Concept of Regional and Federalism (Grade:10) Unit 1.3

नमस्ते
• नर बहादुर पुन
माउण्ट एभरेष्ट माध्यममक विद्यालय
विरेन्द्रनगर-१ सुर्खेत
मङ्गलिार, जून 29, 2021
Teacher-Nar Bahadur Pun School: Mount Everest Secondary School
Surkhet Class: 10 (Social) email:sharad.np7@gmail.com Mobile: 9848193583
1

Teacher-Nar Bahadur Pun School: Mount Everest
Secondary School Surkhet Class: 10 (Social)
email:sharad.np7@gmail.com Mobile: 9848193583
2
Lesson1.3
Concept of Regional
Development and

Lesson:1.3
Regional Division of Nepal
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Lesson:1.2
Federal Division of Nepal
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Lesson:1.3
Reasons for Creating Development Regions
• smooth and efficient administration;
• harmonious development of all parts of country;
• meaningful utilization of means and resources;
• population management and control migration;
• increasing public participation in development;
and
• practicing decentralization.
Teacher-Nar Bahadur Pun School: Mount Everest Secondary School Surkhet Class: 10 (Social) email:sharad.np7@gmail.com Mobile: 9848193583
5

Five Development Regions in Summary
• The synopsis (summary) of the development regions existed up to 3rd
Aswin, 2072 is presented below:
S.N. Name od Developemnt
Regions
Number of
Districts
Area (Sq.Km) Headquarters
1 Eastern Development
Regions
16 28,456 Dhankuta
2 Central Development
Region
19 27,410 Kathmandu
3. Western Development
Region
16 29,398 Pokhara
4. Mid-Western Development
Region
15 42,378 Birendranagar
5. Far-Western Development
Region
9 19,539 Dipayal
Lesson:1.3
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Reasons behind failure of Development Regions
• People’s aspirations (ambition) of smooth and speedy
development were not fulfilled.
• Ethnic minorities, disadvantaged and other marginalized groups
felt that they were unheeded (unheeded).
• Migration of people to urban areas and the Terai region in search
of facilities and advantages couldn’t be stopped.
• Available means and resources were not utilized to the optimum.
• People’s participation in development activities could not be
assured.
• The central power couldn’t be delivered to the development
regions in the real sense which limited them in mere
implementation of the central power.
Lesson:1.3
7

Scanning
–Nepal practised regionalism for a long time but
no concrete development could take place in
the nation. Thus, it is adopting federalism to
bring harmonious development and address
the diversities of the country. However,
federalism is not altogether free from the
challenges.
8
Lesson:1.3

Short Glimpse of Nepal
–Nepal is a landlocked country situated on the southern lap of
the Himalayas between China in the north and India in all other
directions. It has an area of 147181 sq km (1,47516) sq km
which is only 0.3% of the landmass of Asia and 0.03% of the
world. Despite its vast resources, Nepal has remained a
backward country for years. Among several causes one is the
country’s difficult physical structure. However, Nepal is one of
the fewest countries of the world with most varied land
topography. As you know already, about 30 million people of
diverse cultures live in this country. Therefore, we can take
Nepal as a small world.
9 Lesson:1.3

Physical Diversity and Regional Disparity
– Based upon its landform and climate, Nepal is divided into three
regions: the Himalayan Region, the Hilly Region, and the Terai Region.
These are distinct ecological or geographical regions running west-
east, horizontally. The high Himalayan Mountains in the north, the
moderate Mahabharat Hills in the centre and undulating Chure Hills
with their sheltered lowlands in their north and south are the
predominant (main) landscapes of the country.
– Undoubtedly, the physical diversity of Nepal possess huge potential for
development. At the same time, it causes regional diversity. The north
of the country is lagging far behind in development activities. The
south is naturally much more prosperous and can develop more rapidly
than the north.
10 Lesson:1.3

