Saltwater Algae

Saltwater Algae
Are you sick of algae in your aquarium? Your saltwater aquarium lighting may be your problem...
Algae is inevitable in any saltwater aquarium and will always be present as part of the natural
ecosystem, however there are steps you can take as part of your ongoing saltwater aquarium
maintenance schedule to decrease the rate and density of growth.There are several types of algae
however the most common found in a saltwater aquarium is brown algae otherwise known as
golden diatom algae.
When I first started my saltwater aquarium I had a regular build up of brown algae, which was
unsightly and annoying. I tried many different things to reduce the rate of algae growth and today I
am proud to say I have very little algae growth between my regular cleans. ... Show more content on
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This can be an expensive exercise however the level of light given diminishes rather quickly. As the
lighting tubes age they begin to produce a quality of light outside the ideal spectrum which fuels
algae growth. There are many LED options on the market today that can overcome this problem.
Too much natural light
If your aquarium is situated in a location that receives too much natural light, this may also be a
problem. Natural sunlight sits within the red spectrum and differs greatly from artificial saltwater
aquarium lighting. if your aquarium receives too much natural light than this may be resulting in
abnormal levels of algae. It is highly important that you factor this in when choosing the location for
your saltwater aquarium as moving a full tank is almost impossible.
I placed mine in the entrance of my home and my front door has long windows on either side so I
temporarily placed black plastic against them to see if there was a difference in algae growth, which
there was so I purchased some nice block out blinds. They look great on the windows and protect
my prized possession.
Correct strength and mix of
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Trash: Ocean
Trashed: Our Ocean
By: Meaghan Todd
December 10th 2010
CGW–4U1–02
Mr. Kyriacou
Have you ever been to the beach? I have and swimming in the ocean is one of my favourite things to
do when I go on vacation! You wouldn't want someone to come into your house and throw their
cigarette butts or their plastic drink container on your kitchen floor when they're done would you? I
know I wouldn't. Littering in the ocean does not magically get rid of your garbage; the marine
wildlife has to deal with it in their homes. Roughly 75% of our earth is covered with water (IDRC
2010). Many people think that when you dump trash into the ocean that nature will biodegrade. It
can take up to hundreds of years for this trash to fully ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Red–tides are caused primarily by the toxic phytoplankton "Karenia brevis", which is found on the
west Florida shelf. Scientists say that submarine groundwater provides the missing nutrients and
may trigger and maintain red tides off west–central Florida (Weatherwise 2006). This type of
phytoplankton has a toxin in it that can kill marine life and cause eye irritations and respiratory
complications for humans and animals. Red–tides occur annually in the same area generally
between August and March and were blamed for many deaths of species of fish, dolphins and other
marine wildlife (Weatherwise 2006). Certain species of phytoplankton contain photosynthetic
pigments that vary in color from green to brown to red, and when the algae are present in high
concentrations, the water appears to be discoloured or murky, varying in color from white to almost
black, normally being red or brown. (Figure 3)
Figure 3 shows a photograph of a red tide off the coast of La Jolla, California (P. Alejandro Díaz).
Figure 3:
In conclusion, as stated earlier, most of our planet is made up of water and us as humans are slowly
destroying it by dumping are wastes and unwanted items. Don't throw trash in someone else's house
because you wouldn't like it very much if someone did that in your house. Next time you are on a
beach and are done drinking your bottle of pop, don't leave it on the beach, bring it back with you
and dispose it properly. Ocean

Coral Bleaching Effect
The Great Barrier Reef alone contains 1400 different species of coral (Stokes et al., 2004), which is
an aquatic invertebrate that provides a home to millions of different species of organisms. In the past
decade the number of coral species classified as endangered has increased (Sarkar & Ghosh, 2013),
with coral bleaching being the main, underlying cause (Lukoschek et al., 2013). Coral bleaching is
part of the natural evolution of coral, however several mass bleaching incidences have occurred in
recent decades due too human activity (Lesser, 2007). A mass global bleaching event in 2010
sparked the attention of scientists around the world as to the impact coral bleaching has on the
surrounding environment and urged scientists to further pursue possible methods to overcome coral
bleaching. This essay will outline what coral bleaching is and the overall impact it has on the
environment. Additionally, a conclusion will be drawn as to whether enough is being done to
decrease coral bleaching incidences.
Coral, of the phylum Cnidaria, is a is a crucial organism within many aquatic ecosystems providing
food and shelter for both a large number and diverse range of species (Wilson et al., 2010).
Individual animals have the ability to bud together to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Evidence has shown that the repercussions that the loss of coral has on the environment is
irreversible with the possibility of entire ecosystems vanishing. Strategies have been introduced to
reduce the global ocean temperatures, which is the main cause of coral bleaching, such as the carbon
tax in Costa Rica. Many strategies such as this are slow acting however, therefore, they should be
implemented in concurrence with other, more direct, solutions such as marine parks. More needs to
be done both long term and short term to stabilise the current climate as there are serious
environmental and economic losses that could

Appearance and Locomotion of Animal
Appearance and Locomotion of Animal
The beaked sea snake is a poisonous snake that is dull colored. It is striped in white and dark colors.
It is shaped like a normal sea snake with dark colored stripes. It has a slightly beaked face like the
name implies. Most of them are dull colored, there are some with slightly colors. It doesn't use its
eye so much so it and has poor eyesight due to it using touch because it hunts in muddy water
sometimes. It has a rudder on it's tail to help it swim better. It moves in a pack sometimes if it is
migrating to a new area. The snake can also go on land too, but not as well as on water.
Appearance and Locomotion of Plant
Algae is everywhere aquatic so it has any shape or form. Algae is usually identified as sheets of
green, it is not the case as algae has many colors. Red, orange, brown, and yellow are some colors
algae can be. It grows in the sea, fresh water, you name it. It can grow in small patches or a huge old
sheet of it if there's not so many fish to eat it and the water is very nutritious. It grows on the surface
layers of water. It can grow on the beaked sea snake and pretty much every fish, object, skeleton,
whatever in the ocean. Algae can spread throughout water by waves, objects, or animals.
Life Cycle of Animal
15–30 snakes of medium size are born at sea. Usually only a few survive as the mortality rate is
high. They breed like any other snake. After being born, the snakes will grow rapidly.
Life Cycle of Algae Algae

Description Of A Family Sporolithaceae Verheij
Family Sporolithaceae Verheij, 1993 Genus Sporolithon Heydrich, 1897 (Former name:
Archaeolithothamnium Rothpletz, 1891) Sporolithon sp. Morphology: Encrusting thallus of 170 –
190 µm in diameter. It is rarely recorded as fruticose growth forms. Vegetative anatomy: Crustose
dorsiventeral and monomerous thalli with rounded protuberance measuring 150µm in height. The
core filaments is commonly thin plumose with cell filaments measuring 13 – 27 µm in length and 10
– 15 µm in diameter. Cell fusion are scarce. Tetra / biosporangial conceptacles arranged in sori , the
sori consists of 12 – 29 tetra / biosporangia that sometimes arise from layer of elongated cells. The
shape of conceptacles are elongated ellipsoidal measuring 140 – 160 µm in height and 60 – 90 µm
in diameter. This species is also common in the Miogypsina bioclastic algal packstone facies and
coral algal rudstone facies (Pl. 2, Fig. 5) of Early Miocene Sadat Formation. Subfamily
Corallinoideae Foslie,1898 Genus Corallina Linnaeus, 1759 Corallina sp. (Pl.1, Fig. 8) Morphology:
Arborescent to branching growth form with dichotomous thalli. Vegetative anatomy: few fragments
of segmented (geniculated) thalli without genicula, stems are observed (140µm thick) composed
exclusively of core filaments, cells are 34 – 45µm in length and 9 –10µm in diameter. No cell
fusions were recorded. Conceptacles are not observed in the present specimen. This genus is
recorded in bioclastic algal Packstone facies of the Early Miocene

