smuct

1. An introduction to CAD
Introduction:
distribution systemautomation is built on5pillars which are computerprogramming,computer
aided design &drafting (CADD), systemsupervisory&dataacquisition systems
(SCADA),localnetworks including LAN &WANand geographic information systems(GIS)
including globalpositioning system(GPS)software& receivers. In this article anintroduction to
CADsystemswill bepresented.TheCADpackagesare thetoolsusedtoautomate the
drafting/designing/engineeringprocesses in almostall industries &technical operations.The
CADprogramwas 1ofthefirst toolstobeusedtoautomate the technical officesofany
organization. SuchCADpackageshave beenin use(commercially) forover20years in
consulting firms, industrial plants, refineries, petrochemical plants,utilities andothersectorsof
theindustry.
Theyproducedrawings ofevery type:electrical, mechanical,civil, architecture, process,
instrumentation,....etc. Depending ontheuserfield ofinterest, the CADsystemcantie in with
otherautomating/analysis/production packages,forexample CAM (computeraided
manufacturing) &GIS(Geographic information systems).Overthe recentfew years alot
ofdevelopment tookplacewith respecttoCADsystems.Theinterface between the userand
softwareisbecoming easier &similar tootheroff-the-shelf general softwarepackages.The
drawings canbecheckedagainst specified standards.Thedrawings canbesentovertheinternet
forviewing ormarking& checking. Theattributes (fields) ofthe drawnobjects(entities) canbe
accessedviaother non-CADsoftwarepackages.Thedrawing canbefed into anotherprogram
foranalysis ordisplaying detailedinformation.

2. Components of a CAD system:
they canbeclassified broadlyinto the softwareandthe hardware. Thesoftwarebeing the
programthat theuserwill interact with todraw, modify, store&plothis/her work.The
hardware contains the workstations (orpersonalcomputers),theplotter&the server
(fornetworked systems).
The software:
it providesthe userwith all the necessarytoolstodraw/sketch, modify, adddimensions,cross
hatch, send&plothis/her drawing. Thesetoolsaredisplayed onthemonitor's screen.
Theprogramwill allow morethan 1approachforentering the commandsorperforming the
requiredfunctions. Thescreenmay bedivided into thefollowing sections:menu bar(or
sometimes called pull-down menus), standardtoolbar,ribbonbar(orobjectpropertiestoolbar),
drawing window with cursor,draw(quick)toolbar,modify toolbar,coordinatesystemicon,
model& layout tab,commandwindowwith command line, statusline with toggle buttonsand
feature (history) tree. Ingeneral, when atoolbariconis clicked 1of3actionswill take place:a
dialog boxwill bedisplayed, afunction (sub-tool)barwill bedisplayed having additional
functions that relate tothe clicked toolbariconoraspecific actionoccurs.

3. The hardware:
Thepersonalcomputerwill beaPentium orcompatible microprocessorwithadequateamount
ofRAM(64 MB ormorepreferred), compatible operating system,SVGA(orVGA)
monitorcard, harddrive with sufficient space(capacity)toinstall thesoftwarepackage,mouse,
parallelcommunication port,serialcommunication portand modemtoconnecttothe Internet.
Theplotterconnectedtothenetwork canbeclassified into either vectororrasterdevices.The
first receives theinformation (to beplotted)sentbyCADprograms(as vectors(lines basedon
mathematical coordinate
What is CAM?
Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is a term used to describe a wide
range of healing systems that are not considered part of mainstream or
conventional Western medicine. The goal of conventional medicine is to find the
physical sourceof a particular disease and then treat it. For example, if a person
has an infection, a conventional doctormay prescribe an antibiotic to kill the
invading bacteria. CAM practitioners, on the other hand, take a more "holistic"
approachto health care. They believe that health and disease involve a complex
interaction of physical, spiritual, mental, emotional, genetic, environmental, and
social factors. In order to treat a disease or promotegood health, CAM

4. practitioners treat the whole person.
In the United States, this holistic approach to health has been labeled "alternative"
for a variety of reasons. Sometimes it is difficult to scientifically test alternative
therapies in the same way that prescription drugs are tested. The conventional
medical community relies on scientific evidence when evaluating the safety and
effectiveness of a particular therapy. And while researchers are now beginning to
test CAM therapies, scientific studies have long been focused on conventional
treatments, meaning there is more evidence as to whether they work or not. In
addition, many non-Western healing practices are not taught in United States
medical schools, available to patients in U.S. hospitals, or covered by health
insurance.
What does complementary medicine and alternative medicine mean?
The terms "complementary medicine" and "alternative medicine" are sometimes
used to mean the same thing, but they have different implications. Complementary
medicine refers to therapies used in combination with conventional medicine,
while alternative medicine is used in place of conventional medicine. An example
of complementary medicine is using hypnotherapy (hypnosis) with pain
medications to reduce anxiety and enhance relaxation in people recovering from
severe burns. An example of alternative medicine would be following a special diet
and taking herbs or vitamins rather than medications to treat attention-deficit
hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

