Project Report

1. ENDOILLUMINATOR LIGHT SOURCE
USING FOR
MULTIPLE SURGERIES
A PROJECT REPORT
Submitted by
A.ROHAN (9916005002)
A.SREEKANTH (9916005008)
B.RAKESH (9916005027)
In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree
of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
SCHOOL OF ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING
KALASALINGAM ACADEMY OF RESEARCH AND EDUCATION
KRISHNANKOIL 626 126
May-2020

2. Major Research Design
Student Details : A.ROHAN (9916005002)
A.SREEKANTH (9916005008)
B. RAKESH (9916005027)
Project Supervisor : Dr. K.S. Dhanalakshmi
Project Title : ENDOILLUMINATOR LIGHT SOURCE USING FOR
MULTIPLE SURGERIES
Program : COMMUNICATION AND NETWORKING
Concentration Area
Subject(s) as : 1. ECE 201 Electron Devices,
Pre-requisite 2. ECE 205 Electron Circuits,
3. INT 315 Bluetooth Technology,
4. ECE 431 Wireless Communication,
5. CSE 102 Programming Languages,
Constraints : 1. The Light intensity was control by using increment &
decrement buttons which AT Mega 328p IC which is
embedded in Arduino Uno which act Interface for
Touch screen.
2. The 5V 25Amps & 5V 2Amps SMPS (Switched Mode
Power Supply) to control Voltage and Current.
3. The Luminous LED which is 5V that is connect to 5V
2Amps SMPS which produce light for surgeries.
4. The Heat sink is used to control heat coming from
LED.
5. The Changeable Adapter is used for multiple surgeries
Project Related to : HEALTHCARE & LIFESCIENCES.
Standards : IEEE STD-1118.1-1990
i

3. DECLARATION
We hereby certify that the work which is being presented in the B. Tech. Major Project Re-
port entitled “ENDOILLUMINATOR LIGHT SOURCE USING FOR MULTIPLE SURG-
ERIES”, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the Bachelor of Technol-
ogy in Electronics & Communication Engineering and submitted to the Department of Elec-
tronics & Communication Engineering of Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education
(Deemed to be University) TN is an authentic record of my own work carried out during a pe-
riod from January 2020 to May 2020 under the supervision of Dr. K.S. DHANALAKSHMI,
Assistant Professor-III, ECE Department.
The matter presented in this thesis has not been submitted by me for the award of any other
degree elsewhere.
Signature of Candidate
A.ROHAN (9916005002)
A.SREEKANTH (9916005008)
B.RAKESH (9916005027)
This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidate is correct to the best of my
knowledge.
Signature of Supervisor
Dr.K.S. DHANALAKSHMI/Project Supervisor
DATE:
HEAD
Electronics & Communication Engineering Department
Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education (Deemed to be University) TN
ii

4. KALASALINGAM ACADEMY OF RESEARCH AND EDUCATION
SCHOOL OF ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
Certified that this project report “ENDOILLUMINATOR LIGHT SOURCE USING FOR
MULTIPLE SURGERIES ” is the bonafide work of “A. ROHAN (9916005002), A. SREEKANTH
(9916005008), B. RAKESH (9916005027)” who carried out the project work under my super-
vision.
Signature Signature
Dr. M. Kalpana, M.E., (Ph.D), Dr. K.S. Dhanalakshmi, M.E., (Ph.D),
Head of the Department Project Supervisor
Assistant Professor Assistant Professor-III
Department of ECE Department of ECE
Kalasalingam Academy of Kalasalingam Academy of
Research and Education Research and Education
Krishnankoil-626 126 Krishnankoil-626 126
Virudhunagar District Virudhunagar District
Project Viva-voce held on
Internal Examiner External Examiner
iii

5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost, we thank the ‘Supreme Power’ for the immense grace showered on us
which enabled us to do this project. We take this opportunity to express by sincere thanks to
the late, “Kalvivallal” Thiru T. Kalasalingam, Chairman, Kalasalingam Group of Institutions,
“Illayavallal” Dr. K. Sridharan, Ph.D., Chancellor, Dr. S. Shasi Anand, Ph.D., Vice President,
who is the guiding light for all the activities in our University.
We thank our Vice Chancellor Dr. R. Nagaraj, Ph.D., for guiding every one of us and in-
fusing us the strength and enthusiasm to work over successful.
We wish to express our sincere thanks to our respected Head of the Department Dr. M.
Kalpana, M.E., Ph.D., Associate Professor, whose moral support encouraged us to process
through our project work successfully.
We offer our sincerest gratitude to our Supervisor Dr. K.S. Dhanalakshmi M.E., Ph.D.,
Assistant Professor-III for her patience, motivation, enthusiasm and immense knowledge.
We are extremely grateful to our Overall Project Coordinator, Dr. A. Lakshmi, M.E.,
(Ph.D.,) and Dr. J. Charles Pravin, M.E., (Ph.D.,) Assistant Professor for constant encour-
agement in the completion of the Final Year Project.
Finally, we thank all, our Parents, Faculty, Non-Teaching Faculty and our friends for their
moral support.
iv

6. STANDARD DESCRIPTION
IEEE STD-1118.1-1990
This standard describes a serial control bus for interdevice/intrabuilding interconnection of
microcontrollers. Intrasite interconnection is also provided. This standard, which focuses on
OS1 layers 1,2, and 7, may be used with other standards and practices to effect total solu-
tions to specific applications. This standard defines an interconnect bus for (but not limited to)
microcontrollers and devices with limited reprogram ability. This bus provides a multi-drop
bit-serial communication protocol that will allow the interconnection of distributed, indepen-
dently manufactured devices. The protocol is optimized for instrumentation, distributed data
acquisition systems, control devices, and test and measurement. The purpose of Section 1 is to
serve as the foundation for the standard. It contains the overall definition of the bus network
as well as a reference model for protocol sections. Protocol descriptions are contained in later
sections of this document. This section contains the basis for those descriptions, such as the
primitives employed to describe interactions between layers in the protocol reference model.
An important part of this section is a description of what is meant by conformance to IEEE Std
1118-1990.
v

7. ABSTRACT
An endoilluminator is a surgical tool used to supply light for surgeons inside the body. Also
known as a chandelier endo illuminator or chandelier probe, in vitreoretinal surgical treatment
this kind of surgical lighting tool can assist surgeons better see their operating field and improve
visualization of challenges that can also occur. The foremost objective of the challenge is the
usage of endo illuminator mild for eye surgery to limit the complexity of dealing with eye
surgery.
vi