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Biocellulose
5. DISCUSSION
Bacterial cellulose or biocellulose (BC) is an extracellular cellulose naturally produced by many
microorganisms. BC has been considered as an alternative biomaterial since it possesses superior
qualities to other cellulose. BC exhibits many unique characteristics which are different from those
of other plant celluloses Biocellulose has chemical and physical properties that are superior to the
properties of plant derived cellulose. Compared to plant cellulose, the nanofibril network of
biocellulose has interesting properties such as excellent water holding capacity, high degree of
polymerization, high crystallinity, high purity, good biocompatibility, and excellent mechanical
properties. Therefore, due to its many unique properties, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The cost of the fermentation medium represents a critical aspect of the commercial production of
biocellulose. The cheaper substrate used instead of the commonly used sugars as glucose or fructose
might result in a lower cost of the final product. In this context, two algal substrates have been
tested such as green alga (U. lactuca) and sea grass (P. oceanic). Data confirmed that P. oceanic was
the best substrate in medium HSPO supporting the highest production of biocellulose (5.7 g/l).
Carbohydrates are the major component of seagrass and seaweeds (ca. 50–70% on a dry basis)
(Uchida, 2011), containing mostly polysaccharides to construct algal tissue. For example, brown
algae contain alginate and fucoidan as major components. Red algae contain galactan (e.g. agar,
carrageenan) as a major component. Seagrasses and green algae contain hemicellulose and cellulose
as major components. These major algal polysaccharides are known to be unfavorable substrates for
fermentation. This may be one of the reasons why algal fermentation technology has yet to be
developed. Recently, seaweed could be used as a substrate for lactic acid and ethanol fermentation,
provided that the algal tissue was saccharified with cellulase enzymes. This finding opened the
possibility of obtaining foods and related items from algal fermentation (Uchida, 2002; Uchida and
Murata, 2002; Uchida and Murata, 2004). According to all these advances in algal fermentation, we
suggest that there is a great possibility of creating a new medium for industrial biocellulose
production by G. xylinus using algal fermentation technology in the near

Diversity of Marine Algae in the Biosphere 2 Ocean Essay
Diversity of Marine Algae in the Biosphere 2Ocean
Red algae, Rhodophyta, is easily identified in the marine environment because it appears as a red
color. There are many different species, originating from many different corners of the Earth. The
ocean biome in the Biosphere 2 was constructed using raw seawater off the coast of Southern
California, which contained many different unknown species of algae. During the construction of
the biome, other known species of algae from various marine environments, Gulf of Mexico and
Hawaii, were also introduced into the ocean. Research is continuing to be conducted on all various
algae species in the Biosphere 2, to determine the diversity of the marine algae. Two red algae
species, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The largest biome in the Biosphere is the ocean, which will be the focus area of this article.
The research study being examined is known as, Diversity of Marine Algae in the B2L Ocean, and
is being conducted by Dr. Kevin Fitzsimmons, Dr. Edward Glenn and Dr. Steve Nelson of the
Environmental Research Lab, Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science at the
University of Arizona. The duration of this study is from September, 1999 through August, 2004.
Algae samples from all locations within the marine biome of the Biosphere 2 are to be collected in
three to four months cycles, identified, dried and weighed. Total biomass accumulations for each
species will be determined; from that growth periods and patterns can be observed. The collection of
these species is manually done through SCUBA diving and snorkeling. The purpose of algae
collection is ??the objective of taxonomic collections is to represent the natural population in size
and form. Therefore, it is important to collect a representative sample of specimens (seasonally),
being careful to collect the entire plant (including the holdfast) as well as representative plants from
various habitats. Noting information about the habitat for the label may be as important as the
specimen itself?? (Tsuda, 1985).
The ocean biome within the Biosphere 2, is sectioned into zones with known locations; the

Coral Reef Thesis Statement
Alps, Diane
Final Essay June 10, 2018
Saving the ocean by protecting a simple, single–celled hitchhiker
Thesis Statement: The symbiotic relationship between stony corals and algae is a direct indicator of
coral bleaching, which is a result of unfavorable oceanographic conditions, such as increasing ocean
temperature and pollution.
Coral reefs are rich biodiverse habitats, providing numerous human and ecosystem benefits. These
specialized reefs are found in tropical and subtropical waters around the world (Figure 1). The
largest coral reef in the world, the Great Barrier Reef, is located in eastern Australia. Corals reefs are
estimated as one of the richest, most biodiverse ecosystems on the planet. Covering less than one
percent of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Zooxanthellae and cnidarians (these stinging–celled animals listed above) have coevolved, forming
a unique mutualistic symbiosis. The algae lives within the outer cells of the host (Figure 2), and like
a plant, it photosynthesizes, utilizing sunlight to create nutrients and oxygen, which it provides to its
host. The host provides a protected environment, close to the surface, and sunlight, for the
algae/dinoflagellates (NOAA 2017b). This mutualistic symbiosis serves both the host and the alga;
however, the relationship is quite

Karenia Brevis Research Paper
In order to understand harmful algae blooms, it is necessary to understand the organisms responsible
for them. In the United States, the most common place for them to occur is in the Gulf of Mexico,
meaning that the situation there should be further examined. There, the organism responsible is
known Karenia brevis, a type of floating algae, or dinoflagellate, found on the western coast of
Florida and the eastern coast of Texas. Dinoflagellates are miniscule but can, at maximum have at
least "60 million organisms per litre" at once, a large group for such a small section of ocean. With
such numbers, it is understandable how, if the organism were harmful, such a situation could
become dangerous. Unfortunately, K. brevis is harmful; it becomes dangerous when it is broken
apart, releasing a neurotoxin known as brevotoxin, a "tasteless, ... Show more content on
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According to NOAA, these toxins, when travelling ashore, can cause coughing fits and itchiness,
that are worsened if the victim has a condition such as asthma, although these can be avoided by
moving to a less toxic region of the coast. On top of such, the neurotoxin can see into the tissues of
sea life, resulting in a high death rate of fish and large mammals such as dolphins. After a
particularly severe algal bloom in northern Florida in 2004, dolphins and manatees routinely washed
up ashore. These actions without a doubt have significant impacts on the affected area. Besides the
risk to human health, these harmful algal blooms have a large economic impact; the poisoning of the
water makes it dangerous to consume the life inside it, especially for shellfish, stalling or even
halting the sale of them. On top of that, tourism suffers as beaches affected by toxins are naturally
less frequented than others on the same coastline. Once the cost of cleaning up the area is tacked on,
the resulting charge can be in the millions of