5. What is integrative medicine?
The term "integrative medicine" is often used interchangeably with CAM, but it
has a different meaning. Health care professionals who practice integrative
medicine blend CAM therapies with mainstream medicine, rather than simply
adding one complementary therapy (such as herbs) to a standard medical
treatment. Forexample, an integrative treatment for Alzheimer's disease may
include a combination of the following:
 Prescription medications that increase certain brain chemicals
 Antioxidants (such as vitamin E and ginkgo biloba )
 Changes in lifestyle (such as walking programs and relaxation training) to
reduce anxiety and improve behavior
 Music therapy
More and more Americans are becoming familiar with integrative medicine.
Studies have found that this blended approachto health care is safe and effective
for a growing number of medical conditions.
What are the basic principles of CAM?
Although CAM therapies vary widely, several themes can be traced through them
all:
 The focus is on the whole person -- physical, emotional, social, and spiritual.
 Prevention of illness is a primary concern.
 Treatments are highly individualized.
 Treatments are aimed at the causes of illness rather than at its symptoms.
 Treatments are designed to supportthe natural healing processesofthe
body.

6. Who is using CAM?
The healing practices are increasingly being tested for effectiveness and safety in
well-designed research studies. Once distant healing practices are becoming more
common, and more Americans are turning to integrative medical care than ever
before.
The movement toward integrative medicine in the United States has been prompted
by a growing consumer demand for CAM services. A survey given to more than
31,000 U.S. adults found that nearly 70% of Americans have used at least one form
of CAM therapy in their lifetime, making this "unconventional" medical approach
one of the fastest growing sectors ofAmerican health care. In 2004 in the United
States, 36% of adults were using some form of CAM. When megavitamin therapy
and prayer specifically for health reasons were included in the definition of CAM,
that number rose to 62%.
The survey also found that CAM approaches are most often used to treat back pain
or problems, colds, neck pain or problems, joint pain or stiffness, and anxiety or
depression. However, only about 12% of adults sought care from a licensed CAM
practitioner, suggesting that most people who use CAM do so on their own.

7. According to the survey, the 10 most commonly used CAM therapies and the
percent of U.S. adults using each therapy were:
 Prayer for own health, 43%
 Prayer by others for the respondent's health, 24%
 Natural products (suchas herbs, other botanicals, and enzymes), 19%
 Deep breathing exercises, 12%
 Participation in prayer group for own health, 10%
 Meditation, 8%
 Chiropractic care, 8%
 Yoga, 5%
 Massage, 5%
 Diet-based therapies (such as Atkins, Pritikin, Ornish, and Zone diets), 4%
The survey also found information about why people use CAM:
 55% of adults said they believed that it would help them when combined
with conventional medical treatments.
 50% thought CAM would be interesting to try.
 26% used CAM because a conventional medical professional suggested they
try it.
 13% used CAM because they felt that conventional medicine was too
expensive.
Studies also report 41% of people who use CAM use two or more CAM therapies
during the prior year. The highest rates of CAM use tend to be among people ages
40 - 64, females, non-black/non-Hispanic, and with annual income of $65,000 or
Although herbs and supplements are not regulated by the U.S. Food and Drug
Administration, pharmacies across the country are seeing a surge in the demand for
these alternative remedies. Pharmacists are being trained to counselpeople on the

8. safe and efficient use of CAM therapies. Most U.S. medical schools also now
include instruction about CAM. More and more health insurance plans are also
covering CAM, particularly treatments such as acupuncture and chiropractic,
whose safety and effectiveness for treating certain health problems has been well
researched. A study found that among the 600,000 enrollees in a particular health
insurance plan, 13.7% made CAM claims. Of those, 1.3% made claims for
acupuncture, compared with 1.6% for naturopathic medicine, 2.4% for massage,
and 10.9% for chiropractic.
What are the major types of CAM?
The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM)
classifies CAM therapies into 5 major groups:
 Alternative medical systems: built upon complete systems of theory and
practice. Examples include homeopathy, naturopathy, traditional Chinese
medicine (TCM), and Ayurveda.
 Biologicalmedicine: use of substances found in nature, such as herbs,
foods, and vitamins to promote health.
 Energy medicine: involves the use of energy fields to promote health. Some
kinds of energy medicine (known as biofield therapies) aim to influence
energy fields believed to surround and penetrate the human body. Examples
include qi gong, Reiki, and Therapeutic Touch. Other forms of energy
medicine (known as bioelectromagnetic-based medicine) use
electromagnetic fields, such as electroacupuncture.
 Manual medicine: based on manipulation and movement of one or more
parts of the body. Examples include osteopathy, physical therapy, massage,
chiropractic, Feldenkrais, and reflexology.