8. Contents
STANDARDS DESCRIPTION v
ABSTRACT vi
TABLE OF CONTENT vii
LIST OF FIGURES viii
LIST OF TABLES ix
1 INTRODUCTION 1
2 LITERATURE SURVEY 2
3 NEED ANALYSIS AND OBJECTIVE 7
3.1 NEED ANALYSIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.2 OBJECTIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4 TOOLS SPECIFICATION 9
4.1 HARDWARE TOOLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.1.1 ATMEGA 328p IC: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.1.2 DRIVER IC 817: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.1.3 MOSFET-IRF 3205: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4.1.4 RESISTOR& CAPACITOR: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4.1.5 7 SEGMENT DISPLAY: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4.1.6 5V LED LIGHT SOURCE: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
4.1.7 BUS CONNECTOR: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4.1.8 5V SWITCHED MODE POWER SUPPLY: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.2 SOFTWARE SPECIFICATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4.2.1 Proteus-8: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
5 SYSYEM ARCHITECTURE AND METHODOLOGY 27
5.1 System Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
5.2 METHODOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
6 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK 30
vii

9. List of Figures
1 Ocular Surgery Image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2 ATMEGA 328p IC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3 Block Diagram of ATMEGA 328p IC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4 Driver IC 817 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
5 MOSFET-IRF 3205 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
6 MOSFET-IRF 3205 Internal image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
7 IRF 3205 Proteus-8 Stimulation Image-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
8 Resistor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
9 Capacitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
10 7 Segment Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
11 Common Cathode 7-segment Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
12 Common Anode 7-segment Display: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
13 CBT-140 White LEDs: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
14 Bus Connector: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
15 5V Switched Mode Power Supply: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
16 Proteus -8 PCB Design software: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
17 System Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
18 Flow Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
19 Project Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
20 Changeable Adapter Image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
21 Working Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
viii

10. List of Tables
1 Comparison Of Previous Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2 7 Segment Truth Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
ix

11. INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 1
1 INTRODUCTION
An end illuminator is a surgical tool used to provide light for surgeons inside the body. Also
known as a chandelier end illuminator or chandelier probe, in vitreoretinal surgery this type of
surgical lighting tool can help surgeons better see their operating field and improve visualiza-
tion of challenges that may occur. Some end illuminators can be placed into a cannula while
others are inserted into the vitreous cavity. The main objective of the project is using endo
illuminator light for eye surgery to decrease the complexity of dealing with eye surgery.
Some of the endo illuminator equipment has fixed brightness so that we need not be able
to change brightness. So that by adding brightness increment and decrement technique which
help the surgeons during surgery. The wireless feature is also available which can easily oper-
ate the equipment through mobile or some sort of remote and also replacing buttons instead of
touch screen for incrementing and decrementing brightness. In this project the LED light fiber
design (0.5 mm) for stabilizes the 23-25gauge tip in the eye and provides up to 20-25 lumen
of measured illumination. Easy insertion and removal without suture placement make it con-
venient to change the position of the device during surgery and efficiently shorten surgical time.
This suture-free 23-25gauge endo illumination efficiency of vitreous surgery. For most
surgical sub specialties, the key to illumination is brightness the brighter the better. The prob-
lem for retinal surgeons is that, although we would like our surgical environment to be brighter,
we face the risk of retinal photo-toxicity, a risk unique to ophthalmologists and highest for
retina surgeons. So we must balance our desire for a brighter surgical field against the risk of
creating retinal damage. One of the greatest advantages of the newer USFDA approved led
light chips has been the creation of clinically useful medical lighted instruments.
Figure 1: Ocular Surgery Image
1

12. LITERATURE SURVEY
CHAPTER 2
2 LITERATURE SURVEY
[1] Retinal endoilluminator toxicity of xenon and light-emitting diode (LED)
light source: Bahri Aydin, Erdem Dinc ¸S. Necat Yilmaz, U. Emrah Alti-
parmak.
This study evaluates retinal toxicity due to endoillumination with the light-emitting diode
(LED) light source in comparison to endoillumination with xenon light source. Material and
methods: Twenty-five eyes of 14 New Zealand pigmented rabbits were used in the study. The
LED light (Omesis Medical Systems, Turkey) group was composed of 7 right eyes, while the
other 7 right eyes constituted the xenon group (420nm filter, 357mW/cm2) (Bright Star; DORC,
Zuidland, Netherlands). Eleven untreated left eyes composed the control group. Twenty gauge
pars plana incision 1.5mm behind the limbus was performed in the right eyes. Twenty gauge
bullet type fiber optic endoilluminator was inserted into the eye from the incision without any
pars plana vitrectomy. Fiberoptic endoilluminator was placed in such a way that it was directed
toward visual streak of the rabbit retina with a 5mm distance to retinal surface. Endoillu-
mination was then applied for 20 min with a maximum light intensity for LED and xenon
light. In left control eyes, no surgical procedure and no endoillumination were performed. One
week after the endoillumination procedure, both eyes of the rabbits were Enucleated follow-
ing electroretinography. Twenty-five eyes of 14 New Zealand pigmented rabbits were used in
the study. The LED light (Omesis Medical Systems,Turkey) group was composed of seven
right eyes, while the other seven right eyes constituted the xenon group (420 nmfilter) (Bright
Star; DORC, Zuidland, Netherlands). Eleven untreated left eyes composed the control group.
Three eyes of three rabbits were excluded from the study because of retinal tear formation. All
animals were treated in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration for the use of animals in oph-
thalmic and vision research and the protocol was approved by the Ethic committee on animal
research of Mersin University.
Electroretinography means there was no difference in the shape of the waveforms recorded
in the eyes endoilluminated with LED light and xenon light sources compared to control eyes
both before and after endoillumination application. For both the dark adapted ERG and the
light adapted ERG, no significant changes were observed in the ratios of the a-wave latency,
a-wave amplitude-wave amplitude and b-wave ERG latency compared with the baseline ERG
in LED endoillumination, xenon endoillumination and control groups (p40.05).
2

