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FCPD by Dr Shahjada Seim
1. Dr Shahjada Selim
Assistant Professor
Department of Endocrinology
Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka
Email: selimshahjada@gmail.com
Fibrocalculous Pancreatic
Diabetes (FCPD)
1
2. Etiologic classification of diabetes mellitus
(ADA Expert Committee (1997)
resistance with relative insulin deficiency
Type 1 diabetes (β cell destruction, usually leading
to absolute insulin deficiency)
a. Immune mediated
b. Idiopathic
Type 2 diabetes (may range from predominantly insulin
to a predominantly secretory defect with
insulin resistance)
2
3. Etiologic classification of diabetes mellitus
contd….
Other specific types
Genetic defects of β cell function
Genetic defects in insulin action
Diseases of the exocrine pancreas e.g. FCPD
Endocrinopathies
Drug - or chemical induced
Infections
Uncommon forms of immune-mediated diabetes
Other genetic syndromes sometimes associated with diabetes
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)
3
4. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF FCPD
1959 Zudeima’s first description from Indonesia
1960 Shaper’s report from Uganda
Geevarghese’s first study from Kerala,
1962 world’s largest series around 1700 patients
cases - considered to be the Father of TCP
1962 Existence of FCPD confirmed in Brazil, Kenya,
- 1981 Nigeria and several countries in
Asia eg. Thailand, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka
4
5. FCPD - INTERNATIONAL STATUS
This entity was not given due recognition
1985
Till
1985 WHO study group report introduced the term
Malnutrition Related Diabetes Mellitus (MRDM)
where the term Fibrocalculous Pancreatic
Diabetes (FCPD) was introduced
1997 ADA expert committee deleted MRDM. FCPD now
classified as a subtype under other specific types
as diseases of the Exocrine Pancreas
1998 Provisional report of WHO consulting group
ratified ADA recommendation
5
6. FCPD DEFINITION (Mohan et al, 1985)
Diabetes secondary
to non- alcoholic chronic
pancreatitis of uncertain
etiology predominantly
seen in tropical
developing countries
6
7. FCPD DEFINITION
Severe diabetes
Associated with undernutrition
Usually non ketotic
Presence of pancreatic calculi on X-ray abdomen
or evidence of
chronic pancreatitis on ultrasound or CT
Usually requires insulin for control
Usually seen in poor people
7
8. WORLDWIDE DISTRIBUTION OF MRDM (FCPD) AND PDDM
Reproduced from WHO study Group on Diabetes Mellitus (1985) with permission
8
9. DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA FOR FCPD
(MOHAN et al, 1985)
Mohan V. Diabetologia. 1985;28:229-232.
Occurrence in tropical country
Diabetes (WHO criteria)
Evidence of chronic pancreatitis
Pancreatic calculi
OR
ERCP evidence of CP
OR
Ultrasound/CT features
Plus h/o abd. Pain / steatorrhoea
Plus abnormal pancreatic function
Absence of other causes of CP (eg. alcoholism)
9
19. Prevalences of Microvascular and Macrovascular diabetic
complications in subjects with FCPD compared with
NIDDM patients
* p = 0.04 compared to Type 2 diabetes
Mohan V et al. Journal of Diabetes and its Complications. 2004;18:264-270.
Percentage of subjects with complications
Type 2 Diabetes (n = 277) FCPD(n =277)
Retinopathy
Non-proliferative
Proliferative
Nephropathy
Peripheral neuropathy
Macrovascular disease
Infarction
Ischaemia
37.2
31.4
5.8
15.0
25.3
5.4
6.5
36.1
32.9
3.6
10.1
20.9
2.2
2.5*
19
20. FCPD WITHO
NATURAL HISTORY OF FCPD
Mohan V et al, International Journal of Diabetes. 1995;3:71-82.
UT FCPD WITH
TCP (PRE- FCPD) TCP- IGT COMPLICATIONS COMPLICATIONS
NORMAL GTT IGT CLINICAL DIABETES
20
24. Prevalence
ACP
of
at
FCPD and diabetes secondary to
our centre from 1991-2010
diabetes
ACP**
0.155
*p for trend < 0.001; **p for trend =0.155
Papita R, Nazir A, Anbalagan VP, Anjana RM, Pitchumoni C, Chari S, Mohan V.
Journal of Pancreas. 2012 ;13:205-9.
Period of
study
Total diabetes
patients
registered at the
centre
No.
Prevalence of
FCPD*
No./ Prevalence of
secondary to
1991-1995 23,788 371 (1.6%) 12 (0.1%)
1996-2000 35,368 226 (0.6%) 25 (0.1%)
2001-2005 48,192 179 (0.4%) 40 (0.1%)
2006-2010 70,394 122 (0.2%) 57 (0.1%)
Total cases
P for trend* 177,742
898 (0.5%)
<0.001
134 (0.1%)
24
25. Change in mean age at diagnosis of patients with FCPD and
diabetes secondary to ACP during the years 1991 to 2010
Papita R, Nazir A, Anbalagan VP, Anjana RM, Pitchumoni C, Chari S,
Journal of Pancreas. 2012 ;13:205-9.