9.  Mind-body medicine: uses a range of techniques that help boostthe mind's
ability to influence bodily functions. Examples include biofeedback, deep
relaxation, guided imagery, hypnotherapy, meditation, prayer, support
groups, and yoga.
What types of changes in policy are happening in order to incorporate CAM
into the U.S. medical system?
In 1991, under a Congressional mandate, the National Institutes of Health (NIH)
established the Office of Alternative Medicine (OAM). OAM was to evaluate
CAM practices, supportCAM research and training, and establish a CAM
information clearinghouse for the public.
In 1998 Congress established the National Center for Complementary and
Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) to take the place of the OAM. NCCAM's mission
is to supportCAM research and provide information to healthcare providers as
well as the public. Among other efforts, NCCAM focuses on research that looks at
the safety and effectiveness of herbs and nutritional supplements and how they
might interact with medications. It also evaluates other CAM treatments such as
acupuncture and chiropractic. NCCAM funds several research centers outside of
the NIH. To learn more about the centers and their research agendas, visit
NCCAM's web site at

10. What is the future of CAM?
There are signs that CAM is becoming accepted into mainstream medicine. For
example, breakthroughs in CAM research are now published in prestigious
Western peer-reviewed journals such as the Journal of the American Medical
Association and the Annals of Internal Medicine. Still, there are real obstacles to
truly integrated medicine. Some of these obstacles include cultural issues, lack of
scientific studies, and administrative problems. However, because conventional
doctors and CAM practitioners bothwant to create safe, effective, and affordable
treatments, the integration of the best CAM into conventional medicine may not be
worlds away.
Plotter
A plotter is a very versatile tool. It is sometimes confused with a printer, but a
plotter uses line drawings to form an image instead of using dots. A common type
of plotter is one that uses a pen or pencil, usually held by a mechanical “arm,” to
draw lines on paper as images are typed. It may be a componentthat is added to a
computer system or it may have its own internal computer. It can be used to create
layouts, diagrams, specs, and banners.
A plotter may use multiple pens and pencils, which can be easily be changed out in
order to create drawings of a different color or drawings that contain more than one

11. color. A plotter is preferred over a printer in many commercial applications,
including engineering, becauseit is far more exact.
Another type of plotter provides the ability to remove pens or pencils and replace
them with other tools. This type of plotter is frequently used for commercial sign
making. A penknife may be substituted for writing instruments, while pressure
sensitive vinyl is frequently substituted for paper. As the sign maker types in
letters, numbers, or symbols, the plotter cuts them from vinyl to create lettering for
signs, billboards, vehicles, and many other applications. A plotter can generally cut
both very tiny and very large images, cutting through the vinyl and leaving the
paper backing intact, so the letters can easily be peeled away and applied to a
surface.
Cutting plotters
Cutting plotter knives cut into a piece of material (paper, mylar or vinyl) that is
lying on the flat surface area of the plotter. It is achieved because the cutting
plotter is connected to a computer, which is equipped with specialized cutting
design or drawing computer software programs. Thosecomputer software
programs are responsible for sending the necessary cutting dimensions or designs
in order to command the cutting knife to producethe correct project cutting needs.
In recent years the use of cutting plotters (generally called die-cut machines) has
become popular with home enthusiasts of paper crafts such as cardmaking and
scrapbooking. Such tools allow desired card shapes to be cut out very precisely,
and repeated perfectly identically. As of 2012 the best known cutters are probably
the Cricut range of machines by Provo Craft. Other manufacturers of personal

12. cutting machines include Black Cat, Boss Kut, Craftwell, Pazzles, Silhouette and
Sizzix.
Working process
The pen plotters use one or multiple pens to plot the image on the paper. Their
speed varies between 15 to 30 inches per second of pen lines. The wholeimage to
be plotted is controlled by various instructions used by the computer as a series in
one of the plotter control language. Itis a single pen plotter and drawing contains
only one color then the plotting is fastest. The pen draws the image according to
the instructions received fromthe computer. But if it is a multicolor drawing then
one needs to sit there and change the pens as and when required or prompted.
This decreases the speed of plotting and also one has to sit there and watch the
job continuousely.
On the other hand in case of a multipen plotter the pens are changed
automatically by the main pen holder fromthe pen assembly. The main pen
holder collects the pens fromassembly as and when required and it acts on the
instructions supplied by the computer. In mostof the cases the plotter starts with
one pen and draws all portions of drawing of that color then changes the second
pen complets the portion of that color. The process continues till all parts with all
color of drawing is completed. Because the pen is changed automatically so it is
faster than single pen plotter in case of multicolor drawing but it needs an ink that
must dry quickly enough so that lines are not subsequently smeared by the pen

