INTRODUCTION TO AFRICA

1. GOOD
AFTERNOON

10. AFRICA

11. AFRICA
KNOW WANT

13. TRUE OR FALSE
1. Atlantic slave trade began in the late 1400s.
2. Some slaves were indentured servants with a limited term and the
chance to buy one’s freedom.
3. Slaves cannot own land and rose to positions of power.
4. African viewed people they sold not as fellow Africans.
5. Slaves are often criminals, debtors or prisoners of war from rival
tribes.
6. About 50% percent of captured slaves never saw their land again.
7. The increased competition and influx of European weapons fueled
warfare and instability that continues to this day.
8. The Atlantic slave trade also contributed to the development of
racist ideology.
T
T
f
T
T
F
T
T

14. Have you run
across an
unfamiliar word
while reading?
context
clues.

15. Types of context clues
Definition/Description Clue
The new term may be formally defined, or sufficient explanation may
be given within the sentence or in the following sentence. Clues to
definition include “that is,” commas, dashes, and parentheses.
Example:
His emaciation, that is, his skeleton-like appearance, was frightening to
see.
Emaciation means Skeleton-like appearance

16. A chimera, a mythical creature with body parts
from various animals is seen during the event.
DEFINITION/DESCRIPTION
Chimera means a mythical creature with body
parts from various animals

17. Types of context clues
Example Clues
Sometimes when a reader finds a new word, an example might be found
nearby that helps to explain its meaning. Words like including, such as, and
for example, point out example clues.
Example:
Celestial bodies, including the sun, moon, and stars, have fascinated man
through the centuries.
Celestial objects are those in the sky or heavens

18. Fictional creatures such as unicorns and
dragon are in fantasy stories.
EXAMPLE
Fictional creatures such as unicorns and
dragon

19. Types of context clues
Synonym Restatement Clue
• The reader may discover the meaning of an unknown word because it
repeats an idea expressed in familiar words nearby. Synonyms are
words with the same meaning.
Example:
Flooded with spotlights – the focus of all attention – the new Binibining
Pilipan began her year-long reign. She was the cynosure of all eyes for
the rest of the evening.
Cynosure means “the focus of all attention

20. The young girl was very aloof. She always seemed
unsociable, unapproachable and uninterested.
SYNONYM
Aloof means unsociable, unapproachable and
uninterested

21. Types of context clues
Contrast/Antonym Clue
Antonyms are words with opposite meanings. An opposite meaning
context clue contrasts the meaning of an unfamiliar word with the
meaning of a familiar term. Words like “although,” “however,” and
“but” may signal contrast clues.
Example:
While Jon is very outgoing, his younger brother Emman is very reclusive
Reclusive
means avoiding the company of other people, which is the
opposite of outgoing

22. She thinks the house is valuable but this
is incorrect. It is worthless.
ANTONYM
WORTHLESS means unevaluable

23. 1. Years after the accident, her pain has gradually healed. Little by little, she
recovered.
2. They colonized us by occupying even the lands that were already owned and
populated by indigenous people.
3. She asserted her independence from her parents by getting her own
apartment. Her freedom has made her satisfied
4. A lot of skyscrapers have boomed in our city since I left 10 years ago. The
expansion has made our city a business hub for entrepreneurs.

24. Scientists believe that Africa was the birthplace
of mankind. By 100,000 BC modern humans
lived by hunting and gathering with stone tools.
From Africa, they spread to Europe.
By 5,000 farming had spread to North Africa.
People herded cattle and they grew crops. At
that time the Sahara Desert was not a desert. It
was a green and fertile area. Gradually it grew
drier and became a desert.

25. Meanwhile about 3,200 BC writing
was invented in Egypt. The Egyptians
made tools and weapons of bronze.
However by the time Egyptian
civilization arose most of Africa was
cut off from Egypt and other early
civilizations by the Sahara Desert. Sub-
Saharan Africa was also hampered by
its lack of good harbors, which made
transport by sea difficult.
Farmers in Africa continued to use
stone tools and weapons however
about 600 BC the use of iron spread in
North Africa. It gradually spread south
and by 500 AD iron tools and weapons
had reached what is now South Africa.

26. In the 16th century Europeans began to
transport African slaves across the Atlantic.
However, slavery was nothing new in
Africa. For centuries Africans had sold
other Africans to the Arabs as slaves.
However, the trans-Atlantic slave trade
grew until it was huge.
In the 18th century ships from Britain took
manufactured goods to Africa. They took
slaves from there to the American West
Indies and took sugar, tobacco, and cotton
back to Britain. This was called the
Triangular Trade. (Many other European
countries were involved in the slave trade).

27. Some Africans were sold into
slavery because they had
committed a crime. However
many slaves were captured in
raids by other Africans.
Europeans were not allowed to
travel inland to find slaves.
Instead, Africans brought
slaves to the coast. Any slaves
who were not sold, were either
killed or used as slaves by
other Africans. The slave trade
would have been impossible
without the co-operation of
Africans many of whom grew
rich, on the slave trade.

28. The Europeans founded their first colonies in
Africa. In the 16th century, the Portuguese
settled in Angola and Mozambique while in
1652 the Dutch founded a colony in South
Africa.
In the 19th century European states tried to
stop the slave trade. Britain banned the slave
trade in 1807. On the other hand in the late
19th century Europeans colonized most of
Africa!

29. In 1814 the British took the Dutch colony in
South Africa. In 1830 the French invaded
northern Algeria. However, colonization only
became serious in the late 19th century when
Europeans 'carved up' Africa. In 1884 the
Germans took Namibia, Togo, and Cameroon
and in 1885 they took Tanzania. In 1885 Belgium
took over what is now the Democratic Republic
of Congo. The French took Madagascar in 1896.
They also expanded their empire in northern
Africa. In 1912 they took Morocco and Italy took
Libya. In 1914 the British took control of Egypt.
By then all of Africa was in European hands
except Liberia and Ethiopia. (The Italians
invaded Ethiopia in 1896 but they were
defeated by the Ethiopians).

30. Further south the British
took Zimbabwe, Zambia,
Malawi, Uganda, and
Kenya. The British also
took control of Egypt.
Angola and Mozambique
remained Portuguese.

31. However in the early 20th
century attitudes to
imperialism began to change
in Europe. Furthermore in
Africa churches provided
schools and increasing
numbers of Africans became
educated. They became
impatient for independence.
The movement for African
independence became
unstoppable and in the late
1950s and 1960s, most
African countries became
independent. In 1960 alone 17
countries gained their
independence. However,
Mozambique and Angola did
not become independent until
1975.

32. In the early 21st century
Africa began to boom.
Today the economies of
most African countries are
growing rapidly. Tourism in
Africa is booming and
investment is pouring into
the continent. Africa is
developing rapidly and
there is every reason to be
optimistic

34. When did the Europeans begin
transporting African slaves across
the Atlantic Ocean?

35. What three continents were
involved in the triangular trade
and what did each of them
trade?

36. Which year or
century do you think
Africa struggled
most? Why do you
think so?

37. What do you think was
the impact of the slave
trade to the economy of
Africa and its people?

38. How do you think has
education helped the
abolition of African
slavery?