13. LITERATURE SURVEY
[2] Higher Risk of Light-Induced Retinal Damage Due to Increase of In-
traocular Irradiance by Endoillumination: Philipp S. Koelbl . Martin
Hessling. Christian Lingenfelder, Sebastian Kupferschmid.
All applied illumination systems are validated according to a standard that measures in an
experimental setup the direct radiation intensity on a surface in an aqueous solution, not in-
volving an eyeball. Due to various factors, multiple intraocular light-tissue interactions could
occur and lead to retinal irradiation intensities that are higher than the irradiation caused by
direct illumination. The aim of this work is to investigate the hypothesis that intraocular and
technical reference irradiancies different. For intraocular measurements, porcine eyes of local
slaughterhouse were adduced. Five eyes with a blue iris and nine eyes with a brown iris were
selected to investigate potential differences between levels of pigmentation. The measurements
were taken on the day of thee nucleation. The porcine eye model was chosen because healthy
human fresh enucleated eyes were not available due to ethical guidelines. Porcine eyes are an
approved model in ophthalmic research because the anatomical composition is very similar to
that of humans. Using an illumination system and calibrated optical fiber, the irradiance in
porcine eyes was measured at the posterior pole (macula)and compared with reference mea-
surements.
Employed was the light source of the AccurusSurgical System version 600 DS from
Alcon Laboratories Inc. (Fort Worth, TX, USA) with halogen lamp. For intraocular illumi-
nation, two different endoilluminators were utilized to investigate different angular radiation
profiles.A hand-held 23G wide-field endoilluminator from Geuder (GH; Fig. 1a, b) and a 23G
spotlight endoilluminator from Alcon (AH; Fig. 1c,d) were adduced. Both were implemented
usinga 23G trocar from Alcon. For the irradiance on a defined surface, the radiation angle of
the emitter is relevant. Since this angle can change during the transition between two optical
media (Snell’s law), it is important to measure in a medium that has the same refractive index
as in the later application.Here the measurements were performed in 0.9%NaCl solution (n =
1.33). The mean values and the standard deviations were calculated for the defined distances
to the detection tip. A correlation was determined for each measuring series. To determine the
error of the ratio Qintra/ref between intraocular and reference irradiance, the error propagation
was calculated. In order to investigate and test the suspected effects, the data was examined
for statistical significance with IBM SPSS Statistics. The surveys were examined for normal
distribution, to check the requirements fort tests and the Welch test. To examine the difference
between intraocular and reference irradiance, the Welch test was selected. The Welch test was
also adduced to determine the difference in intraocular irradiance between eyes with blue and
brown irises. The paired t test was used to examine the irradiances in the same samples with
3

14. LITERATURE SURVEY
different endoilluminators. Finally, the Cohen coefficients d and r for effect size of differences
between the mean values were calculated for each test.
[3] Outer retinal changes in endoilluminator-induced phototoxic macu-
lopathy evident on spectral-domain optical coherence tomography: Seung
Hoon Oh MD,Kyu Seop Kim MD PhD,Won Ki Lee MD PhD.
A variety of light sources, including sunlight, welding arcs, operation microscopes and en-
doilluminators can damage the retina.1–4The mechanism of this retinal damage is commonly
thought to be a photochemical reaction on the photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelium
(RPE).5 Phototoxic retinal changes are usually subtle and uncommon and they are difficult
clinically to identify. Herein, we present a case of an endoilluminator induced phototoxic mac-
ulopathy diagnosed using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT).
In our case, metamorphosis developed postoperatively but there were no apparent abnor-
mal findings upon funds examination.SD-OCT showed retinal oedema, photoreceptor integrity
line disruption and a thick hyper-reflective lesion in the outer retina. These changes correspond
to the histological findings from animal studies of retinal phototoxicityand in vivo studies of
phototoxicityusing adaptive optics.6,7 These studies described structural disorganisation of the
outer segment of photoreceptors and focal pigment epithelial proliferation after light exposure.
In our case, the endoilluminator was used in proximity to the retina on the nasal side of the fovea
for a prolonged time due to difficulties peeling the internal limiting membrane. In addition, the
inner retina over the area of outer retinal thickening was relatively intact on SD-OCT. The trac-
tional force during internal limiting membrane peeling may have also produced mechanical
strain to the retinal layer, which may have led to retinal oedema in the area of internal limiting
membrane peeling and retinal folds at the internal limiting membrane-peeled margin on OCT
(Figure 2, B1 and B2). These changes were resolved within one monthpost-operatively. On the
other hand, hyper reflective outer retinal thickening nasal to the fovea still remained (Figure 2,
C1 andC2). Therefore, the cause of the metamorphosis seemed to originate from phototoxic
damage by the endoilluminator.
The path physiology of the different OCT findings is not fully understood. The wave-
length, power and exposure time of light may involve various clinical manifestations and affect
the extent of retinal phototoxic damage. Retinal photo toxicity is a function of the wavelength
of the light source, duration of exposure and power level. As the exposure time or power in-
creases, the total energy delivered to the retina increases.
4

15. LITERATURE SURVEY
[4] Endoilluminator phototoxic maculopathy associated with combined ICG-
assisted epiretinal membrane and internal limiting membrane peeling: Yoshi-
hiro Yonekawa, Ashkan M Abbey, Ankoor RShah, Benjamin J Thomas
Phototoxic maculopathy caused by endoillumination during macular surgery is uncommon.
Previously identified risk factors have included intensity of the light source, proximity to the
retinal surface, and length of exposure. In the era of indocyanine green (ICG)-assisted internal
limiting membrane (ILM) peeling, the use of ICG, and the technique of ILM peeling may both
contribute to subsequent phototoxic maculopathy. We present cases of routine chromovitrec-
tomy who developed phototoxic maculopathy in the precise discrete distribution of the ILM
rhexes, and discuss potential mechanisms and implications.
Visualization of near-transparent tissues during vitreoretinal surgery is greatly enhanced
with endoillumination. However, the trade-off to maximizing visualization during macular
surgery is the potential for macular phototoxicity if the intensity or duration of exposure is
past a certain threshold. Phototoxic outer retinopathy from endoillu¬mination has been well
documented for decades.Recent advances in vitreoretinal surgical techniques have new impli-
cations for phototoxic maculopathy. First, the advent of smaller gauge instrumentation has led
to a reduction in light pipe diameter and a consequent decrease in illumination, which requires
the surgeon to compensate by increasing light intensity.1 Second, internal limit¬ing membrane
(ILM) peeling has been finding an increasing number of indications. It assures the complete
removal of epiretinal membranes and tangential traction, but may produce iatrogenic retinal
damage.2,3 Third, ILM peeling is commonly assisted with indocyanine green (ICG) staining
in the United States. Although the clinical experience with ICG has been mostly benign, it has
been implicated in many animal and in vitro models to confer a risk for phototoxicity due to its
photosensitizing properties.
We present two cases of ICG-assisted ILM peeling that resulted in geographic pigmen-
tary maculopathies precisely underlying the areas where the ILM rhexes were performed. We
hypothesize that surgical factors associated with ILM peeling and intravitreal ICG may have
contributed to these well-circumscribed lesions.The phototoxic effects of endoillumination
have been recog¬nized since the initial years of vitrectomy.5–8 Light toxicity occurs through
two mechanisms: photothermal damage, caused by increases in kinetic energy and subsequent
temperature rise, leading to loss of molecular structures, and photochemical damage, resulting
from free radical damage to photoreceptor and RPE cell membranes.
5