13. tip and also ink should not dry on the pen tip. Also all the pens filled with inks
must be ready to starts the plotting.
Some electrostatic plotters are also available which are morefaster than these
plotters but they are very costly. Their working principle is similar to that of laser
printer. They create the whole image to be plotted in their memory firstand it is
plotted as a series of dots. They are used for continuous outputs and a paper roll
is used formthen. How ever you can usecut sheets papers too, someother types
of plotters are thermal plotter , laser plotter and Pencil plotter.
The plotter are serial devices so they need serial ports for interfacing. Almostall
plotters usethe 25 pin D shell connectors for their interfacing. The 25 wired cable
uses one 25 DM and one 25 DF connector at its ends. The female connector is
attached to the computer and the male connector is attached to the plotter.
Manual vs CAD/CAM system in garment industry
range of customer.
With this flexible CAD System and plotte,r Unit C is able to reduce 50% of sample
making time compared to Unit M.
Productivity:
As mentioned in the experimental procedure, the CAD/CAM System has a
production of 15,856 pieces/day whereas the MANUAL system has 4,013
pieces/day.

14. • As the CAD/CAM process requires transfer of information or data for marker
planning via floppy, the process is simplified and the production is increased.
• In CAD/CAM system, the capacity of the cutting room has to deal with a mixture
of different types of cloth. Whereas in MANUAL system it is highly impossible to
work with mixture of different types of cloth.
• With such a flexible cutting room facilities available, Unit C must have higher
production rates compared with Unit M member together with very high cutting
speed.
Lead time for production:
Lead-time of garment production is the number of days
required to finish a garment from sample stage to
finished garment. Lead-time of Unit C is about 39 days
and of Unit M is around 55 days. Due to faster sample
production, highly saved time and higher productivity
combined with flexibility, CAD system Unit C is more
acceptable.
Conclusion
Unit C is using CAD/CAM system for garment manufacturing. There is a
significant improvement in productivity, and quality, leading to time reduction.
The following are the some of the benefits of CAD/CAM that the author observed
from the Unit C.
• Reduction in pattern designing, grading, and pattern alteration time by around
90%. The time required for Unit C is 36.81 minutes and for line M is about 350
minutes.
• Greater flexibility in pattern designing, grading and marking
• Reduction in waste% of up to 10%.
• Increasing quality of cutting room by around 50%.
• Reduction in sample making time by 60%.
Unit C ---- 5 days
Unit M ---- 10 days
• Increasing monthly productivity by 75%.
Productivity/day (Unit C) -15,856

15. Productivity/day (Unit M) - 4,013
• Reduction in lead-time up to 45 days.
Unit C ----- 39 days
Unit M ---- 55 days
References
1. www.lectra.com.
2. www.tukatech.com.
3. www.fashionflame.com.
4. www.gerber.com.
5. Gerry C: Introduction to Clothing Manufacture, Blackwell Science (London)
1991.
6. Pooja Gupta: Evolution of Design Solutions in the Textile and Apparel Industry,
Clothesline, Vol 14.
Note: For detailed version of this article please refer the print version of The Indian
Textile Journal February 2010 issue.
V Parthasarathi
Department of Fashion Technology
PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore 641 004.
Email: sarathi_vp@hotmail.com.
Advantages of CAD software
The previous section of this article identified several scenarios that might indicate
that it is time to invest in a new CAD software system; here we explain how CAD
software can address thoseissues and offer insight into additional advantages of
CAD software. We also introduce the conceptof Building Information Modeling,
which extends CAD beyond a project's design phase to construction, operation and
maintenance.
One of the most obvious advantages of CAD software is the use of digital models
instead of paper blueprints. Here measurements are automatic, and lines, shapes
and objects can be created with simple mouse clicks as opposed to slide rulers and
calculators. Models can also be viewed in three dimensions.
Another advantage of CAD software is data centralization. All digital blueprints
are saved on the same server, not in disparate file cabinets, and can be accessed by
anyone who uses the software. (Some CAD software also gives users the chance to
view files on mobile devices.) This lets designers in different locations work on the

