetane extencaps,
Dimetapp extentabs.
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Soluble drug
Slowly
dissolving
matrix
13. Encapsulation
Called as Coating dissolution
controlled system.
Dissolution rate of coat depends
upon stability & thickness of coating.
Masks colour,odour,taste,minimising
GI irritation.
One of the microencapsulation
method is used.
Examples: Ornade spansules,
Chlortrimeton Repetabs
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Soluble drug
Slowly
dissolving or
erodible
coat
14. Diffusion
Major process for absorption.
No energy required.
Drug molecules diffuse from a region of higher concentration to
lower concentration until equilibrium is attainded.
Directly proportional to the concentration gradient across the
membrane.
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15. Matrix Diffusion Types
Rigid Matrix Diffusion
Materials used are insoluble plastics such as PVP & fatty
acids.
Swellable Matrix Diffusion
1. Also called as Glassy hydrogels.Popular for sustaining
the release of highly water soluble drugs.
2. Materials used are hydrophilic gums.
Examples : Natural- Guar gum,Tragacanth.
Semisynthetic -HPMC,CMC,Xanthum gum.
Synthetic -Polyacrilamides.
Examples: Glucotrol XL, Procardia XL
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17. Higuchi Equation
Q = DE/T (2A.E Cs)Cs.t)1/2
Where ,
Q=amt of drug release per unit surface area at time t.
D=diffusion coefficient of drug in the release medium.
E=porosity of matrix.
Cs=solubility of drug in release medium.
T=tortuosity of matrix.
A=concentration of drug present in matrix per unit
volume.
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18. Reservoir System
Also called as Laminated matrix device.
Hollow system containing an inner core surrounded in
water insoluble membrane.
Polymer can be applied by coating or micro
encapsulation.
Rate controlling mechanism - partitioning into
membrane with subsequent release into surrounding
fluid by diffusion.
Commonly used polymers - HPC, ethyl cellulose &
polyvinyl acetate.
Examples: Nico-400, Nitro-Bid
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19. Reservoir System Rate controlling
steps :
Polymeric content in
coating, thickness of
coating, hardness of
microcapsule.
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20. Dissolution & Diffusion Controlled
Release system
Drug encased in a partially soluble
membrane.
Pores are created due to dissolution
of parts of membrane.
It permits entry of aqueous medium
into core & drug dissolution.
Diffusion of dissolved drug out of
system.
Ex- Ethyl cellulose & PVP mixture
dissolves in water & create pores of
insoluble ethyl cellulose membrane.
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Insoluble
membrane
Pore created by
dissolution of soluble
fraction of
membrane
Entry of
dissolution
fluid
Drug
diffusion
22. Osmosis
- Movement of solvent from lower to higher concentration.
- The passage of solvent into a solution through
semipermeable membrane.
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Semipermeable Membrane
Molecules are permitted only to one component (Water).
Osmotic pressure
It is the hydrostatic pressure produced by a solution in a space
divided by a semipermeable membrane due to difference in
concentration of solutes.
23. Osmotic Pressure Controlled
System
Provides zero order release
Drug may be osmotically active, or combined with an
osmotically active salt (e.g., NaCl).
Semipermeable membrane usually made from cellulose
acetate.
More suitable for hydrophilic drug.
Examples: Glucotrol XL, Procardia XL,
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24. Equation
(Q/t) z = Pw Am/ hm (πs-πe )
(Q/t)= Rate of zero order drug release.
Pw, Am & hm= water permeability, effective surface
area & thickness of semipermeable membrane.
πs= osmotic pressure of saturated solution of
osmotically active drug or salt in system.
πe = osmotic pressure of GI fluid.
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28. Immediate Release System
Activation of system is done.
Dividing a dose into two parts.
One third immediate release.
Two third controlled release.
Encapsulated into semipermeable
membrane.
e.g. : Phenyl propanolamine.
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29. Osmotically active system
Two compartments
separated by movable
partition.
Osmotically active
compartment absorbs
water from GIT.
Creates osmotic
pressure.
Partition moves upward
& then drug releases.
Ex: Nifedipine.
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Movable
partition
Delivery orifice
Osmotically active
compartment
Drug compartment
30. Some Popular Brand names used
for OCDDS
Spansule capsule ( SK & F )
Sequal capsule (Lederle )
Extentab tablets ( Robins )
Timespan tablet ( Roche )
Dospan tablet ( Merrell Dow )
Chronotab tablet ( Schering )
Plateau capsule ( Marion )
Tempule capsule ( Armour )
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32. Recent Trends : Extended release formulation of
Bupropion
Bupropion is used in the treatment of major depressive
disorder.
Conventional formulation has to be administered 3 times
daily
Initially 150 mg ER formulation was introduced for bid
regimen
Later on 300 mg ER formulation was introduced for once
daily regimen
For ER formulation provide similar Cmax and AUC values
as compared to immediate release formulation at steady
state.
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34. Recent Trends: OROS Technology (ALZA
corporation)
Single layer tablet: Drug
core (water soluble drug
with or without excipients)
Semipermeable membrane
with a drilled orifice
Water imbibition by the core
because of osmotic action
results in drug dissolution,
which is released at a
controlled rate through the
orifice
Not suitable for water insoluble drugs.
Examples: Sudafed 24
hours (Pseudoephedrine); Volmax (Salbutamol)
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ELEMENTARY OSMOTIC PUMP
35. Recent trends: Geomatrix® (SKY Parma)
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This technology Controls amount,
timing and location of release in body.
-Formulation with predictable and
reproducible drug release profile.
-Controls rate of drug diffusion
throughout release process,
ensuring 100% release Products
Products in market:
Cordicant -uno®
Madopar DR
SULAR ER
36. Coating technology using various polymers for coating
tablets and granules
Matrix systems made of swellable or nonswellable
polymers
Slowly eroding devices
Osmotically controlled devices.
CURRENTLY MARKECONTROLLED-
RELEASE SYSTEMSTED ORAL
39. Thank you for listening me………
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40. References
Novel drug delivery system , volume 50,
Y.W.Chien
The theory & practice of industrial pharmacy,
Leon Lachman , Herbert A.Lieberman,
Joseph L.Kanig,3 rd edition.
The Eastern pharmacist, november 1993.
Sustained release drugs, V R.Gudsoorkar & D.Rambhau
page 27-32
Biopharmaceuitics & pharmacokinetics,
D M.Brahmankar & Sunil B. Jaiswal.
www.google.com
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