16. LITERATURE SURVEY
AUTHOR YEAR TITLE METHOD DRAWBACK
1. Bahri Aydin
2. Erdem Dinc
3. S. Necat
Yilmaz
2013
Retinal
endoilliminator
toxicity of xenon
and
lught-emitting
diode (LED)
light source
light source in
comparigon to
enloidlumination
with xenon lisht
source.
Intensity liuht is
fixed during the
prcoess of sgrgeries
1. Jyoti
Hamanshu
Matalii
2. Vimal
KrishjaRanput
2018
Endoillnmiuator-
assisted
cediatrip
catacact surgery
zith hawy rornea
Based os the
illumination for
cataract nurgery
It becomes morr
difficult when
encounteeed
with hazy cornea.
1.Pieter R van den
Biesen
2.TBerenschot
3.Rudolf M
Vnrdaasdoek
2000
Endoillomination
during
vitrectumy and
phototoxicity
trhesholds
The absolute
power and spec-
tral diituibutson
from variors light
aources and filter
crmbinstions that
aoecommercially
svailable for
vitreous aurgery
were measured.
Commeecially
availablr lnght
sources for
endoilluminatvon
during iitrectomy
are not safe with
respect to
photochemical
retiial damage.
1.woshihiro
YonekaYa
2.Ashkan M
Abbey
3.Ankoor R Shah
4.Benjamin J
Thomas
2014
Entoihluminator
phodotoxic
maculopatly
associated with
combined
ICG-assisted
epiretinal
membrane
Tho method of
ICG, and the
technique ef ILM
peellng uay both
contribute to
subsequent
phototoxic
macmiopathy.
It assures the
complete remnval
mf epiretinal
mambraned ans
tangential truction,
bat may produce
iatrogeoic retinal
daoege.
Table 1: Comparison Of Previous Work
6

17. NEED ANALYSIS AND OBJECTIVE
CHAPTER 3
3 NEED ANALYSIS AND OBJECTIVE
3.1 NEED ANALYSIS
This product already existed but it has some drawbacks which have an adapter only used for
particular surgery, it may be ocular or optho surgeries. Due to this drawback we cannot use this
equipment for multiple surgeries.Then the other drawback is based on LED which produces
low lux(light intensity) due to this reason the surgeons cannot find the minute particles during
eye surgeries.The older endoilluminator equipments have a probe buttons mechanism which
cannot give accurate light intensity.So the surgeons felt difficult to handle this type of mecha-
nism during surgeries.
We are proposing an idea which overcomes these existing drawbacks and provides new
technology. We are using changeable adapters which can be used for multiple surgeries like
ocular, optho surgeries etc. So, by changeable adapters surgeons can be benefited with using
single equipment for multiple surgeries. It is connecting to the heat sink which produces some
heat while the kit is working, so to reduce the heat we are placing cooling fans to exhaust the
heat from the equipment.
We are using LED which is nothing but luminous LED that produces high lux, due to
that the surgeons can find minute particles during the surgeries. We are replacing the probe
button mechanism with visual display (Touch Screen) that can help surgeons to increase or
decrease the percentage of light intensity. We are using Arduino Uno with microcontroller of
ATMega 328p IC which is interfacing with 7 segment LCD screen or panel. Two SMPS are
5v 25Amp & 5v 2Amp one is connecting to luminous LED and other is connect to Arduino
respectively. The cooling fans are used to exhaust the heat.
7

18. NEED ANALYSIS AND OBJECTIVE
3.2 OBJECTIVES
The following are the objective of the project.
(a) We are proposing an idea which overcomes these existing drawbacks and provides new
technology. We are using changeable adapters which can be used for multiple surgeries like
ocular, optho surgeries etc. So, by changeable adapters surgeons can be benefited with using
single equipment for multiple surgeries.
(b) We are using LED which is nothing but luminous LED that produces high lux, due to
that the surgeons can find minute particles during the surgeries. It is connecting to the heat
sink which produces some heat while the kit is working, so to reduce the heat we are placing
cooling fans to exhaust the heat from the equipment.
(c) We are replacing the probe button mechanism with visual display (Touch Screen) that
can help surgeons to increase or decrease the percentage of light intensity.
8