16. same project, sharing edits and modifications, which reduces communication
bottlenecks and improves efficiency, accountability and project execution.
Finally, many CAD software tools integrate with costestimating software or, at the
very least, let users export information such as lists of building components
(windows, doors, pieces of furniture, etc.) This, too, saves time and reduces the
likelihood of transcription errors, since part lists need not be recreated.
Benefits of the CAD Software
CAD software is being used on large scale basis by a number of engineering
professionals and firms for various applications. The most common application of
CAD software is designing and drafting. Here are some of the benefits of
implementing CAD systems in the companies:
1) Increase in the productivity of the designer:
The CAD software helps designer in visualizing the final productthat is to be
made, it subassemblies and the constituent parts. The productcan also be given
animation and see how the actual productwill work, thus helping the designer to
immediately make the modifications if required. CAD software helps designer in
synthesizing, analyzing, and documenting the design. All these factors help in
drastically improving the productivity of the designer that translates into fast
designing, lower designing costand shorter project completion times.
2) Improve the quality of the design:
With the CAD software the designing professionals are offered large number of
tools that help in carrying out thorough engineering analysis of the proposed
design. The tools also help designers to consider large number of investigations.
Since the CAD systems offer greater accuracy, the errors are reduced drastically in
the designed productleading to better design. Eventually, better design helps
carrying out manufacturing faster and reducing the wastages that could have
occurred because of the faulty design.
3) Better communications:
The next important part after designing is making the drawings. With CAD
software better and standardized drawings can be made easily. The CAD software
helps in better documentation of the design, fewer drawing errors, and greater
legibility.

17. 4) Creating documentation of the designing:
Creating the documentation of designing is one of the most important parts of
designing and this can be made very conveniently by the CAD software. The
documentation of designing includes geometries and dimensions of the product, its
subassemblies and its components, material specifications for the components, bill
of materials for the components etc.
5) Creating the database for manufacturing:
When the creating the data for the documentation of the designing most of the data
for manufacturing is also created like products and componentdrawings, material
required for the components, their dimensions, shape etc.
6) Saving of design data and drawings: All the data used for designing can easily
be saved and used for the future reference, thus certain components don’thave to
be designed again and again. Similarly, the drawings can also be saved and any
number of copies can be printed whenever required. Some of the component
drawings can be standardized and be used whenever required in any future
drawings.
Disadvantages:
One of the biggest disadvantages is the loss of several hours worth of work. This
can happen anytime you don'tsave your work often, if it gets erased, or if a large
network goes offline. Something else that could be a disadvantage would be the
fact that you can only use CAD software effectively and efficiently if you ha ve
taken classes or read instructional books, bothof which take time and money. The
only other disadvantage, is that an architect or engineer can draw anything on
paper that someone can draw on a computer, this last is not much of a disadvantage
because of how much faster blueprints can be created and rendered with CAD
software
If computer problem, all data will be lost
If not checked properly, the object created can go very wrong
Can be very expensive
Can be hard to do and handling needs training
Since not manual, can be slightly irritating becauseif not familiar with technology,

18. it is very hard to insure exactly what is wanted by the designer e.g. If wanted
something engraved instead of cut, the line colour has to be changed into blue
instead of red.
Sometimes you can't do everything you want to because the tools aren't available
Lots of people lost their jobs when CAD CAM originally came out
CAD disadvantages include: 1: Difficulty keeping track of changes when many
people are working on drawings for a project (Revision Control).
2: Protecting your ideas is difficult when you must share your drawings with
customers and contractors, but you need input about design questions .
3: Sharing your drawings with other companies who may not be using the same
CAD programs.
CAM disadvantages include 1: Potential for wasted parts and materials due to
inaccurate CAD. 2: Machinery can break down, halting production. 3: Initial setup
of the productionline can be expensive, making limited runs cost-prohibitive.
CAM Advantage: Very fast setup of machinery for large volume productionruns...
CAD/CAM for Students
CAD/CAM Books:
following are some of the world known books on CAD/CAM. These books will
help in understanding the basic concepts ofCAD/CAM technology. These books
will upgrade your thinking from a mechanical engineer to CAD/CAM
engoineer. you can purchase these bookonline and from the bookstores.
CADCAM: Principles, Practice and Manufacturing Management(2nd
Edition) (Hardcover)

19. The optimum path to become a CAD/CAM Engineer is to seek the best on hand
training. Upon getting Diploma, Degree in engineering, students are encouraged to
go through a short term (One year/Six months) coursewith a concentration in
CAD/CAM technology. Graduates can then seek direct employment experience in
the field or go on to pursue a further degree at a senior institution. Many employers
pay part of the expense for college level courses aimed at an employee’s continued
development.
CAD/CAM Learning
CAD (computer aided designing) is assistance of computer in Design process. This
technology is being used in almost every field of engineering suchas Mechanical,
Civil, Architecture, Automobile, Aerospace, Electrical; Electronics etc. these all
branches have their different softwares.
CAM (Computer aided Manufacturing) is assistance of computer in Manufacturing
process. Different engineering branches are having their own
manufacturing/production processes. Thecomputer may have direct interface such
as CNC, DNC etc. and indirect interface such as inspection, process planning and
documentation where computers are used.
Students can learn CAD software related to their own field. These softwares are
having different levels form high capability and low capability. It is recommended
that student should learn high end software He will be able to handle most of the

