2. What is alternating
computing ?
Unconventional computing
is computing by a wide
range of new or unusual
methods. It is also known as
alternative computing.
3. The term of "unconventional computation"
was coined by Cristian S. Calude and John
Casti and used for the first edition of the
international Conference, Auckland, New
Zealand 1998
4. Benefit of alternating computing
The unconventional computing is a niche for
interdisciplinary science, cross-bred of computer
science, physics, mathematics, chemistry, electronic
engineering, biology, material science and
nanotechnology. The aims of this book are to
uncover and exploit principles and mechanisms of
information processing in and functional properties
of physical, chemical.
5. Benefit of alternating computing
Design optimal architectures and manufacture
working prototypes of future and emergent
computing devices.
This first volume presents theoretical
foundations of the future and emergent
computing paradigms and architectures. The
topics covered are computability, (non-
)universality and complexity of computation;
physics of computation.
11. Introduction
“Optical computing is the science of
making computing work better using
optics and related technologies”
Some researchers also use the term
“optoelectronic
computing”
12. Why Do We Need Optical Computers ?
Rapid growth of the Internet
Network speeds currently limited by electronic circuits
Terabit speeds are required
Traditional silicon circuits have a physical limit
13. Types of Optical Computer
Optical Analog
These include 2-D Fourier transform
or optical correlators, and optical
matrix-vector processors.
Optoelectronics
This type of computing device would be to
shorten the pulse delay in chips and other logic
elements by using optical interconnections.
14. Optical parallel digital computers
These would use the inherent parallelism of
optical devices along with digital electronics for
flexibility.
Optical neural computer
Neural computers compute in the sense that they
have streams of input and output bits. They do
not require anything resembling ordinary
programming, if programming is done at all it is
by dynamically changing the degree to which the
individual nodes are connected.
15. How Does Optical Computer Work?
Photonic circuits
Organic compounds
No short-circuiting possible
No heat dissipation
Speed of light in photonic circuits will be close to speed of light
in vacuum
Light beams can travel in parallel
16. Devices used for optical computing
Logic gates :
Logic gates are implemented optically by controlling the
population inversion that occurs to produce lasing. A
controlling laser is used to control the population
inversion thus causing switching to occur.
Holographic truth table:
Destructive interference with light to be emitted or not is
based on phase relationship.
Logic based on gratings:
1 is represented by vertical grating causing light
0 is represented by horizontal grating causing
darkness.
17. Devices used for optical computing
Holographic storage :
Holographic data storage has 4 components:
Holographic material: thin film on which data is to be
stored
Spatial Light Modulator (SLM): 2D array of pixels, each
of which is a simple switch to either block or pass light
Detector array: 2D array of detector pixels, either as
Charge-coupled device (CCD) camera or CMOS
detector pixels to detect existence of light
Reference arm: arm carrying the laser source to
produce the reference beam
18. Interconnections in Optical Computing
Optical interconnection technologies are relatively
mature
Fiber optic cables and optical transceivers are widely used
Applications of optical communications like fiber channel and
computer networking are already being used.
Chip to Chip and On-Chip interconnection possibilities
are still being examined.
19. Application of Optical Computing
Optical Computing In Communication
Optical Amplifiers
Storage area network
Fiber Channel Topologies
Basic topologies:
F C-AL (Fiber Channel Arbitration Loop):
Cost effective, low performance solution
Switched:
Better performance, more expensive
Hybrid topologies:
Uses loops and switches as building blocks
Any interconnection network scheme can be realized
20. Application of Optical Computing
Optical Computing In VLSI Technology
Many researchers have been investigating suitable optical
logic devices, interconnection schemes, and architectures.
Furthermore, optics may provide drastically new
architectures to overcome some architectural problems of
conventional electrical computers.
Optical computing as expanders
The optical expander described utilizes high-speed and
high-space-bandwidth product connections that are
provided by optical beams in three dimensions.
22. ADVANTAGES
small size
high density
high speed
low heating of junctions
dynamically reconfigurable and scalable into larger or
smaller topologies and network
massively parallel computing capability
applications in artificial intelligence applications
23. Although there is a basic speed limitation in
optoelectronic conversion delays ,WDM is used to get
around this limitation.
Promising but there are problems regarding dense
organization of optical processing units but DWDM
techniques can be used to overcome these limitations too.
LIMITATIONS
27. WHAT IS DNA?
DNA is what makes up your genes and stores all the information about
you inside your cells.
Source code to life
Instructions for building and regulating cells
Data store for genetic inheritance
We can think of enzymes as hardware ,DNA as software
28. WHAT IS A DNA COMPUTER?
INVENTOR:- Dr. Leonard Adleman
DNA computing is a branch
of computing which uses DNA,
biochemistry, and molecular
biology hardware, instead of the traditional
silicon-based computer technologies.
Research and development in this area
concerns theory, experiments, and
applications of DNA computing.
29. DENSE INFORMATION STORAGE
A cd can hold 700 MB of data, whereas 1 gram of DNA can
hold about 10 power14 MB of data.