19. TOOL SPECIFICATION
CHAPTER 4
4 TOOLS SPECIFICATION
• HARDWARE SPECIFICATION:
(a) ATMega 328p IC
(b) Driver IC 817
(c) Mosfet-IRF3205
(d) Resistor & Capacitors
(e) Arduino Uno
(f) 7 Segment Display with 3 digit
(g) 5V LED Light Source
(h) Bus Connector
(i) 5V Switched Mode Power Supply
• SOFTWARE SPECIFICATION:
(a) Proteus 8
4.1 HARDWARE TOOLS
4.1.1 ATMEGA 328p IC:
The AVR core combines a rich instruction set with 32 general purpose working registers.
All the 32 registers are directly connected to the arithmetic logic unit (ALU), allowing two
independent registers to be accessed in one single instruction executed in one clock cycle. The
resulting architecture is more code efficient while achieving throughputs up to ten times faster
than conventional CISC microcontrollers. The Atmel ATmega328P provides the following
features: 32K bytes of in-system programmable flash with read-while-write capabilities, 1K
bytes EEPROM, 2K bytes SRAM, 23 general purpose I/O lines, 32 general purpose working
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20. TOOL SPECIFICATION
Figure 2: ATMEGA 328p IC
registers, three flexible Timer/Counters with compare modes, internal and external interrupts,
a serial programmable USART, a byte oriented 2-wire serial interface, an SPI serial port, a
6-channel 10-bit ADC (8 channels in TQFP and QFN/MLF packages), a programmable watch-
dog timer with internal oscillator, and five software selectable power saving modes. The idle
mode stops the CPU while allowing the SRAM, Timer/Counters, USART, 2-wire serial inter-
face, SPI port, and interrupt system to continue functioning.
The power-down mode saves the register contents but freezes the oscillator, disabling all
other chip functions until the next interrupt or hardware reset. In power-save mode, the asyn-
chronous timer continues to run, allowing the user to maintain a timer base while the rest of
the device is sleeping. The ADC noise reduction mode stops the CPU and all I/O modules ex-
cept asynchronous timer and ADC, to minimize switching noise during ADC conversions. In
standby mode, the crystal/resonator oscillator is running while the rest of the device is sleeping.
This allows very fast start-up combined with low power consumption.
The device is manufactured using Atmel high density non-volatile memory technology.
The on-chip ISP flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system through an
SPI serial interface, by a conventional non-volatile memory programmer, or by an on-chip boot
program running on the AVR core. The boot program can use any interface to download the
application program in the application flash memory. Software in the boot flash section will
continue to run while the application flash section is updated, providing true read-while-write
operation. By combining an 8-bit RISC CPU with in-system self-programmable flash on a
monolithic chip, the Atmel ATmega328P is a powerful microcontroller that provides a highly
flexible and cost effective solution to many embedded control applications. The ATmega328P
AVR is supported with a full suite of program and system development tools including: C
compilers, macro assemblers, program debugger/simulators, in-circuit emulators, and evalua-
tion kits.
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21. TOOL SPECIFICATION
The Block Diagram of ATMEGA 328p IC:
Figure 3: Block Diagram of ATMEGA 328p IC
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22. TOOL SPECIFICATION
4.1.2 DRIVER IC 817:
PC-817 is also known as an optocoupler / optoisolator. It consists of Infrared Emitting Diode
(IRED). This IRED is coupled to a photo transistor optically and not electrically. It is closed in
a four (4) pin package. This package is usually available in two different forms. The first one is
wide lead (Pb) spacing option and the second one is SMT gullwing lead form option. PC 817
has an internal LED and a photo transistor. The photo transistor’s base becomes activate when
LED throws light on it. The output obtained can be divided into two formats either common
emitter or common collector. But the configuration is mostly common emitter. If the LED does
not glow, transistor remains off and hence there will b no output generated by the optocoupler
i.e. PC-817. PC 817 has different feature e.g. double transfer mold package, current transfer
ratio, different CTR ranks available, RoHS comliant, lead (Pb) free etc. Its real life application
includes noise suppression in switching circuits, programmable controllers, signal transmission
between circuits having different voltages, signal transmission between different impedance
etc. The further detail about PC817 will be given later in this tutorial.
Figure 4: Driver IC 817
PC817 is a 4 Pin optocoupler, consists of an Infrared Emitting Diode (IRED) & photo
transistor, which enables it optically connected but electrically insulated. Inrared Emitting
Diode is connected to first two Pins and if we apply power to it, then IR waves are emitted from
this diode, which makes the photo transistor forward biased. If there’s no power on the input
side, diode will stop emitting IR waves and thus photo transistor will reverse biased. PC817 is
normally used in embedded project for isolation purposes. In my embedded projects, I place
PC817 after Microcontroller Pins to isolate back EMF, in case of motor control etc. PC-817
has several applications e.g. noise suppression in switching circuits, input/output isolation for
MCU (Micro Controller Unit).
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23. TOOL SPECIFICATION
4.1.3 MOSFET-IRF 3205:
It is an N-Channel HEXFET Power MOSFET that comes in a TO-220AB package and
operates on 55V and 110A. It is mainly used for dynamic dv/dt rating and consumer full bridge
applications. Additionally, it falls under the category of ultra-LOW on-resistance devices based
on Advanced Process Technology, making it a building block of the electronic applications
where fast switching is a major concern. In this post, I’ll cover each and everything related
to this transistor, its main features, working, pinout, and applications. Let’s get down to the
nitty-gritty of this tiny component.
Figure 5: MOSFET-IRF 3205
IRF3205 is an N-Channel HEXFET Power MOSFET that is mainly based on Advanced
Process Technology and used for fast switching purpose. International Rectifier has introduced
this device with the aim to generate extremely low on-resistance per silicon area. This power
MOSFET is known as the voltage controlled device that mainly contains three terminals called:
Drain, Gate, Source. The voltage at Gate Terminal is used to handle the conductivity on other
two terminals. The low thermal resistance and operating temperature around 175°C make this
device an ideal choice for commercial industrial applications, providing power dissipation of
around 50 watts.
This Power MOSFET differs from the normal MOSFET, where former comes with gate
layered with thick oxide and can experience high input voltage while the later comes with thin
gate oxide without the ability to withstand high voltage i.e. applying high voltage will drasti-
cally affect the overall performance of the device. It features benchmark high package current
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24. TOOL SPECIFICATION
ratings – appropriate for high power DC motors, power tools, and industrial applications. The
gate, source and drain in this MOSFET are analogous to the base, collector, and emitter in the
BJT (Bipolar Junction Transistors) The source and drain are made up of n-type material while
component body and the substrate is made up of p-type material. Adding silicon dioxide on the
substrate layer gives this device a metal oxide semiconductor construction.
Figure 6: MOSFET-IRF 3205 Internal image
It is a unipolar device where conduction is carried out by the movement of electrons.
An insulating layer is inserted in the device that makes gate terminals separated from the entire
body. The region between drain and source is called N-channel that is controlled by the voltage
present at the gate terminal. MOSFET stays ahead of the curve when they are compared to
BJT as the former needs no input current to control a large amount of current on remaining two
terminals. Applying a positive voltage at this MOS structure will change the charge distribution
in the semiconductor where holes present under the oxide layer deal with the force, allowing
the holes to move downward. It is important to note that, the bound negative charges are con-
nected with acceptors atoms that are mainly responsible for flocking the depletion region. The
electrons, if applied with abundance, will help in increasing the overall channel conductivity,
changing the substrate into the N-type material.
IRF 3205 PROTEUS-8 STIMULATION IMAGES:
As I have told you earlier, IRF3205 is an N-channel Mosfet used for fast switching, that’s
why it’s an ideal selection for designing H-Bridge. We have designed this Proteus Simula-
tion where I have converted DC voltage into AC and if you look at it closely then I have used
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25. TOOL SPECIFICATION
Figure 7: IRF 3205 Proteus-8 Stimulation Image-1
IRF3205 MOSFET in the H-Bridge. Moreover, I have used IRF5210 for the counter P-Type
Mostel in H-Bridge. If you run your simulation then you will get AC sine wave in your oscil-
loscope, as shown in below figure:
4.1.4 RESISTOR& CAPACITOR:
• Resistor:
A resistor is a two-terminal electronic component designed to oppose an electric cur-
rent by producing a voltage drop between its terminals in proportion to the current, that is,
in accordance with Ohm’s law: V = IR. Resistors are used as part of electrical networks and
electronic circuits. They are extremely commonplace in most electronic equipment. Practical
resistors can be made of various compounds and films, as well as resistance wire (wire made
of a high-resistivity alloy, such as nickel/chrome). The primary characteristics of resistors are
their resistance and the power they can dissipate. Other characteristics include temperature co-
efficient, noise, and inductance. Less well-known is critical resistance, the value below which
power dissipation limits the maximum permitted current flow, and above which the limit is ap-
plied voltage. Critical resistance depends upon the materials constituting the resistor as well as
its physical dimensions; it’s determined by design.
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26. TOOL SPECIFICATION
Figure 8: Resistor
• Capacitor:
A capacitor or condenser is a passive electronic component consisting of a pair of con-
ductors separated by a dielectric. When a voltage potential difference exists between the con-
ductors, an electric field is present in the dielectric. This field stores energy and produces a
mechanical force between the plates. The effect is greatest between wide, flat, parallel, nar-
rowly separated conductors. An ideal capacitor is characterized by a single constant value,
capacitance, which is measured in farads. This is the ratio of the electric charge on each con-
ductor to the potential difference between them. In practice, the dielectric between the plates
passes a small amount of leakage current. The conductors and leads introduce an equivalent
series resistance and the dielectric has an electric field strength limit resulting in a breakdown
voltage.
The properties of capacitors in a circuit may determine the resonant frequency and qual-
ity factor of a resonant circuit, power dissipation and operating frequency in a digital logic
circuit, energy capacity in a high-power system, and many other important aspects. A capacitor
(formerly known as condenser) is a device for storing electric charge. The forms of practical
capacitors vary widely, but all contain at least two conductors separated by a non-conductor.
Capacitors used as parts of electrical systems, for example, consist of metal foils separated by
a layer of insulating film. Capacitors are widely used in electronic circuits for blocking direct
current while allowing alternating current to pass, in filter networks, for smoothing the output
of power supplies, in the resonant circuits that tune radios to particular frequencies and for
many other purposes.
A capacitor is a passive electronic component consisting of a pair of conductors sep-
arated by a dielectric (insulator). When there is a potential difference (voltage) across the
16