20. CAD tasks such as modeling, assemblage, analysis, drafting, tooldesign etc. After
that he will be able to learn and handle most of the other softwares related to his
field with minimum effort and training.
Checklist before selecting institute to learn CAD/CAM
1. Industrialconnection of the institute providing CAD/CAMsoftwares.
2. Trainers of that institute should be having practical knowledgeabout
CAD/CAMand some work experience also.
3. Instituteshould be certified by the companies providing CAD/CAM
softwares and trainings.
4. Check the contents of the courses. Itshould be including both CAD and
CAM modules.
5. Check the placement assistanceinstitute can provide. Try to find the
previous placement record of that institute.
6. Find the teaching methodology. Itshould be on the concept of projectwork
by students and not only lecture based.
7. Check the hardwaresupportof that institute. Instituteshould have high
configuration computer fromreputed companies.
8. Check the links of that institute with industries for industrialexposure of
that institute such as plastic, automobile, home appliance industries.
9. Check the softwarelist of that institute. Itshould have mostof the high end
softwares.
10.Compare the fees structurewith the contents. Itshould be according to the
contents of the course. Don’tlook at cheaper courses.

21. Introduction CAD software
Introduction CAD software:
Computer Aided Design (CAD) is a form of design in which people work with
computers to create ideas, models, and prototypes. CAD was originally developed
to assist people with technical drawing and drafting, but it has expanded to include
numerous other potential uses. A variety of software products designed for CAD
can be found on the market, with many being targeted to a specific application or
industry.
Drafting and technical drawing can be very painstaking, and they require some
special skills. Using CAD for drafting still requires many of the same skills, but by
working with a computer instead of on paper, people can be much more efficient.
They can also play around with ideas much more easily, moving design elements
around and running the design through software programs which can determine
whether or not the design is structurally viable. For example, an architect working
on a bridge can test the design in simulations to see if it will withstand the load it
will need to carry.
CAD can be used to design structures, mechanical components, and molecules,
among other things. One advantage of using CAD is that people don't have to make
prototypes to demonstrate a project and its potential, as they can use a three
dimensional modeling program to show people how something might look. CAD
also allows for endless variations and experiments to show how the look and feel
of something can be altered, and these can be done at the click of a button, rather
than with painstaking drafting work.
Advanced CAD programs usually require extensive training from their users, as
they can be very complex and challenging to work with. More casual programs can
be learned in shorter periods of time, with some designed to allow people to work
within the program immediately, learning as they go. Simple programs can also
sometimes have their functionality increased with expansion packs which are
designed to provide additional features, so that people can work within a program
they are familiar with when they want to develop more complex designs.

22. Different CAD Software Name:
There are multiple CAD programs available for design. Generally people become
familiar with one and stick with it. As far as selecting the right one, my advice is
this. Most software companies have a free trial. Thirty-day trials are common.
Take advantage of these trial periods and test the software out. Then at the end,
decide if you want to try software or stick with your best one. I would advise you
try out at least three different packages.
The one you select will probably have to do with you liking the interface or finding
it intuitive. Keep in mind it may work for you now. A simple to use and understand
interface probably has some limitations for your designs. The very bestprograms
are complex with many tools that give you the most control. I have found that I
start with a simple program and outgrow it. At some point I move up to the next
level of software. This usually means a higher price as well.
Types of CAD
There are different types of CAD out there. These are the ones I deal with from
time to time. 2D CAD, 2.5D CAD, and 3D CAD. Here are some quick
explanations of each type.
2D CAD
2D CAD is generally on the low end of CAD software packages. 2D CAD is most
often vector based. The design consists on the X and Y-axis only. The designs are
made up of lines, circles, ovals, slots, curves, etc. There is no "depth" to the design.
Only the outline of the part is visible, to put it in a different way.
2.5D CAD
All of the same descriptions above apply, but the design is prismatic. By that I
mean it has the depth of the material. There are Z levels, but they are on singular
planes.
3D CAD
3D CAD is on the high end of CAD software packages. 3D CAD can be solid
based, wire frame based or nubs based. The design consists on the X, Y and Z-axis.
The designs are made up of lines, circles, ovals, slots, curves, etc, but can also

23. include Spheres, Pyramids, Torrid, Cubes, etc. There is depth to the design. The
design can be rotated around 360 degrees. The design is an accurate description of
what the part would look like if produced in the real world.
Some software packages provide the ability to edit parametric and non-parametric
geometry without the need to understand or undo the design intent history of the
geometry by use of direct modeling functionality. This ability may also include the
additional ability to infer the correct relationships between selected geometry (e.g.,
tangency, concentricity) which makes the editing process less time and labor
intensive while still freeing the engineer from the burden of understanding the
model’s. These kind of non-history based systems are called Explicit Modellers or
Direct CAD Modelers.
Need for CAD/CAM
• To increase productivity of the designer
• To improve quality of the design
• To improve communications
• To create a manufacturing database
• To create and test toolpaths and optimize them
• To help in production scheduling and MRP models
• To have effective shop floor control