Red Tide Research Papers
If you walked along St. Petersburg Beach, Florida in the last four months, chances are you smelled
the unpleasant odor of decaying fish caused by red tide. Red tide is produced by a harmful algae
bloom from basic aquatic vegetation that has harmful effects on sea life and humans. Although
scientists know what causes red tide, they do not know how to stop their effects. The phenomenon
of red tide warrants further research to find a solid solution for its deadly affects that kill numerous
fish, shellfish, mammals, birds, and bring illness to humans (Florida Red Tide FAQs, 2016). Red
tide, by definition, is a toxic algae bloom in seawater that causes discoloration of the water, illness
or death to many coastal animals, and can make people sick (Raloff, 2005). To be more specific, red
tide is a more common name for "high concentrations of harmful marine alga, Karenia brevis"
(Pierce & Henry, 2008). The Karenia Brevis toxin, named after Dr. Karen Steidinger, makes itself
into mostly fish, but sometimes other vertebrates and can affects their central nervous system
(Raloff, 2005). When a red tide occurs, it turns Florida's beautiful Gulf beaches into a foul smelling
area, littered with hundreds of rotting sea creatures. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Scientists know the causes and harmful effects on not only the marine ecosystem, but also the
community and economy of that area. Further research time should be spent on how to stop sea
plants from rapidly producing K. Brevis toxins. In addition, there needs to be more research on how
to control red tide first, and then move to finding out how to eradicate it. Scientists should also look
into the sea life exposed to red tide; like, what in the Karenia Brevis toxin kills them and why? Can
you develop something to make sea creatures immune to red tide? Finally, research should be done
on if red tide blooms could overall worsen in the decades to

Polysiphonia Research Paper
Polysiphonia is the most common genus of red algae. They are usually red–brown because of the
pigment phycobilin, which masks the green of chlorophyll. The alga are typically between 5 to 10
inches in length and attach to stones or as an epiphytic on large seaweed or eelgrass in shallow
water. Different species of polysiphonia are indistinguishable without a microscope. Polysiphonia
are common in brackish or freshwater in marshes, mudflats, and estuaries in the Northwest Atlantic.
Currently, there are 11 known species of polysiphonia in the Northwest Atlantic, including P. arctica,
P. brodiaei, and P. elongata. Species of polysiphonia can be found all over the world, in countries
like Korea, New Zealand, Bermuda, and Chile.
The thallus of

Red Tide Research Paper
Red tide or Karenia brevis, is a single celled eukaryotic organism that appears in a bloom off the
west coast of Florida. These dinoflagellates produce a toxin known as brevetoxins, which at high
concentrations can cause severe harm to marine and human life. Human activity is thought to be
bringing about a higher frequency and concentration of the algae blooms by nutrient run off and
from ships traveling through the tide. The algae is very fragile so when it is disturbed by crashing
waves or by the hull of boats is causes the brevetoxins to become an aerosol. This is when it
presents a problem to humans because the brevetoxins can cause respiratory infections. (Kirpatrick
et al 2004; Fleming et al 2005).
Impacts and Concerns
There are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Thats what a study by (Wu et al 2013) have done with some success. In this study they tested on the
algae's Chattonella marina, Heterosigma akashiwo and Cochlodinium polykrikoides. Even though
these are not the algae's that are causing havoc off of Florida's coast, it is still a potentially useful
treatment that could be tested on K. brevis in the future. They have found that Thiazolidione(TD)
derivatives have an algicidal effect on the harmful algae bloom. TD is used to treat type two
Diabetes. TD binds to and activates peroxisome proliferator–activated receptors(PPARs), whose
activation reduces insulin resistance. The PPARs bound by TD's activate transcription of several
genes related to lipid and glucose metabolism(Wu et al 2013). One of the TD derivatives TD118
caused the cell membrane to break and the cytosol to burst forty eight hours after treatment. TD118
also reduced the photosynthetic efficiency of the algae tested. Another method used to control these
harmful algal blooms is to simply throw clay on top of the algal blooms. With hopes that the inert
clay will induce sedimentaion of the harmful algae. The use of the clay has shown to be efficient in
removing K. brevis from the water column. The main use of this clay is to move the bevetoxin away
from the oysters and clams that filter the water and accumulate the toxin in there system making
them unsafe for humans to

Dinoflagellate Algae
Negative impacts of Dinoflagellate algae: economic, ecologic, and human health hazards
ABSTRACT Increasing pollution both atmospheric and oceanic are encouraging algal growth and
increasing the frequency and geographic range of high density dinoflagellate blooms. Public health
and economic impacts, as well as negative ecological effects of the aquatic environment are
increasing the scientific research done on toxic dinoflagellate species. Contaminated bivalves are
causing paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) and diarrhetic shellfish poisoning in humans (DSP); with
the number of cases increasing steadily in the last 40 years. Toxins released by certain species of the
phylum dinoflagellate are the cause of this spreading ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A general trophic routing and impact model is proposed in Fig. 1 below, (Smayda 1992).
Aquaculture has recently started to have major concern surround dinoflagellate species taking over
bioassay tanks, that house several species of finfish that are being decimated by the presence of one
of the thousands of species of dinoflagellates. Finfish, is an important group of fish to coastal
fishing industries who experience damage to the gills from the armored bodies of dinoflagellate, and
the spines extending down the length of their bodies. Table 1 below is a list of all finish, bivalves,
and various oceanic wildlife affected by recent increases in dinoflagellate populations. (Anderson et
al. 1993). In the following review I will cover impacts toxic dinoflagellate species are having on
oceanic organisms and the subsequent effects to aquaculture and fishing industries, and the reasons
for increasing frequencies and densities of toxic blooms.
INCREASING ALGAL BLOOMS Algae population dynamics is based on growth, transportation,
predation, mortality, and dispersion. The success of an algal population depends on the gains and
losses depicted in a basic equation of population dynamics: dN/dt=(Growth+Immigration)–
(Predation+Mortality+Dispersion). If the gains are higher than the losses a bloom will

Red Tide Research Paper
Red Tide Along West Florida Shelf Introduction Red tide is the common name for a large
concentration of certain species of dinoflagellates. This event accumulates harmful algal blooms
quickly, resulting in discoloration near the surface water. Dense enough algal blooms cause harmful
toxins strong enough to affect people and the oceans ecosystem as a whole. Karenia brevis is the
most troublesome species of dinoflagellate in the Gulf of Mexico. This species reproduces by
asexual cell division, therefore, given the right conditions, the population can rapidly increase in
size. K. brevis needs large amounts of the correct nutrients to reproduce at toxic speed. The nutrients
responsible for supporting Florida's red tide are nitrogen and phosphorus. ... Show more content on
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The effect of human activity on Red Tide blooms is a controversy between many scientists.
Initiation is typically off–shore at the continental shelf, and human pollution would maximally
benefit a bloom once traveled in–shore from currents or wind. The skeptic for some scientists is if
nutrients available in–shore would affect the early stages of a bloom. Once traveled in–shore most
believe human contribution helps maintain the already dense bloom. K. brevis has a flexible diet,
but they grow at slow rates compared to other phytoplankton. With that being said, initiation would
have to take place at the continental shelf, gaining the correct nutrients with aid from earth's
phenomenons. Coastal pollution feeds the mature blooms nutrients and creates hypoxic
environments. This damages the oceans ecosystem and is a threat the human health. Being able to
fully resist red tide is near impossible but being able to predict when an event is going to occur is
becoming reasonable. Noting when the Sahara dust makes way to the Gulf of Mexico allows for
prediction of Trichodesmium blooms, then followed by K. brevis blooms. Another factor is by
tracking how far into the Gulf of Mexico the Loop Current travels. Being able to prevent a red tide
event all together would be beneficial, but not very likely. Human's cannot prevent Sahara Desert
dust from traveling to the Gulf and enriching the water with iron, along