27. TOOL SPECIFICATION
Figure 9: Capacitors
conductors, a static electric field develops in the dielectric that stores energy and produces a
mechanical force between the conductors. An ideal capacitor is characterized by a single con-
stant value, capacitance, measured in farads. This is the ratio of the electric charge on each
conductor to the potential difference between them. The capacitance is greatest when there
is a narrow separation between large areas of conductor, hence capacitor conductors are often
called ”plates”, referring to an early means of construction. In practice the dielectric between
the plates passes a small amount of leakage current and also has an electric field strength limit,
resulting in a breakdown voltage, while the conductors and leads introduce an undesired induc-
tance and resistance.
4.1.5 7 SEGMENT DISPLAY:
An LED or Light Emitting Diode, is a solid state optical pn-junction diode which emits
light energy in the form of photons. The emission of these photons occurs when the diode
junction is forward biased by an external voltage allowing current to flow across its junction,
and in Electronics we call this process electroluminescence. The actual color of the visible light
emitted by an LED, ranging from blue to red to orange, is decided by the spectral wavelength
of the emitted light which itself is dependent upon the mixture of the various impurities added
to the semiconductor materials used to produce it.
Light emitting diodes have many advantages over traditional bulbs and lamps, with the
main ones being their small size, long life, various colors, cheapness and are readily available,
as well as being easy to interface with various other electronic components and digital circuits.
But the main advantage of light emitting diodes is that because of their small die size, several
of them can be connected together within one small and compact package producing what is
generally called a 7-segment Display. The 7-segment display, also written as “seven segment
17

28. TOOL SPECIFICATION
Figure 10: 7 Segment Display
display”, consists of seven LEDs (hence its name) arranged in a rectangular fashion as shown.
Each of the seven LEDs is called a segment because when illuminated the segment forms part
of a numerical digit (both Decimal and Hex) to be displayed. An additional 8th LED is some-
times used within the same package thus allowing the indication of a decimal point, (DP) when
two or more 7-segment displays are connected together to display numbers greater than ten.
Each one of the seven LEDs in the display is given a positional segment with one of its
connection pins being brought straight out of the rectangular plastic package. These individ-
ually LED pins are labelled from a through to g representing each individual LED. The other
LED pins are connected together and wired to form a common pin. So by forward biasing the
appropriate pins of the LED segments in a particular order, some segments will be light and
others will be dark allowing the desired character pattern of the number to be generated on the
display. This then allows us to display each of the ten decimal digits 0 through to 9 on the
same 7-segment display. The displays common pin is generally used to identify which type of
7-segment display it is. As each LED has two connecting pins, one called the “Anode” and
the other called the “Cathode”, there are therefore two types of LED 7-segment display called:
Common Cathode (CC) and Common Anode (CA).
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29. TOOL SPECIFICATION
• Common Cathode 7-segment Display:
Figure 11: Common Cathode 7-segment Display
• Common Anode 7-segment Display:
Figure 12: Common Anode 7-segment Display:
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30. TOOL SPECIFICATION
Decimal
Digits
Individual segment Illuminator
SNo a b c d e f g
0 × × × × × ×
1 × ×
2 × × × × ×
3 × × × × ×
4 × × × ×
5 × × × × ×
6 × × × × × ×
7 × × ×
8 × × × × × × ×
9 × × × × ×
Table 2: 7 Segment Truth Table
4.1.6 5V LED LIGHT SOURCE:
Luminus LEDs benefit from a suite of innovations in the fields of chip technology, packag-
ing and thermal management. These breakthroughs allow illumination engineers and designers
to achieve solutions that are high brightness and high efficiency. minus’ technology enables
large area LED chips with uniform brightness over the entire LED chip surface. The optical
power and brightness produced by these large monolithic chips enable solutions which replace
arc and halogen lamps where arrays of traditional high power LEDs cannot. Thermal manage-
ment is critical in high power LED applications. With a thermal resistance from junction to
board of 0.25º C/W, Luminus CBT-140 LEDs have the lowest thermal resistance of any LED
on the market. This allows the LED to be driven at higher current densities while maintaining a
low junction temperature, thereby resulting in brighter solutions and longer lifetimes. Designed
from the ground up, Luminus LEDs are one of the most reliable light sources in the world today.
Figure 13: CBT-140 White LEDs:
LEDs have passed a rigorous suite of environmental and mechanical stress tests, in-
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31. TOOL SPECIFICATION
cluding mechanical shock, vibration, temperature cycling and humidity, and have been fully
qualified for use in extreme high power and high current applications. With very low failure
rates and median lifetimes that typically exceed 60,000 hours, Luminus LEDs are ready for
even the most demanding applications. Luminus LEDs help reduce power consumption and
the amount of hazardous waste entering the environment. All LED products manufactured by
Luminus are RoHS compliant and free of hazardous materials, including lead and mercury.
4.1.7 BUS CONNECTOR:
A bus is a subsystem that is used to connect computer components and transfer data between
them. For example, an internal bus connects computer internals to the motherboard. A bus may
be parallel or serial. Parallel buses transmit data across multiple wires. Serial buses transmit
data in bit-serial format. A bus was originally an electrical parallel structure with conductors
connected with identical or similar CPU pins, such as a 32-bit bus with 32 wires and 32 pins.
The earliest buses, often termed electrical power buses or bus bars, were wire collections that
connected peripheral devices and memory, with one bus designated for peripheral devices and
another bus for memory. Each bus included separate instructions and distinct protocols and
timing. Parallel bus standards include advanced technology attachment (ATA) or small com-
puter system interface (SCSI) for printer or hard drive devices. Serial bus standards include
universal serial bus (USB), FireWire or serial ATA with a daisy-chain topology or hub design
for devices, keyboards or modem devices.
Computer systems generally consist of three main parts: the central processing unit
(CPU) that processes data, memory that holds the programs and data to be processed, and I/O
(input/output) devices as peripherals that communicate with the outside world. An early com-
puter might contain a hand-wired CPU of vacuum tubes, a magnetic drum for main memory,
and a punch tape and printer for reading and writing data respectively. A modern system might
have a multi-core CPU, DDR4 SDRAM for memory, a solid-state drive for secondary storage,
a graphics card and LCD as a display system, a mouse and keyboard for interaction, and a Wi-
Fi connection for networking. In both examples, computer buses of one form or another move
data between all of these devices. In most traditional computer architectures, the CPU and main
memory tend to be tightly coupled. A microprocessor conventionally is a single chip which has
a number of electrical connections on its pins that can be used to select an ”address” in the
main memory and another set of pins to read and write the data stored at that location. In most
cases, the CPU and memory share signalling characteristics and operate in synchrony. The bus
connecting the CPU and memory is one of the defining characteristics of the system, and often
21