24. Objectives
• To understand the need for CAD/CAM in Lean Manufacturing.
• To be able to create 2D Geometries in MASTERCAM
• To be able to create 2D toolpaths in MASTERCAM
• To use MASTERCAM for identifying optimum toolpaths
• To generate NC codes using MASTERCAM
Benefits of the CAD Software Use:
• CAD software is being used on large scale basis by a number of engineering
professionals and firms for various applications. The most common
application of CAD software is designing and drafting. Here are some of the
benefits of implementing CAD systems in the companies:
1) Increase in the productivity of the designer:
• The CAD software helps designer in visualizing the final productthat is to
be made, it subassemblies and the constituent parts. The productcan also be
given animation and see how the actual productwill work, thus helping the
designer to immediately make the modifications if required. CAD software
helps designer in synthesizing, analyzing, and documenting the design. All
these factors help in drastically improving the productivity of the designer
that translates into fast designing, lower designing costand shorter project
completion times.
2) Improve the quality of the design:
With the CAD software the designing professionals are offered large
number of tools that help in carrying out thorough engineering analysis of
the proposed design. The tools also help designers to consider large number
of investigations. Since the CAD systems offer greater accuracy, the errors
are reduced drastically in the designed productleading to better design.
Eventually, better design helps carrying out manufacturing faster and
reducing the wastages that could have occurred because of the faulty design.

25. 3) Better communications:
The next important part after designing is making the drawings. With CAD
software better and standardized drawings can be made easily. The CAD
software helps in better documentation of the design, fewer drawing errors,
and greater legibility.
4) Creating documentation of the designing:
Creating the documentation of designing is one of the most important parts
of designing and this can be made very conveniently by the CAD software.
The documentation of designing includes geometries and dimensions of the
product, its subassemblies and its components, material specifications for the
components, bill of materials for the components etc.
5) Creating the database for manufacturing:
When the creating the data for the documentation of the designing most of
the data for manufacturing is also created like products and component
drawings, material required for the components, their dimensions, shape etc.
6) Saving of design data and drawings:
All the data used for designing can easily be saved and used for the future
reference, thus certain components don’thave to be designed again and
again. Similarly, the drawings can also be saved and any number of copies
can be printed whenever required. Some of the component drawings can be
standardized and be used whenever required in any future drawings.
Disadvantages:
One of the biggest disadvantages is the loss of several hours worth of work. This
can happen anytime you don'tsave your work often, if it gets erased, or if a large
network goes offline. Something else that could be a disadvantage would be the
fact that you can only use CAD software effectively and efficiently if you ha ve
taken classes or read instructional books, bothof which take time and money. The
only other disadvantage, is that an architect or engineer can draw anything on
paper that someone can draw on a computer, this last is not much of a disadvantage
because of how much faster blueprints can be created and rendered with CAD
software If computer problem, all data will be lost

26. If not checked properly, the object created can go very wrong
Can be very expensive Can be hard to do and handling needs training
Since not manual, can be slightly irritating becauseif not familiar with technology,
it is very hard to insure exactly what is wanted by the designer e.g. If wanted
something engraved instead of cut, the line colour has to be changed into blue in
stead of red. Sometimes you can't do everything you want to becausethe tools
aren't available Lots of people lost their jobs when CAD CAM originally came out
CAD disadvantages include: 1: Difficulty keeping track of changes when many
people are working on drawings for a project (Revision Control).
2: Protecting your ideas is difficult when you must share your drawings with
customers and contractors, but you need input about design questions (Intellectual
Property). 3: Sharing your drawings with other companies who may not be using
the same CAD programs.
CAM disadvantages include 1: Potential for wasted parts and materials due to
inaccurate CAD. 2: Machinery can break down, halting production. 3: Initial setup
of the productionline can be expensive, making limited runs cost-prohibitive.
CAM Advantage: Very fast setup of machinery for large volume productionruns...
More Specific Definitions
• Computer-Aided Design (CAD) is the technology concerned with the use of
computer systems to assist in the creation, modification, analysis, and optimization
of adesign. [Groover and Zimmers, 1984]
• Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM) is the technology concerned with the use
of computer systems to plan,manage, and control manufacturing operations.
• Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE) is the technologyconcerned with the use of
computer systems to analyzeCAD geometry, allowing the designer to simulate
andstudy how the productwill behave.
Introduction plotter machine
A plotter is a very versatile tool. It is sometimes confused with a printer, but a
plotter uses line drawings to form an image instead of using dots. A common type
of plotter is one that uses a pen or pencil, usually held by a mechanical “arm,” to
draw lines on paper as images are typed. It may be a componentthat is added to a