Carrageenan is Derived from Seaweed
INTRODUCTION TO CARRAGEENAN
The carrageenan is from family of linear sulphate polysaccharides which is derived from seaweed
(Falshaw et al., 2001). Carrageenan is a general name for polysaccharides extracted from certain
kinds of red algae, a seaweed where is abound in coast of North America and Europe which are built
up, in contrast to agar, from D–galactopyranose units. The name 'Carrageenan' is derived from the
Chondrus crispus species of seaweed known as Carrageen Moss or Irish Moss in England, and
Carraigin in Ireland. Carraigin has been used in Ireland since 400 AD as a gelatin and as a home
remedy to cure coughs and colds. 1(a) 1(b)
Figure 1(a) and 1(b) shows Chondrus crispus seaweed native carrageenan from red seaweed algae
(source www.algaebase.org)
The carrageenan is extracted from different species of marine red algae of class Rhodophyceae sp.
are water–soluble, anionic and linear polysaccharides. The red seaweed is also belonging to the
Gigartina, Hypnea, Eucheuma, Chondrus and Iridaea species. Water souble of carrageenan is
referred to sulphate group in its structure (Relleve et al., 1999). Carrageenans occur as matrix
material in numerous species of red seaweeds wherein they serve a structural function analogous to
that of cellulose in land plants. Chemically they are highly sulfated galactans. Due to their half–ester
sulfate moieties they are

Coral Reefs Essay examples
Coral Reefs
Coral reefs are one of the oldest types of living systems on earth, and certainly one of the most
spectacular (Goreau, 1987). They are massive underwater structures formed by the limestone
skeletons of tiny invertebrate animals. Reefs house a greater diversity of body forms, chemistry, and
animal phyla (thirty–two compared to the eight that inhabit the most biodiversity ecosystems on
land). Phyla comprise the second largest category of living things, after kingdoms.
Coral animals begin life as free–floating larvae, but settle on the sea floor in sedentary colonies. The
term "coral" applies both to these animals and to their skeletons, particularly the skeletons of stone–
like corals (Discover 1997). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In Florida, patch reefs can be as close as one hundred meters to the shore. Ancient limestone reefs
have occupied the Florida peninsula intermittently over the past 150 million years (Discover, 1997).
Florida's present coral reefs came into existence 5,000 to 7,000 years ago, when sea levels rose
following the Wisconsin Ice Age. The reefs in the Florida Keys are part of the third largest barrier
reef system (360 square kilometers from Miami to the Dry Tortugas).
Coral reefs are continuously being both built up and decomposed, so different parts of a reef are in
varying stages of succession (Richmond, 1993). Coral reefs are very fragile, because reef–building
organisms cannot thrive if the surrounding water changes significantly. Coral reefs require very
specific conditions in order to grow: a solid structure for the base; warm and consistent water
temperatures (averaging between 20 and 30 degrees Celsius); stable salinity; moderate wave action;
and clear water that is low in nutrients and plankton. The water on a healthy coral reef is clear
because there are very few nutrients, so plankton that would cloud the water are few. In general
corals grow slowly, but they are extremely efficient at living and reproducing in these conditions
(American Zoologist, pg 524–536).
Reefs matter in many ways:
Links to other coastal ecosystems: such as

Indian River Lagoon
Growing up in one of the most biologically diverse estuaries in North America impacted my
perception on nature from my first thought until now as a young adult. If you are from the south
most people get a glimpse of how pretty Florida is but unless you fish, very few people get to check
out the Indian River Lagoon. This massive body of water stretches whopping 156 miles and
surprisingly takes up over 30% of Florida's east coast. Here the Atlantic collides with fresh water
and creates an epic battling ground for fisherman and a lovely home for more than 2000 animal
species (SJWM). I fortunately have had access to this wonderful estuary thanks to my grandparents.
They moved into the developing town of satellite beach early on and bought property ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Not only does the environment get wrecked but this algae has caused human death before
(CRISPS). Off the northern coast of Sabah in East malaysia, 7 people died among 202 affected by
Paralytic shellfish poisoning. This is due to red tide producing a class of neurotoxins called
brevetoxins. These toxins not only get into our food supply but they become aerosolized by the surf
and winds. When breathed in or ingested they are known to cause dizziness, numbness, vomiting,
and even partial paralysis. Since this is still a relatively knew problem in the medical community,
long term effects are still unknown. Among the neurotoxic effects, red tide can bring respiratory
problems as I mentioned earlier. Getting up early to surf before school was a normal thing for me
even when red tide was in full effect. I would come into school with bloodshot watery eyes, my skin
and lungs burning only after an hour in the surf. The effects really sneak up on you if you don't
understand it is

Review Of Botanical Aquatic Science By Ann Burkholder
Chapter 1 :
Jo'Ann Burkholder is to study botanical aquatic science, and in order to do so, she is to start learning
about autoradiography. Due to the fact that she has a low paying job salary, she finds it hard to raise
money for funding her research in the area of autoradiography and botanical aquatic science. At her
age of 33, Jo'Ann is around the time of completing her doctorate in the subject of botanical
limnology. She is unable to complete her research completely with success, as she is not involved
with any other scientist, etc, and her group tends to be very small. But, she does finally end up
getting a chance to work with Doctor Edward Noga.
Chapter 2 : The second chapter talks mainly regarding the field of parasitology. It ... Show more
Using certain methods such as electron microscopy, these dinoflagellates were searched on. They
were also identified.
Chapter 5 :
In this chapter the fact, or crisis of the presence of an algal bloom in the oceans of the world such as
the red tide (toxic). This is then assumed to be one premonition of the upcoming fute issue of the
massive breakdown of the Earth, aka later on in time. During the conference, it is stated that due to
issues such as sewage, industrial and agricultural sources, the nutrition overload was excess. Later
on in time throughout the book, it was found that others thought that this was a result of global
warming, etc. Coastal currents and shifts were also blamed, and people started to believe that such
organisms became harmful over time, due to such previously mentioned factors and beliefs.
Chapter 7 :
Jo–Ann begins to experience health issues by this chapter, she starts to gradually experience and
deal with the politics of science, and Glasgow become her full– time associate. As per Noga, she
finally tells him that she would like to stop working with him. She does so because Noga gradually
become slightly arrogant, bitter, and annoying. They also share an argument regarding who is
considered to be the rightful author of the newly published article, and Jo–Ann argues that the first
person to publish the article is also considered to be the first author.
Chapter 8 :
Jo–Ann goes through

Ocean Pollution Effects
The impact of marine pollution on economy The ocean is an important part of the earth, and oceans
account for 70% of the Earth's surface area. However, the ocean pollution has some negative effects
on our lives. For example, ocean pollution kills the marine organisms and even changes the weather.
Ocean pollution affects many aspects, and this research paper will talk about the effects on
economy. In general, the ocean pollution has the negative effects on tourism, fishery and human
health. First, the ocean pollution has negative effects on tourism. The tourism is an important part of
the economy. In some countries and cities, the tourism is the pillar industry and the main source of
income. However, the ocean pollution makes some cities lost a large number of visitors. For
example, ocean pollution acidifies the sea, and the acidified sea water is killing the corals. The Great
Barrier Reef is the famous scenic spot in the Australia, it has disappeared in half until 2012, and all
coral reef will disappear in the future. "Acidification of ocean waters is predicted to have dire
consequences for calcifying organisms in the world's ocean during this century. Coral and coralline
algal communities and the reef structures that they build are expected to be particularly vulnerable
to ocean acidification" (Mcleod, 2013, p20). According to the article, the coral will be easily
destroyed by the ocean acidification, and the coral reefs play an important role in tourism and it has
a