30. SPECIFICATION
One pound of DNA has the capability to store more information than all the
electronic computers ever built.
One cm3 of DNA can hold approximately 10 terabytes of data
Would be more powerful than the worlds most powerful supercomputer
Unlike binary computers, which work with just two states, on and off (0 and
1), DNA computers will use the basic building blocks of life, strings of DNA,
molecules of type A (adenine) ,C (cytosine), G (guanine), and T (thymine)
,perform calculations at unimaginable speed.
32. TECHNOLOGICAL
DEVELOPMENTS
DNA molecules were applied to a small glass plate overlaid
with gold
Exposure to certain enzymes, destroy the molecules with
wrong answers leaving only the DNA with the right answer.
35. OTHER ADVANCEMENTS IN THIS AREA
Self powered DNA computer unveiled in 2003
First programmable autonomous computing machine with input,
output, software and hardware all made of DNA molecules.
Can perform a billion operations per second with 99.8% accuracy
Biological computers developed used to fight cancers
“Designer DNA "identifies abnormal and is attracted to it, releases
chemicals to inhibit growth. Successfully tested on animals
36. DNA V/S SILICON COMPUTER
Dna has unlimited miniaturization
Speed is very fast
Parallel processing used
Cheaper than the silicon
Non toxic material used
Size very small
Very large data capacity
37. ADVANTAGES OF DNA COMPUTERS
There is a plentiful supply of DNA, so also a cheap resource.
DNA biochips can be made cleanly.
DNA computers can be made many times smaller than the existing computers.
Excellent for Hamiltonian and travelling salesman problems.
38. DISADVANTAGES
DNA has a half life.
Solutions could dissolve away before the end result is found.
During an operation, there is a 95% chance a particular DNA
molecule will compute correctly. Would cause a problem with
a large amount of operations
39. LIMITATIONS / CURRENT
PROBLEMS
It involves a relatively large amount of error.
Requires human assistance.
Time consuming laboratory procedures.
No universal method of data representation.
40. APPLICATIONS
OF DNA COMPUTING
DNA chips
Genetic programming
Pharmaceutical applications
Cracking of coded messages
DNA fingerprinting
41. CONCLUSION
DNA computers show enormous potential, especially for medical purposes
as well as data processing applications.
Many issues to overcome to produce a useful DNA computers
Still a lot of work and resources required to develop it into a fully fledged
product
Miniaturization of data storage
Massive amount of working memory
45. 45
TOPICS OF DISCUSSION
1) SPINTRONICS
2) HISTORY
3) THEORY
4) OPERATION
5) SPINTRONIC DEVICES
6) ADVANTAGES
7) LOOPHOLES
8) CONCLUSION
46. 46
SPINTRONICS
What is SPINTRONICS?
•Spintronics is a new branch of electronics in
which electron spin, in addition to charge, is
manipulated to yield a desired electronic
outcome. The spin itself is manifested as a
detectable weak magnetic energy state
characterized as “spin up” or “spin down”.
•Conventional electronic devices rely on the
transport of electrical charge carriers –
electrons in a semiconductor such as silicon.
47. 47
CONTD…
• Devices that rely on the
electron’s spin to perform
their functions form the
foundations of spintronics
(spin-based electronics), also
known as magneto
electronics.
• Spintronics devices are
smaller than 100 nm in size,
more versatile and more
robust than those making up
silicon chips and circuit
elements.
48. 48
HISTORY
• Spintronics burst on the scene in 1988 when French
and German physicists discovered a very powerful
effect called Giant Magnetoresistance (GMR).
• It results from subtle electron-spin effects in ultra thin
multilayers of magnetic materials, which cause huge
changes in their electrical resistance when a magnetic
field is applied. This resulted in the first spintronic
device in the form of the spin valve.
49. 49
THEORY
• SPINTRONICS, short for spin electronics, is the
study of electron spin in materials in order to
better understand its performance, with the
hope of developing an entirely new generation
of microelectronic devices.
50. 50
CONTD…
• An electron is just like a
spinning sphere of charge
• The electron has a quantum
property, called
spin, that makes it behave
almost as if it were a magnet
twirling about the axis
connecting its north and
south poles. Electron can
have spins oriented in
different directions
51. 51
CONTD…
• A magnetic field causes an electron to swivel like a
needle of a compass to line up with the field(left).But
the spin axis processes like a wobbling top(right).
• When the magnetic field is removed, the electron
stops processing and locks the orientation of its spin.
52. 52CONTD…
• The spin of the electron has three states to it; up,
down, and in between.
• In today’s world of computers the spin is ignored and
you have either on/off, 0/1, or up/down but with the
spin of the electron you can have many states and
not be limited with those two states.
• Because of these many states information can be
processed a whole lot faster if an electrons spin
carries data.