Concept of Regionalism For Development
– Regional Disparity of Nepal is, indeed (certainly ), a great problem. In order to
bring about balanced development in all regions, the country was divided
into 4 development regions in 2029 BS. The regions created thus were
Eastern Development Region, Central Development Region, Western
Development Region, and Far Development Region. Again in 2037 BS the
Mid-Western Development Region was created. They all ran vertically from
northern border to the southern so that each region included parts of all the
three ecological zones. Each development region had a regional
headquarters, zones and districts. Development plans were made and
implemented from the headquarters. Administration was also carried on
from there. So a development region was a division of Nepal created for
conducting development plans and carrying on administration more
smoothly and effectively.
11 Lesson:1.3

Concept …
–But our experiment of regionalism did not prove very fruitful.
For another 3 decades, disparity in development could not be
reduced as expected. Resources remained badly unused in
remote parts. Migration kept on rising and people didn’t feel
to have been given many more opportunities. Moreover,
people of some regions and classes felt badly neglected by the
state and even raised arms for changed. As a result federal
system was introduced as an alternate.
–OBJECTIVES BEHIND DIVIDING NEPAL INTO FIVE
DEVELOPMENT REGIONGS WERE AS FOLLOW मङ्गलिार, जून 29, 2021
12 Lesson:1.3

Concept of Federalism for Development
–Regionalism in Nepal was based on the principle of ‘unitarism’.
Nepal practised this system for a long time but it failed in
bringing out balanced development. After the Mass
Movement-II (2062/63), people expressed their desire for a
positive transformation. Nepal, thus, decided to follow the
federal ruling system. Accordingly, it was declared a federal
country on 15 Jesth, 2065 with its official naming ‘Federal
Democratic Republic of Nepal’ . Federalism, this way, has been
introduced to substitute regionalism and fulfill its objectives.
13 Lesson:1.3

Concept …
–Federalism is a duel government system in which a nation is
divided into a central government and other provincial
governments. This system allocates power to local bodies and
tends to bring equal development in all parts of the country.
The provincial governments are autonomous (Having the
power or right to govern itself) and can formulate and execute
plans and policies on their own. The power and functions of a
federal and a provincial government are presented below:
–Power and Functions See in your text book
–Table
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Lesson:1.3

Concept …
– No doubt federalism is more suitable for a large country where ruling
the entire country from the national capital alone is not easy and
practical. India, USA, Germany, Canada, Brazil, etc. have federal
systems. However, Switzerland too which is a very small country ha
pracitsed federal system uniquely and very successfully and
effectively. Currently, India is divided into 29 states and the USA has
50 states altogether. The Swiss confederation has 26 cantons of
which 6 are traditionally called half-cantons. Switzerland is the only
country in the modern time that practices direct democracy in some
reformed manner. The common grounds of these divisions may be
geographical, historical and demographic features as well as
resource condition. मङ्गलिार, जून 29, 2021
15 Lesson:1.3

Advantages of Federal system
– The Federal System has many merits. Very importantly, the provinces or
states have greater freedom. The centre safeguards their freedom. There is
no despotism in the administration. The centre is relieved of its
administrative burden and can pay better attention to national and
international issues. People enjoy wider opportunities of participation. There
can be stronger sense of national unity in the country. Similarly, there is
grater public awareness as well. People are well-acquainted (familiar) with
their political and civil rights. They actively participate both in administration
and development activities. They can solve their local problems more
effectively and efficiently. Their efficiency and self-sufficiency keeps growing
as they actively take part in administration, decision making, planning of
development projects and execution of the same.
16 Lesson:1.3

Disadvantages of Federal system
–The Federal system does have some demerits. It is not so good
for a small country, mainly in the presence of many
states/provinces, absence of proper organization and inability
to afford. The administrative cost is enormously high as there
are two sets of governments and most executive and
legislative posts have to be fulfilled through periodic elections.
There is always a danger of inter-regional conflicts. If some
states/provinces fail to compete it many further widen
regional disparity instead of reducing it. Because the national
government is not so powerful, federalism may even be a
weak administration. But this is only the darker side of
federalism.
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Lesson:1.3