Sylvan Stream
Species Diversity at UMass Amherst Introduction University of Massachusetts Amherst in located
in Western Massachusetts. The area is has more tress and farmland rather than buildings like
Boston. The campus is rather large and there are close to 29,000 students currently studying and
living here (UMass Amherst Enrollment). Due to its student population size, there is constant
construction on campus, which also has an affect the species diversity at UMass Amherst. On this
campus, two locations were chosen to be studied for their species diversity in water. The two
locations were, the Sylvan Stream and the Campus Pond. We hypothesized that the Sylvan Stream
would have greater diversity than the Campus Pond due to the Sylvan Stream being in ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
On our arrival we looked for an area deeper in the forest and with flowing water. Taking our tubes,
one at a time we filled them up trying to get enough sample with little to no rocks from the stream.
We took four samples to make sure the area was well covered. A group we were working with went
to the other location, the Campus Pond to gather data from there. They too took tubes to gather data
and used two tubes. Once the tubes were filled with the samples we took them back to the lab, the
tubes were put on a tube holder. After having the tubes stay still for a few minutes a few drops were
put on a wet mount to view under the microscope. The samples were also shaken thoroughly to find
more species. We also used a filter. Going through the different samples we tried to find the different
amount of species that were in the stream. Looking at different online organism identification
websites helped is in identifying the organism. Specifically we looked at a Microscopy–UK pond
key. We also used a website called MicroscopyU as well as a Pond Identification Sheet. Calculations
were all done on a Microsoft program Excel. All of the organisms were put into our data table.
Using the Excel spreadsheet, the sum of species per location and their Shannon index were
calculated using the proportions and

Great Barrier Reef Threats Essay
Threats to The Great Barrier Reef
The Great Barrier Reef is a reef located in the Coral Sea, on Australia's north–eastern coast. It
stretches more than 2,300km along the state of Queensland's coastline, beginning at the tip of Cape
York Peninsula in the north and extending down to Bundaberg in the south.
The Great Barrier Reef has recently been faced with threats of climate change which is set to wreak
irreversible damage by the year 2030. This is because over the past century, human activities have
released considerable amounts of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.
The majority of greenhouse gases come from burning fossil fuels to produce energy, although
deforestation, industrial processes, and some agricultural practices also emit gases into the
atmosphere. the increase of these greenhouse gases can change Earth's climate and result in
dangerous effects to human health and welfare and to ecosystems. The Great Barrier Reef has been
and will be more and more soon, greatly effected by this as well as other serious threats such as,
catchment pollution, coastal development and fishing.
This is a huge issue for the Great Barrier Reef as it is a fragile ecosystem. The Great Barrier Reef is
one of the most ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Seaweed is marine algae. Large algae is also known as macro algae. Although seaweed is sometimes
mistaken for plants, they are not actually plants because they lack roots, stems and leaves. Like sea
grass, seaweed requires sunlight for photosynthesis. Since they don't inherit roots they require hard
surfaces to attach themselves to so they don't float away. Brown and red algae are usually found
closer to shore, whereas red and green seaweed is found more further away in offshore areas. Algae
play a large role in the ecology of the Great Barrier Reef. They create habitats for numerous
invertebrates and vertebrates. In addition they are a major food source for various

Light Spectra Gained Habitats
Light spectra of the sampled habitats of studied species. a Upward light in air; b underwater upward
light; c underwater sideward light. Light spectra shown are the geometric means of the
measurements at the respective collection sites. Red: habitats of P. h. himantegus; Blue: habitats of
P. h. chii.
The two bitterling examined live in different types of habitats. P. h. chii prefer shallow habitats, such
as irrigation channels, whereas P. h. himantegus prefer deeper water, including lakes and ponds.
These habitats differ in depth, current, and photic environments. The ambient light spectra of turbid
waters may have a higher relative irradiance at longer wavelengths. Compared to P. h. himantegus,
the habitats of P. h. chii have lower density of planktonic algae and clear, running water. P. h.
himantegus dwell in locations where ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The light environment is a factor known to drive both the reception and production of visual signals
in fish. The study showed that P. h. himantegus is more sensitive than P. h. chii to longer wavelength
light and less sensitive than P. h. chii at shorter wavelengths. Therefore, the spectral sensitivities of
each subspecies are suitable for their environment. Additionally, the nuptial colorations of the two
subspecies may also result from the different photic environments or the distinction of sensory
properties. Fish commonly use UV signals for communication. The ERG data demonstrated that
both of these subspecies can perceive UV light, yet, P. h. chii was more sensitive than P. h.
himantegus, which is consistent with their habitats. Since the body UV reflection patterns cannot be
quantitatively compared between species, it cannot be concluded that UV sensitivity between the
species is related to body UV reflection patterns. However, the UV patterns of the bitterlings were

Dinoflagellates Research Paper
Dinoflagellates are eukaryotic microorganisms that are commonly found in marine environments.
They are a large group of flagellate protists that are also identified as algae. Most dinoflagellates
possess plastids, a double membrane organelle that stores pigments used in photosynthesis [1, 2].
However, some dinoflagellates only acquire these temporarily by digesting food algae [1]. A large
portion of dinoflagellates are mixotrophic, phagotrophy with photosynthesis [3]. There are roughly
2,000 species of dinoflagellates living and more than 1,700 of them live in marine environments [4].
Dinoflagellates possess two flagella that produce forward movement and also provide a turning
ability [5]. Another unique characteristic of dinoflagellates is the ability to bioluminesce. In total, 68
species are bioluminescent and emit a blue–green light due to the stimulation of the enzyme
dinoflagellate luciferase [6, 7]. Although there are many defining characteristics of dinoflagellates,
there is still confusion as to whether they should be identified as algae or protists.
Protists are mostly unicellular and can be heterotrophic or ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
There are too many variations in pigmentation, metabolism, and morphology to group all
dinoflagellates together. In an effort to gain a better understanding of where they belong
evolutionarily, researchers have begun using the nuclear–encoded large subunit ribosomal RNA
gene (LSU rDNA) for phylogenetic analysis. It contains conserved and divergent sequences [19].
The accumulation of LSU rDNA information can aid in identifying dinoflagellates at a species level
and can track the dispersal of other marine microorganisms [16].It has also been proposed that the
dinoflagellate lineage is linked to the endosymbiosis of a chromist haptophyte algae that contained
chlorophyll a and c

The Effects of Global Warming on the Great Barrier Reef...
The Effects of Global Warming on the Great Barrier Reef
Introduction
Coral reefs around the world are in danger. One of the causes is global warming, which has been
increasing the temperature of the ocean water resulting in coral bleaching. This essay will focus on
damage occurring to the Great Barrier Reef.
What is a Coral Reef?
A coral reef is a ridge formed in shallow ocean water by accumulated calcium–containing
exoskeletons of coral animals, certain red algae, and mollusks. Coral reefs are tropical, forming only
where surface waters are never cooler than 20° C (68° F).
The only difference between a barrier reef and a coral reef is that a barrier reef occurs farther
offshore, with a channel or lagoon between it and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Global Warming
Global warming is the increase in the earth's temperature caused by the buildup of greenhouse gases
(carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and methane) in the atmosphere. Greenhouse gases prevent infrared
radiation from escaping into space, and this greenhouse effect maintains the earth's warm
temperature. Increasing levels of greenhouse gases, resulting from industry and the burning of fossil
fuels, may result in rising global temperatures, causing coastal flooding and major climatic changes.
According to the British Meteorological Office, 1995 was the warmest year on record and global
temperatures continued to rise. A United Nations panel of scientists has predicted that if greenhouse
gas emissions are not reduced, the average global temperature could rise by 1° to 3.5° C (1.8° to
6.3° F) by the year 2100.
What's Happening?
Coral reefs are threatened by global warming. They can only live in waters between 18 C and 30 C.
Therefore, with the increase in temperature of the surrounding water, there has been an
unprecedented increase in the number of coral bleaching events during the past 2 decades (which
have had some of the warmest years in history). When ocean temperatures get too high, coral polyps
lose the symbiotic algae inside them, causing them to turn white, or "bleach," and eventually die.