Mohan V.
25
26. ETIOPATHOGENESIS
CASSAVA
LIMITED EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE
NO DIRECT PROOF FOR CASSAVAAS A
PANCREATIC TOXIN
MOST OF THE STUDIES ARE SHORT-TERM
Malnutrition - ? Overt
- ? Micronutrient
Cassava (Tapioca)
26
27. Genetic studies on FCPD
TYPE 2 DM FCPD TYPE 1 DM
Kambo PK, Hitman GA, Mohan V. et al. Diabetologia. 1989;32:45-51
Mohan V and Hitman GA, Diabetes / Metabolism Research and Reviews. 2000;16:454-457
Trypsinogen gene - No association
REG gene - No association
INSULIN GENE
HLA-DQβ
HLA-DQα
HLA-DRα
27
28. GENE MUTATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH FCPD
Genetic alterations in the trypsinogen pathway
Serum protease inhibitor Kazal type 1 (SPINK1)
Cationic trypsinogen (PRSS1)
Anionic trypsinogen (PRSS2)
Chymotrypsinogen C (CTRC)
28
29. GENE MUTATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH FCPD
Alteration in other genes
Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance
regulator
(CFTR)
Regenerating islet-derived genes 1α (REG1A &
REG1B)
Cathepsin B (CTSB)
Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)
Calcium-sensing receptor (CASR)
29
30. ASSOCIATION OF SPINK GENE WITH FCPD
o Pfützer RH, Barmada MM, Brunskill AP, Finch R, Hart PS,
Neoptolemos J, Furey WF, Whitcomb DC. SPINK1/PSTI
polymorphisms act as disease modifiers in familial and idiopathic
chronic pancreatitis. Gastroenterology. 2000.
o Witt H, Luck W, Hennies HC et al. Mutations in the gene encoding
the serine protease inhibitor, Kazal type 1 are associated with
chronic pancreatitis. Nature Genetics. 2000.
o Hassan Z, Mohan V, Ali L et al, SPINK1 is a susceptibility gene for
fibrocalculous pancreatic diabetes in subjects from the Indian
subcontinent. American Journal of Human Genetics. 2002.
30
31. ASSOCIATION OF SPINK GENE WITH FCPD
o Schneider A, et al. SPINK1/PSTI mutations are associated with tropical
pancreatitis and type II diabetes mellitus in Bangladesh
Gastroenterology. 2002.
o Chandak G.R., Idris M.M., Reddy D.N., Bhaskar S., Sriram P.V. and Singh
L. Mutations in the pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor gene
(PSTI/SPINK1) rather than the cationic trypsinogen gene (PRSS1) are
significantly associated with tropical calcific pancreatitis, J Med
Genet.,2002.
o Noone P.G., Zhou Z., Silverman L.M., Jowell P.S., Knowles M.R., Cohn
J.A., Cystic fibrosis gene mutations and pancreatitis risk: relation to
epithelial ion transport and trypsin inhibitor gene mutations,
Gastroenterology. 2001
31
32. Current Theories About The
Aetiopathogenesis of FCPD
formation
Factors
FCPDSteatorrhea
Impaired
Glucose
Tolerance
Pancreatic
exocrine
deficiency
Environmental
Malnutrition
Excessive dietary
oxidants and / or
antioxidants
Dietary toxins
Acinar and B cell
damage
Duct obstruction
Calcite stoneDefective B cell
growth and repair
Genetic Factors
Association SPINK
gene and other
genes
32
33. MANAGEMENT OF FCPD –
PRINCIPLES
Treatment of abdominal pain
Use of pancreatic enzymes
Management of diabetes
33
34. Management of Diabetes
Diet
Principles similar to that of other types of
diabetes
More liberal calorie Intake
High protein intake
34
35. Management of Diabetes
Pharmacotherapy
Oral Antidiabetic Drugs
Sulphonyureas can be used if β cell function is good
Biguanides usually not used as the FCPD
patients are lean
Insulin
Would be needed in majority of the cases to
achieve
blood sugar control in FCPD patients
35
36. Heterogeneity in FCPD
Mohan V et al, Diabetologia. 1985;28:229-232.
1. Symptoms Asymptomatic
Marked symptoms
2. Carbohydrate intolerance Normal glucose tolerance
IGT
Overt diabetes
3. B - cell reserve Good
Poor
Negligible
4. Response to therapy Diet alone
Oral agents
Insulin
5. Proneness to ketosis Ketosis - resistant
Ketosis – prone
6. Exocrine dysfunction Only after provocative tests
Clinical steatorrhoea
7. ERCP Absent to mild ductal changes
Marked ductal changes
8. Histopathology Mild changes : calculi
absent or small
Marked changes : extensive
fibrosis, ductal dilatation,
multiple calculi
36