27. computer system or it may have its own internal computer. It can be used to create
layouts, diagrams, specs, and banners.
A plotter may use multiple pens and pencils, which can be easily be changed out in
order to create drawings of a different color or drawings that contain more than one
color. A plotter is preferred over a printer in many commercial applications,
including engineering, becauseit is far more exact. Another type of plotter
provides the ability to remove pens or pencils and replace them with other tools.
This type of plotter is frequently used for commercial sign making. A penknife
may be substituted for writing instruments, while pressure sensitive vinyl is
frequently substituted for paper. As the sign maker types in letters, numbers, or
symbols, the plotter cuts them from vinyl to create lettering for signs, billboards,
vehicles, and many other applications. A plotter can generally cut both very tiny
and very large images, cutting through the vinyl and leaving the paper backing
intact, so the letters can easily be peeled away and applied to a surface.
PlotterMachine
Cutting plotters
Cutting plotter knives cut into a piece of material (paper, Mylar or vinyl) that is
lying on the flat surface area of the plotter. It is achieved because the cutting
plotter is connected to a computer, which is equipped with specialized cutting
design or drawing computer software programs. Thosecomputer software

28. programs are responsible for sending the necessary cutting dimensions or designs
in order to command the cutting knife to producethe correct project cutting needs.
In recent years the use of cutting plotters (generally called die-cut machines) has
become popular with home enthusiasts of paper crafts such as card making and
scrapbooking. Such tools allow desired card shapes to be cut out very precisely,
and repeated perfectly identically. As of 2012the best known cutters are probably
the Circuit range of machines by Provo Craft. Other manufacturers of personal
cutting machines include Black Cat, Boss Cut, Craft well, Puzzles, Silhouette and
Size.
Working process
The pen plotters use one or multiple pens to plot the image on the paper. Their
speed varies between 15 to 30 inches per second of pen lines. The whole image to
be plotted is controlled by various instructions used by the computer as a series in
one of the plotter controllanguage. It is a single pen plotter and drawing contains
only one color then the plotting is fastest. The pen draws the image according to
the instructions received from the computer. But if it is a multicolor drawing then
one needs to sit there and change the pens as and when required or prompted. This
decreases the speed of plotting and also one has to sit there and watch the job
continuously.
On the other hand in case of a multiple plotter the pens are changed automatically
by the main pen holder from the pen assembly. The main pen holder collects the
pens from assembly as and when required and it acts on the instructions supplied
by the computer. In most of the cases the plotter starts with one pen and draws all
portions of drawing of that color then changes the second pen completes the
portion of that color. The process continues till all parts with all color of drawing is
completed. Because the pen is changed automatically so it is faster than single pen
plotter in caseof multicolor drawing but it needs an ink that must dry quickly
enough so that lines are not subsequently smeared by the pen tip and also ink
should not dry on the pen tip. Also all the pens filled with inks must be ready to
starts the plotting. Some electrostatic plotters are also available which are faster
than these plotters but they are very costly. Their working principle is similar to
that of laser printer. They create the whole image to be plotted in their memory
first and it is plotted as a series of dots. They are used for continuous outputs and a
paper roll is used form then. However you can use cut sheets papers too, some

29. other types of plotters are thermal plotter, laser plotter and Pencil plotter.
The plotter is serial devices so they need serial ports for interfacing. Almost all
plotters use the 25 pin D shell connectors for their interfacing. The 25 wired cable
uses one 25 DM and one 25 DF connectorat its ends. The female connector is
attached to the computer and the male connectoris attached to the plotter.
What is a Digitizer Board?
An electrical device connected to a computer that sends very accurate X,Y
coordinates to the computer using a pen stylus or mouse-like cursor. Place an
object or pattern on the digitizing tablet, start the digitizing software, place the pen
stylus or cursor where digitizing should begin, push the buttons on the pen or
cursorto start digitizing and digitize the object, pattern, design. Digitizing tablet
sizes range from 44x60in (110x150cm), 36x48in (90x120cm), 24x36in (60x90cm),
20x24in (50x60cm), 12x18in (30x45cm), and 12x12in (30x30cm). Standard
accuracy is .01" (10/1000) but higher accuracies are available. Digitizing software
is required to use the digitizing tablet.
PlotterMachine
Why use a Digitizer Board?
Save time and money using a Digitizer Board to trace or digitize designs, patterns,
outlines, points, graphs, maps, templates, blueprints, plans, anything.Place the item
on the Digitizer Board, start the Logic digitizing software, digitize the item, save as
a file for use in other software or machinery.

30. Digitizer Board