In particular, Australia has been slow to cut back on greenhouse gas emissions. This

Red Coral Research Paper
Cnidarian Project
Ryan Stark
Illini Bluffs High School
Red coral have separate male and female colonies, these groups of females internally fertilize. They
rely on male red coral to release sperm from their colonies and hope for it to land on the polyps of
the female colonies. In the polyps, fertilized eggs become larvae and they take thirty days to develop
in the body cavity. They are released about July or August then they quickly establish and attach
close to the parent colony. Corallium do not grow very rapidly, they will mature in about seven to
twelve years but can live up to one hundred years or more. Red coral settle in deep water, jagged
bottom habitats and commonly along banks, seamounts, in and around caves. ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Something important to know about coral is that they get their magnificent colors from very small
algae that thrive in their tissues. They are pretty much roommates and utilize the same resources.
The algae produces carbohydrates for the corals which they use for the production of photosynthesis
The coral have a very limited temperature range they can tolerate, and if the temperature increases
past that level they stress and then eventually die. The algae within the corals are ejected as they die,
taking the colors with them.
Eventually after birth, corallium will grow a hard outer skeleton or a calcium carbonate shell. This
helps protect the polyp from predators.. These outer shells still remain after the death of the polyp,
which is why coral reefs expand to be so big. They build on the dead structures of their ancestors.
Red coral and all coral for that matter, look like they are underwater bushes. They can grow up to be
twenty centimeters in length and three centimeters in

Coral Reef Climate Change Essay
The article talks about how climate change has affected coral reefs over the past several years. Kim
Cobb who is a marine scientist at the Georgia Institute of Technology said that climate change has
damaged the coral, the entire reef is covered with red–brown fuzz and algae had grown over the
dead coral during his last dive in the deep waters of Kiritimati Island. According to the article,
Scientists believe that the damages of coral reefs are caused by the mass bleaching of coral reefs
around the world, heat stress from multiple severe weather events like El Nino and climate change.
As a result, more than a third of Earth's coral reefs are threatened and many may not recover.
Elevated sea temperatures caused by climate change and extra–bright sunlight can result in coral
bleaching. As the water gets warmer, corals will expel the algae known as zooxanthellae that lives in
their tissues causing the coral to turn completely white. When temperatures drop, the corals can
recover, but they might be vulnerable to disease and when ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
They protect against coastal flooding, wave damage, storm surges, wave damage, and also they
provide homes for lots of fish.. Coral reefs are dying because of the increase in ocean acidification
that is caused by the increase of CO2 in the atmosphere. Coral reefs may stop growing if the CO2
concentration levels are high which is expected over the coming decades according to the article.
Coral reefs are also vital for people and business. In the article it was reported that more than 30
million small–scale fisherman and women depend on coral reefs for their livelihoods, specifically in
Indonesia where fish supported by the reefs provide the primary source of protein.
It is crucial that we take actions to protect coral reefs from the damaging effects of climate change.
By reducing the temperature increase we may be able to help save the coral reefs left for the future

Light Pollution
Effects of Light Pollution on Ecosystems
Intro
Over time, human populations have been exponentially increasing. This growth has led to a major
increase in demand for resources and space. To achieve their goals, humans have caused major
changes in the surrounding ecosystems in many ways. First, they have cleared many areas thriving
with organisms to build roads and cities destroying different ecosystems. Second, they have
overharvested many species for food and resources causing many species to go extinct. Lastly, they
have polluted natural habitats in numerous ways declining species biodiversity. Many people are
familiar with pollution such as air pollution, trash pollution, and chemical pollution. However, a less
apparent type of pollution that is equally important is the pollution of artificial lighting.
Over the past hundred plus years artificial lighting has increased in use dramatically. From 1992 to
2013 there has been an increase in light intensity on coastal zones of about 42% (Brei et al. 2016).
This increasing use of light has had major impacts on surrounding species on land and in water.
Many organisms are nocturnal or depend on light cues to go on through normal daily activities such
as foraging, migration, and reproduction. This disruption in schedule has seen to have major impacts
on varied species. La Sorte et al. (2017) shows how light pollution affects nocturnal migrating birds.
These birds seemed to be attracted to highly lit urban areas disrupting natural behaviors like
migration. Perkin et al. (2014) displays how artificial lighting can affect insects and their ability to
properly disperse throughout areas. Although light pollution has shown to affect many diverse types
of organisms on land, marine organisms have also been affected. Due to the increase in artificial
light pollution, the marine environment can have disruptions which lead to trophic cascades,
changes in behaviors, and changes in interactions among and between marine species resulting in a
loss of biodiversity. If humans keep on the same track they have been, then biodiversity will be lost,
so they must think of solutions to combat and reduce the effects artificial light pollution has on
biodiversity.
Trophic Cascades
One of

A fresh-water, nitrogen-fixing blue-green alga...
A fresh–water, nitrogen–fixing blue–green alga (cyanobacterium), Scytonema sp. No. 11 (TISTR
8208), was isolated from a paddy field in northern Thailand. This alga produced bioactive
substances and sec– reted them into the culture medium. These substances have antibiotic activity
toward B. subtilis, and mitogen activity. The production of antibiotics was easily monitored with a
spectrophotometer, because they are produced concomitantly with colored substances. The
conditions for antibiotic production were investigated and optimized with respect to pH,
temperature, nitrogen source, and light intensity. Immobilization of cells was investigated in
connection with its subsequent application to photobioreactors. The filamentous nature ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, the production of bioactive compounds in a photobioreactor with immobilized algal cells
has never been reported (8). Several techniques have been utilized for algal cell immobilization; the
most popular method is the entrapment of algal cells in polysaccharides (agar, agarose, alginate, and
carrageenan). Most of the techniques have been applied to H2 production (8,9). Nevertheless, one of
the most suc– cessful studies has been the production of hydrogen and ammonia in a bioreactor with
the immobilization of a symbiotic blue–green alga, Ana– baena azollae, on polyurethane foam (10).
In our studies, the crude sample of violet solution that was secreted by Scytonema sp. No. 11 was
tested for its bioactive properties. This com– pound showed antibiotic properties toward gram–
positive Bacillus subtilis and also mitogen activity on mouse spleen cells. Because this alga has a
filamentous form, it can secrete extracellular products as bioactive com– pounds. Owing to these
properties, it was selected as a suitable model to study the development of a photobioreactor with
immobilized algal cells for antibiotic production. In addition, the effects of light intensity and CO2
concentration on algal growth and antibiotic production in the bio– reactor were also investigated.
MATERIALS AND METHODS Microorganism The filamentous N2–fixing blue–green alga (BGA)
Scytonema sp. No. 11 (TISTR 8208) was obtained from