SN Advantages Disadvantages
1 Rapid Development of a nation Expensive form of
Government
2 Proportionate development a nation Unhealthy
competition for
development
3 Judicious distribution of means and
resources
Chance of civil war
4 Participation of local people in
development
A country may divide
or split
5 Decentralization of power Over exploitation of
resourcesमङ्गलिार, जून 29, 2021
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Federalism in Nepal
– With the success of the popular movement of 2062-63 BS, Nepal
entered a transitional phase of many political, social and economic
transformations. Most political parties and their cadres a advocated for
alternative system of government that could prove to be truly
democratic and progressive. This wish was materialized in the Interim
Constitution of Nepal 2063 BS. An amendment on the interim
constitution declared Nepal a federal republic and it was approved by
the first constitution assembly session held on 15 Jestha 2065.
Ultimately, on 3 Asoj, 2072, the ling-awaited federal constitution; the
Constitution of Nepal; was promulgated by President Ram Baran Yadav
amidst a special function in the second constituent assembly. The
federal constitution has provided for three levels of government.
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Three Levels of Government
1. Federal Government
2. Provincial/State Government
3. Local Government
1. Federal Government: This is the national level government situated at
the capital of the country i.e. Kathmandu. It consists of national
legislature, executive and judiciary. The president is the head of the
state and the Prime Minister is the head of the government i.e. the
executive. According to the constitution, there are two houses in the
federal legislature; 275 member House of Representatives (Lower
House) and 59 member National Assembly (Upper House). The
Supreme court is the judicial organ of the federal government. This
will be the common custodian government for the entire nation.
20
Lesson:1.3

Three levels …
2. Provincial/ State Governments: In addition to the national government in
the capital, there is an autonomous government in each of the provincial
states. The executive there is headed by the Chief Minister. Each
state/province has its own separate legislature (Provincial Assembly) and
Judiciary (High Court).
3. Local Governments: There are also governments at local level of
governments at local level of village/town and district. According to the new
constitution, the executive power of local levels is vested on village
executive (Gaunpalika) and municipal executive (Nagarpalika). They have
power to direct, control and conduct the governance system of village and
town level respectively. There is also village/town assembly that works as
the local legislature of village/town. In addition, there is a higher body the
District Coordination Committee (DDC) in each district. मङ्गलिार, जून 29, 2021
21
Lesson:1.3

Purpose of Federalism in Nepal
One of the few most significant purposes of federalism in Nepal is competitive
and balanced development. Generally, the following aspects come under the
principles of development
1. Economic, Social, Political and Cultural Progress
2. Growth in production of goods and services
3. Proper address to public needs and demands
4. Proper utilization of means and resources
5. Economic and social transformation
6. Guarantee of fundamental rights including freedom and equality
7. Protection of natural and cultural heritage
8. Poverty alleviation and employment generation
9. Social justice and social security
10.Development peace, security and self-esteem मङ्गलिार, जून 29, 2021
22
Lesson:1.3

Purpose …
Federalism is definitely a new system of government for us. We have tested many other
forms of government. No system can be best or worst in itself. The success and failure of a
particular government system may highly depend on its handling. We must carry out
federalism effectively to meet the targets of all aspects of development listed above. It’s
not an end but merely a means. If federalism fails, Nepal will suffer more. Therefore, we
must all contribute to its successful functioning.
Bases of Dividing and Naming Federal Units:
There may be various bases on dividing and naming the federal units in federalism. It
depends on the structure of land, capacity of the nation and will of the citizens of a
country. Some bases are;
- Geography - Language - Population - Ethnicity or caste
- Historicity - Availability of means and resources - Mixed (among the above ones)
In the context of Nepal, the division was made based on geography, population and
resources. Nevertheless, their naming is yet to be decided. As per the Constitution of
Nepal, the naming will be done by the federal parliaments themselves. There is chance of
naming them on mixed bases. …………. मङ्गलिार, जून 29, 2021
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Lesson:1.3

Homework
1. List the major advantages of federalism from your
memory.
2. Why was Nepal declared a federal state? Give your
critical and creative answer.
3. What are the various aspects/dimensions of
development? List some from your memory.
4. What things have been taken into consideration
while constructing the federal structures in Nepal?
Acquire enough knowledge before writing.
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Lesson:1.3

25

Teacher: Nar Bahadur Pun
References:
Social Studies Course book of Grade 10
Sajha Publication
Asmita Publication
Koselee Publication
Gunnies Publication
Platinum Publication
Thank you very much
see you again in next class bye bye
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Lesson:1.3

Concept of Regional and Federalism (Grade:10) Unit 1.3

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