32. TOOL SPECIFICATION
referred to simply as the system bus. It is possible to allow peripherals to communicate with
memory in the same fashion, attaching adaptors in the form of expansion cards directly to the
system bus. This is commonly accomplished through some sort of standardized electrical con-
nector, several of these forming the expansion bus or local bus. However, as the performance
differences between the CPU and peripherals varies widely, some solution is generally needed
to ensure that peripherals do not slow overall system performance. Many CPUs feature a sec-
ond set of pins similar to those for communicating with memory, but able to operate at very
different speeds and using different protocols. Others use smart controllers to place the data
directly in memory, a concept known as direct memory access. Most modern systems combine
both solutions, where appropriate.
Figure 14: Bus Connector:
As the number of potential peripherals grew, using an expansion card for every periph-
eral became increasingly untenable. This has led to the introduction of bus systems designed
specifically to support multiple peripherals. Common examples are the SATA ports in modern
computers, which allow a number of hard drives to be connected without the need for a card.
However, these high-performance systems are generally too expensive to implement in low-end
devices, like a mouse. This has led to the parallel development of a number of low-performance
bus systems for these solutions, the most common example being the standardized Universal
Serial Bus (USB). All such examples may be referred to as peripheral buses, although this
terminology is not universal.In modern systems the performance difference between the CPU
and main memory has grown so great that increasing amounts of high-speed memory is built
directly into the CPU, known as a cache. In such systems, CPUs communicate using high-
performance buses that operate at speeds much greater than memory, and communicate with
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33. TOOL SPECIFICATION
memory using protocols similar to those used solely for peripherals in the past.
These system buses are also used to communicate with most (or all) other peripherals,
through adaptors, which in turn talk to other peripherals and controllers. Such systems are ar-
chitecturally more similar to multicomputers, communicating over a bus rather than a network.
In these cases, expansion buses are entirely separate and no longer share any architecture with
their host CPU (and may in fact support many different CPUs, as is the case with PCI). What
would have formerly been a system bus is now often known as a front-side bus. Given these
changes, the classical terms ”system”, ”expansion” and ”peripheral” no longer have the same
connotations. Other common categorization systems are based on the bus’s primary role, con-
necting devices internally or externally, PCI vs. SCSI for instance. However, many common
modern bus systems can be used for both; SATA and the associated eSATA are one example of a
system that would formerly be described as internal, while certain automotive applications use
the primarily external IEEE 1394 in a fashion more similar to a system bus. Other examples,
like InfiniBand and I²C were designed from the start to be used both internally and externally.
4.1.8 5V SWITCHED MODE POWER SUPPLY:
Switch mode power supplies (SMPSs) are used in a range of applications as an efficient and
effective source of power. This is in major part of their efficiency. For anybody still working on
a desktop, look for the fan output in the central processing units (CPU). That’s where the SMPS
is. SMPS offers advantages in terms of size, weight, cost, efficiency and overall performance.
These have become an accepted part of electronic gadgets. Basically, it is a device in which
energy conversion and regulation is provided by power semiconductors that are continuously
switching “on” and “off” with high frequency.
The different kinds
• DC to DC Converter
• Forward Converter
• Fly back Converter
• Self-Oscillating Fly back Converter
The primary power received from AC main is rectified and filtered as high voltage DC. It is
then switched at a huge rate of speed and fed to the primary side of the step-down transformer.
The step-down transformer is only a fraction of the size of a comparable 50 Hz unit thus reliev-
ing the size and weight problems. We have the filtered and rectified output at the secondary side
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34. TOOL SPECIFICATION
of the transformer. It is now sent to the output of the power supply. A sample of this output is
sent back to the switch to control the output voltage. In a forward converter, the choke carries
the current when the transistor is conducting as well as when it’s not. The diode carries the
current during the OFF period of the transistor. Therefore, energy flows into the load during
both the periods. The choke stores energy during the ON period and also passes some energy
into the output load.
Figure 15: 5V Switched Mode Power Supply:
In a fly back converter, the magnetic field of the inductor stores energy during the ON pe-
riod of the switch. The energy is emptied into the output voltage circuit when the switch is
in the open state.The duty cycle determines the output voltage. This is the simplest and basic
converter based on the fly back principle. During the conduction time of the switching transis-
tor, the current through the transformer primary starts ramping up linearly with the slope equal
to Vin/Lp.The voltage induced in the secondary winding and the feedback winding make the
fast recovery rectifier reverse biased and hold the conducting transistor ON. When the primary
current reaches a peak value Ip, where the core begins to saturate, the current tends to rise very
sharply. This sharp rise in current cannot be supported by the fixed base drive provided by
the feedback winding. As a result, the switching begins to come out of saturation.A switching
regulator does the regulation in the SMPS. A series switching element turns the current supply
to a smoothing capacitor on and off. The voltage on the capacitor controls the time the series
element is turned. The continuous switching of the capacitor maintains the voltage at the re-
quired level.
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35. TOOL SPECIFICATION
4.2 SOFTWARE SPECIFICATION
4.2.1 Proteus-8:
Proteus is a complete development platform from product concept to design completion.
Its advantages are intelligent principle layout, hybrid circuit simulation and accurate analysis,
single-chip software debugging, single-chip and peripheral circuit co-simulation, PCB auto-
matic layout and wiring. Labcenter, a British company and Proteus software developer, has
been developed around the world for nearly 20 years. It is currently the most powerful and
cost-effective EDA tool in more than 50 countries.
Figure 16: Proteus -8 PCB Design software:
It has been named the best EDA tool by EWW CAD REVIEW ROUNDUP. It is one step
ahead of other competitors in philosophy, continuous model development and software upgrade
thus to ensure first-class technology. Proteus software product structure as shown in the follow-
ing figure 1, Proteus is a complete embedded system software and hardware design simulation
platform, Proteus ISIS is an intelligent schematic input system, system design and Simulation
of the basic platform to achieve the combination of single-chip microcomputer simulation and
pspice circuit simulation. It has the functions of analog circuit simulation, digital circuit sim-
ulation, system simulation composed of single chip microcomputer and its peripheral circuit,
RS232 dynamic simulation, I2C debugger, SPI debugger, keyboard and LCD system simula-
tion, and various virtual instruments, such as oscilloscope, logic analyzer, signal generator, etc.
ARES is a high-level PCB wiring editing software.
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36. TOOL SPECIFICATION
The schematic diagram designed in ISIS can automatically export the network table after
confirming that the device is packaged correctly. PCB layout and wiring can use 2D tools
to design the PCB frame in the board Edge board side layer, set the wiring strategy, select
the automatic or artificial device layout for wiring, and carry out DRC. (Design Rules Check)
and ERC (Electrical Rules Check) can output Gerber files in layers for PCB boarding. Pro-
teus virtual system model combines SPICE circuit simulation of mixed mode, dynamic device
and microcontroller model to realize the complete collaborative simulation based on micro-
controller design. For the first time, it is possible to develop and test such designs before
the physical prototype comes out. Proteus software products include Proteus VSM, VSM for
ARM7/LPC2XXX, VSM for 51/52, VSM for AVR, VSM for PIC24, Proteus PCB Design,
Advanced Simulation Feature (ASF).
26

37. SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE & METHODOLOGY
CHAPTER 5
5 SYSYEM ARCHITECTURE AND METHODOLOGY
5.1 System Architecture
There are nine leading aggregations in our project. The primary aggregation is the power
supply block. This aggregation is the source of energy. Next aggregation is for Arduino Uno
which is interface with 7 segment display and generate PWM. Next aggregation is Bluetooth
module and Touch screen display. The final aggregation is the drive circuit, led module and
current sensor which is used to control light intensity. We provide new technology. We are
using changeable adapters which can be used for multiple surgeries like ocular, optho surgeries
etc. So, by changeable adapters surgeons can be benefited with using single equipment for
multiple surgeries. It is connecting to the heat sink which produces some heat while the kit
is working, so to reduce the heat we are placing cooling fans to exhaust the heat from the
equipment. We are using LED which is nothing but luminous LED that produces high lux,
due to that the surgeons can find minute particles during the surgeries. We are replacing the
probe button mechanism with visual display (Touch Screen) that can help surgeons to increase
or decrease the percentage of light intensity. We are using Arduino Uno with microcontroller
of AT Mega 328p IC which is interfacing with 7 segment LCD screen or panel. Two SMPS are
5v 25Amp & 5v 2Amp one is connecting to luminous LED and other is connect to Arduino
respectively. The cooling fans are used to exhaust the heat.
Figure 17: System Architecture
27

38. SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE & METHODOLOGY
5.2 METHODOLOGY
The flow chart diagram of Endoilluminator light source.
Figure 18: Flow Chart
The fundamental components are used in this project such as LED which is nothing
but luminous LED that produces high lux, due to that the surgeons can discover minute parti-
cles during the surgeries and replacing the probe button mechanism with visual show (Touch
Screen) that can help surgeons to increase or decrease the percentage of mild intensity and
using wireless technology such as Bluetooth module. Arduino Uno with microcontroller of
AT Mega 328p IC which is interfacing with 7 segment LCD screen or panel. Two SMPS are
5v 25Amp & 5v 2Amp one is connecting to luminous LED and other is connect to Arduino
respectively. The cooling fans are used to exhaust the heat. The changeable adapters which can
be used for more than one surgeries like ocular, optho surgeries etc. So, by changeable adapters
surgeons can be benefited with using single tools for multiple surgeries.
The working of the proposed project deals a lot of various topics and cannot be defined
in a single paper. Kindly refer the various mentioned references to get a detailed view. Let us
put forth a bird eye view model of the project model and implementation. The constant power
supply is used for equipment, Two SMPS (Switch Mode Power Supply) one is 5V 2AMP & 5V
25AMP the first one is connect to the Arduino Uno which Arduino Uno need working voltage
is 5V 2AMP and second one is used for the Luminous LED actually Luminous LED required
4V 2AMP by doing small changes in second SMPS that produce 4V 2AMP.
28

39. SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE & METHODOLOGY
By using touch screen display we can increase or decrease light intensity based on that
Arduino Uno which have microcontroller ATMEGA 328P IC generate PWM (Pulse Width
Modulation). If light is increase to 10 percent, then PWM ON 10 percent and OFF 90 percent
similarly if it is increases to 20 percent the it ON 20 percent and OFF 80 percent in simple word
5 Voltage is same in SMPS but current is increase from 0 to 25AMP, so that light intensity will
increase. The changeable adapter is used for multiple surgeries and due to increasing intensity
of LED the heat is generated in heat sink and also voltage fluctuation occurs so that we use RF
filter is used to control and cooling fans are used to exhaust the heat from the equipment’s.
29

40. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK
CHAPTER 6
6 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK
• Conclusion
The proposed system provides Output which the light we are using is luminous that can
produce more lux which compare to normal lights used in present kit. Due to more lux the
surgeons can see minute particles in eye during surgeries. The probe buttons are replaced with
touch screen display by using that we can easily increase or decrease the light intensity and 7
segment display is used to show the percentage of light intensity. The SMPS which have 5V
25AMP has been connected to LED light which is help to increase current due to that light
brightness is increases. The changeable adapter is used for multiple surgeries it means the dif-
ferent surgeries we can use various adapters with same equipment it makes easy to the surgeons.
Figure 19: Project Images
Figure 20: Changeable Adapter Image
30

41. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK
• Future Work
In future we are going to propose our project by using IOT (Internet of Things) based, by
using the IOT we can handle this equipment from any place and now we use Bluetooth module
for only ON and OFF of the kit but we bring a wireless technology which can operate the
equipment by using some sort of remote or mobile phone. In future we reduce the size of the
kit by using SMT compatibility which can occupy less space and it can be easily handle by
surgeons.
Figure 21: Working Images
31

42. REFERENCE
REFERENCES
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