Taking a Look at Photosynthetic Pigments
Photosynthetic pigments
Introduction
Some animals and most plants use photosynthesis to convert light energy into chemical energy. The
energy that is created can be stored and is accessed later on by consumers. The consumers of the
organisms break bonds while digesting the plant material and the stored energy is released into their
perspective systems. The entire process of photosynthesis can be summarized as carbon dioxide and
water reacting with light to create sugar, water and oxygen. Although put deceivingly simple terms,
the process of photosynthesis' energy conversion can be broken into two different reaction
pathways, a light independent reaction and a light dependent reaction. In the light independent
reaction, the energy stored by the plant as ATP and NADPH is used to fixate carbon dioxide and
create sugar. Inversely, the light dependent reactions use the absorption of light to produce ATP and
high energy electrons that are stored. The absorbing molecules found within the plant are referred to
as pigments and each one absorbs different wavelengths. For example, chlorophyll absorbs red and
blue light while other pigments absorb all other wavelengths of light that are left over. The "other"
pigments found in plants fall into a group called carotenoids. Within the carotenoid group, the
wavelengths for violet and blue light are absorbed. To understanding pigments in plants in relation
to light, Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and spectroscopy are used to test the

Coral Growth
As mentioned several times above, coral growth is the key to a formation of any type of reef. Free–
swimming coral larvae find homes on submerged rocks or stable surfaces nearby the edges of land.
Colonies of coral form as calcium carbonate skeletons accumulate and begin to be bounded by
surrounding corals. The polyps continues to secrete calcareous skeletons that form protective
structures they will reside in. The protective structure is like a sort of cup the polyp sits under, and
new hard skeletons grow/forms as the coral polyp lifts and releases new calcium carbonate
framework. Coral reproduces asexually, the polyp buds and new, genetically identical coral polyps
develop. The cycle continues and the coral spreads over a relatively short period of time. The first
formation of coral begins a platform for other new coral to settle and form. These skeletons make up
a majority of the reefs framework, however these are other small organisms that contribute to the
formation. Fire corals, which are more closely related to hydrozoans than actual corals, also deposit
large amounts of calcium carbonate that add to the construction. Calcareous algae that live on the
actual coral, begin to deposit calcium carbonate within their tissue. As they die ... Show more
They are by far the most numerous and diverse. Fish are critical to the health of a coral reef. The
physical structure of a coral reef is very different from that of the surrounding open ocean.
Therefore, fish that reside in these reefs must have evolved many specialized traits that allow them
to flourish in that environment. Reef fish bodies differ in many ways from most other fishes. These
animals dwell on coral reefs and therefore have evolved thin, flat bodies that can easily be
maneuvered to make the necessary sharp turns. Furthermore, the pectoral and pelvic fins positioning
enhances the functionality of the pancake–like

Bacterial Growth Rates Essay
Unit 3. Assignment 1: Bacterial Growth Rates
1. Mediums that could be used to determine shigellosis include Btilliant Green Agar, and Triple
Sugar–Iron Agar. Expected results in a confirmed case of shigellosis are as follows:
Brilliant Green Agar – Isolated Shigella colonies which do not ferment lactose or sucrose and
appear red or white in color with no growth to trace growth on the Agar plate will be present.
Triple Sugar–Iron Agar – Presence of Shigella will manifest as a red slant with a yellow butt with no
H2S present.
In Brilliant Green Agar, E. coli O157 would present as isolated yellow to greenish colonies
surrounded by yellow–green zones. In the Triple Sugar–Iron Agar, E. coli O157 will manifest as a
red slant, red butt ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
3. These results suggest that the K. brevis counts are significantly increasing by more than
quadrupling in number over a three day time frame, which is indicative of an impending harmful
algal bloom. With this rate of increase, it is safe to speculate that a full algal bloom will occur in
approximately 2.5 more days. There are other methods that may be used to investigate growth rates
of bacteria, and these include filtration, measuring turbidity with a colorimeter or
spectrophotometer, and using the most probable number method (Reikowski, 2013).
4. When beginning a culture of S. pneumonia with one cell at 9 a.m., the amount of cells that will be
present by noon is equal to 64 cells. If you were to begin this experiment by 6:30 p.m., 20
generations will have passed (60 minutes x 10 hours = 600. 600 / 20 generations = 30 minute
generation time.) If this culture is left indefinitely, logarithmic growth will only be maintained for a
limited time. This is a result of the increase in the number of organisms and a decrease in nutrients,
accumulation of metabolic waste, limited living space, and oxygen depletion. Limiting factor for
logarithmic growth is the rate of which energy can be produced in the form of ATP. As nutrient
availability decreases, cells are less able to generate ATP and their growth rate significantly
decreases. This decreased growth

The Effects And Effects Of Eutrophication
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
EUTROPHICATION
Eutrophication refers to the effects and involvement of the varied nutrients in aquatic systems. It is
defined as the enrichment of water by nutrients, primarily nitrogen and phosphorus, which causes an
increase in the rate of supply of organic matter to an ecosystem. This increase in organic matter
hastens and accelerates the growth of algae and other forms of plant life. Most of these algae and
plant life produces detrimental damage and disturbance to the ecosystem present in the water and
the overall water quality (Andersen, Schlüter, Ærtebjerg, 2006). The process of eutrophication
commonly happens over a long period of time, but human activities have accelerated the rate and
degree of eutrophication of rivers and lakes which causes an excess nitrogen and phosphorus in the
water quality (Chislock, Doster, Zitomer, & Wilson, 2013).
Eutrophication affects the biological and chemical states of water, which causes reservoirs to exceed
standard levels which affects aquatic ecosystems. Some of the factors that are affected by
eutrophication are increased pH, depletion of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore, this study will aid in the characterization of the bay and provide supplementary
information as to what type of benthic algae thrives in the bay.
Excessive supply of nutrients tend to cause overgrowth phytoplankton and algae. This results to
death of other organisms (fish, crustaceans, molluscs, etc.), slow growth rates of fishes and other
organisms (Morris, et al., 1989), decrease net photosynthesis of attached algae (Schindler, 1988) and
death of the aquatic ecosystem. All of which are caused by the high production of algal toxins and
excessive respiration.
Effect of Algal

Shellfish Poisoning Research Paper
Introduction
Amnesic shellfish poisoning is a rare type of food poisoning caused by eating seafood that contains
a poison (toxin) called domoic acid. Domoic acid is produced by a saltwater form of algae, and it is
often eaten by shellfish, such as clams, oysters, and mussels. You can get sick when you eat shellfish
or crab that contains domoic acid (is contaminated). Cooking or freezing the shellfish does not kill
the toxin.
Domoic acid causes stomach and intestinal problems. It can also cause problems with the brain and
spinal cord (nervous system). In severe cases, these problems can be life–threatening.
What are the causes?
This condition is caused by eating seafood that has had contact with domoic acid.
What increases the risk?
The following