54. 54
OPERATION
• Miniaturization has always been a part of rapidly developing
electronic industry. But there is a limit to the number of transistor
or other electronic component that can be cramped on a single
chip
• . Besides this, small electronic devices are plagued by a big problem
of energy loss or dissipation, as signals pass from one transistor to
the next transistor. So the only solution to overcome this problem is
to find some method that takes both the problem into account.
• Apart from miniaturization another problem with devices is that
their working is based on use of electronic charges. This working
has several disadvantages; power failure being one of them. In case
of a power cut, information stored by electronic charges is lost.
Hence, before a computer is turned off, all the work is saved on the
hard disk.
55. 55
CONTD…
• `Spintronics` or Spin electronics, is one of the solutions to overcome
this problem.
• These Spintronic devices will work in following manner:
(1) Information will be stored (written) into spins as a particular spin
orientation (up or down)
(2) The spins, being attached to mobile electrons, will carry the
information along a wire
(3) The information will be read at a terminal.
56. 56
SPINTRONIC DEVICES
• The spintronic devices have opened us to a whole new network of high
–tech technology.
• Some of these devices are:
• MAGNETIC RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY(MRAM)
• TRANSPINNOR
• MAGNETIC TUNNEL JUNCTION
57. 57
MTJ
• Consists of two layers of magnetic
metal, such as cobalt-iron,
separated by an ultra thin layer of
insulator, typically aluminum oxide
with a thickness of about 1 nm.
• The insulating layer is so thin that
electrons can tunnel through the
barrier if a avoltage is applied
between the two metal electrodes.
• The current depends on the
relative orientation of
magnetizations of the two
ferromagnetic layers, which can be
changed by an applied magnetic
field. This phenomenon is called
tunneling magneto resistance
(TMR).
Antiparallel
magnetizations
Parallel
magnetizations
Ferromagnet
Ferromagnet
Insulator
Resistance: R
RR
TMR=
Tunneling
current
Resistance: R
58. 58
TRANSPINNORS
• A Transpinnor is a bridge of four electrically connected GMR films
whose resistance is controlled by the magnetic field from the current in
one of more input strip lines electrically isolated from GMR films.
• Transpinnors can be used as selection matrix elements for magnetic
memories,for logic elements of all kinds(e.g..AND,OR,NAND , NOT),for
amplifiers,differential amplifiers.
59. 59
ADVANTAGES
• The various advantages of spintronics is as follows:
• Does not require unique and specialized semiconductors;can be
implemented with common metals such as Cu,Al.
• Spintronic devices consume less power.
• The memory remains non-volatile.
60. 60
CONCLUSION
• Spintronics is a rapidly emerging field of science and technology that
will most likely have a significant impact on the future of all aspects of
electronics as we continue to move into the 21st century.
61. 61
CONTD…
• Conventional electronics
are based on the charge
of the electron. Attempts
to use the other
fundamental property of
an electron, its spin, have
given rise to a new,
rapidly evolving field,
known as spintronics, an
acronym for spin
transport electronics that
was first introduced in
1988.
65. ATOMTRONICS—the science of creating circuits, devices and materials using
ultra-cold atoms instead of electrons
66. The history behind atomtronics
Satyendra nath bose Albert Einstein Eric Cornell And
Carl Wieman
67. Comparison between atomtronics andelectronics
ELECTRONICS
Electr
ons
Semicond
uctor
Electric
potencial
difference
ATOMTRONICS
Ultra
cold
atoms
Optical
lattice
Chemical
potential
difference
68. Basic terms
Ultra cold atoms- are atoms that are maintained at temperatures close to 0
Kelvin (absolute zero)ical lattice-is simply a set of standing wave laser, the
electric field of this laser can interact with atoms.
Chemical potential difference- is a form of potential energy that can be
absorbed or released during a chemical reaction.
69. Atoms in optical lattice are super cold to form condensates ,may form states
analogous to electron.
70. It has been concluded that atomtronic systems provides a nice test of
fundamental concepts in condensed matter physics. While these ideas have
been modeled, they are not yet to be built. They are:
Atomtronics battery
Atomtronics conductor
Atomtronics diode
Atomtronics transistor
Atomtronics devices
71. Atomtronic battery
Schematic of atoms in a lattice
connected to an atomtronic battery.
A voltage is applied by connecting the
one of higher(left) and another
of lower(right)by chemical potential.
Giving rise to a current from left to right.
72. Atomtronic diode
The atomtronic diode is a device that allows an atomic flux to
flow across it in essentially only one direction.
The atomic diode is achieved by energetically shifting one half
of the optical lattice with respect to the other.
73. Atomtronic transistor
The desired function of an atomtronic transistor is to enable a weak
atomtronic current to be amplified or to switch,either on or off ,a much larger
one and acts as an amplifier.
By configuring the optical lattice in a manner researchers show that it is
possible to recover the characteristics of the conventional electronic transistor
in the atomic world.
74. Conclusion
Atomtronic is still a theoretical subject, and needs lot of development
and research to make it a reality.
It is pointed out, however that atomtronic probably won’t able to
entirely replace electronics as atoms are sluggish compared to electron