Persuasive Essay On Climate Change
Due to climate change, millions of people all over the world are suffering from issues with their
health. In the United States, waves of relentless heat, mostly in the southern states, have a drastic
effect upon more and more people each year. Many people believe that this is because each
generation gets weaker than the one before; for example, about a year or so ago, there was a
discussion about whether or not they should put air conditioning on school buses because children
were passing out from the intense heat, many of adults from previous generation thought that the
kids just needed to toughen up and that they had survived the heat growing up. That may be true, but
school used to start in September, which is a bit cooler than August, and add to that the fact that the
temperature gets even hotter every year. I do not believe that we get weaker; I believe that climate
change gets worse. Climate change is not the only problem we face, however, global warming has
been worsening the spread of fatal sicknesses across the globe. "Air pollution from fossil fuel
burning is also causing millions of early deaths each year, while damage to crops from extreme
weather threatens hunger for millions of children," (Carrington n.p.).
Many people assume that humans are the sole cause of the pollution our planet has been facing for
many years now, though we do cause much of the pollution, we are not the only cause of pollution.
As I have stated in a previous article, natural disasters are

Coral Bleaching Research Paper
When looking at the word coral reef bleaching one might have a visual image of a red coral reef
graphic t–shirt which has ventured in the wash well over the normal limit. In reality coral reef
bleaching is when a coral reef expels the algae living in its tissues due to stress in the coral. The
stress in the coral can be caused by warmer water temperature, a change in water lighting, or a lack
or abundance of nutrients in the reef. At this point you are probably wondering what all this has to
due with the changing climate of the earth. The answer to that question will be answered later on in
the paper. Before going any farther I would like to mention (a very big word which I can not
pronounce) zooxanthellae. Zooxanthellae is the relation between ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Recovery time varys often from reef to reef and can be as fast as full recovery in under two years or
as slow as no apparent recovery in as much as or more than twenty years. From my research
examples of coral reef recovery has been natural in all recovery cases and humans do not yet know
how to speed or increase the effectiveness of a coral reef's recovery. I feel inclined to mention that I
have found no attempts of a successful or unsuccessful human imposed recovery (which may or
may not be due to a lack of human attempts). However I must also mention that I did search for
human correction

Marine Iguana
Marine iguana is found only on Galapagos Island. It can feed in the sea and this is the supreme skill
among the modern lizards. Due to this behavior, it is called marine reptile. It is also known as
Galapagos marine iguana.
A marine iguana has long claws which are used for climbing onto the rocks. It has tough skin with
dorsal spines. Short nose of iguana helps to eat algae. Flattened tail is also present which helps in
propelling it against water. Marine iguana has salt glands that are associated to nasal cavity ad hence
remove excess salts from body. (1)
Marine iguana differs in body size. They are medium in size. Males are larger than females and are
4 feet or more in size. Females select larger males for mating. (2)
Reproduction ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As they are cold–blooded so their body temperature is controlled by extrinsic sources such as
sunlight etc.The iguanas eat only in the cold sea. They eat algae growing on the rocks. The cold
water in ocean can slow them down and could even kill them. The best algae grow close to the low
tide mark. Strong claws and good grip is essential for most of the iguanas, life is ruled by tides but
the big males have another option. Below the low tide mark, the growth of algae is luxuriant
because the rocks are always covered. Body temperature of iguanas decreases in cold ocean water.
The iguanas use the heat of topical sun to warm themselves. Their bodies are larger and they can
store heat and do not chill so quickly. Once they warm to optimum 35 degree, they take to the water
down there; they can take advantage of food supply. They can hold their breath for 20 minutes so
they have to feed fast. Every minute they spend, heat is draining from their body. If temperature
falls to low, they are not able to move and will die (5). Marine iguanas are not always black in color
.Young iguanas are light in color and some adults are grey in color (6).The iguanas can't control
their body temperature so they bask in the sun. Dark color of iguana help in absorption of heat
(7).Iguanas can allow its body temperature to rise at about two times the rate at which its body
temperature decreases by adjusting its heart rate and blood flow to its surface

Modern Uses of Cultivated Algae Essays
Modern Uses of Cultivated Algae
Algae are a "group of plants" that dominate the aquatic environment (Raymount, 1984). Organisms
that make up the algae include representatives from three kingdoms and seven divisions:
cyanochloranta and prochorophyta (from Kingdom Monera), pyrrhophyta, chrysophyta, phaeophyta,
and rhodophyta (from Kingdom Protista), and chlorophyta (from Kingdom Plantae). All seven
divisions are called algae because of a lack of roots, stems, and leaves; and most algal cells are
fertile. The basic metabolic processes are located in the individual cell and all lack the
xylem/phloem transport system of "higher plants". These different plant–like organisms have been
used for human food and animal follage.
Macroalgae
The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Nori has been grown in Tokyo Bay for nearly 300 years (Lobban et al, 1985).
Nori is eaten directly in soups or as a vegetable or used as a condiment. The Japanese grow over
500,000 tons of Nori per year and consume over 100,000 tons directly per year. The Nori industry in
Japan employs over 60,000 people and is estimated to support over 300,000 people (McCay, 1987).
The Chinese also have a very large Nori industry but no estimation on the number of employees
have been given. Major commercial centers for Nori include Marinan Islands, Saipan, and Guam.
However, the world's largest and most technically–advanced Nori farms are facilities in the
Philippines (McCoy, 1987).
Nori is also eaten in Europe, mainly in salads. The algae has also been fried in fat, boiled, and even
baked into bread. The British used to seal the fresh algae in barrels for use as food by whaling crews
(Lerman, 1986). In the United States, Nori is commonly found in health food stores. Nori is also
used in the preparation of sushi. The algae is wrapped around the raw seafood and rice to hold the
two together.
The majority of the macroalgae that is under cultivation are used for their phycocolloids. There are
three major commercial groups of phycocolloids: agar–agar, algins and caregeenans. The total
wholesale worldwide of these three products is about one million tons per year, at a value of $250
million.
The primary agar

Essay on Bateu Bay Rockplatfrom Year 11 Task
Abstract:
Aim:
To investigate the Biodiversity of Wonga Point Rock Platform, through the following:
–Examining adaptations of the plants and animals for life of the rock platform
–Measuring abiotic characteristics of the rock platform
–Examining and comparing the richness of species in sub habitats on the rock platform
–Measuring the abundance and distribution of some molluscs and algae on the rock platform
During the investigation we undertook four fieldwork activities such as:
–Investigation of adaptations to life on a rock platform
–Abiotic Factors on and around the rock platform
–Species richness of Sub–habitats on the rock platform
–Distribution and Abundance of Selected Animals and Plants
It was found that the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Count and record the number of individuals of each of the target animals.
4. Estimate and record the percent cover of each target algae in the quadrat.
5. Note other observations eg other animals, elevated, crevice or rock pool etc.
6. Move quadrat to the next position on the transect and repeat steps 3–6.
7. Record results.
Procedure for recording observations of human impact:
1. Observe the rock pool and the surrounds for litter, oyster shells, footprints, fishing wire, as well
as other forms of human interaction.
2. Record results
Results:
Abiotic Data:
Recent Weather: Warm, Breezy and sunny.
Tide: Low Tide 10:37am
Ocean

Air
Bare Rock
Rock Pool
Crevice
Under Cobble
Temp
Infra–red thermometer
20
15
17
21
9
N/A
Salinity %
Refractometer
3.9%
3.5%
pH
Indicator paper
8.5
7.5
Abiotic Data Graphs:
Quadrat data and population estimates:
Transect Diagram:
Flora and Fauna Summary of

Saltwater Algae

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