Prof Chris Lowe's presentation to the 2014 Academy for Healthcare Science congress

1. UNIVERSITY OF
CAMBRIDGE
INSTITUTE OF BIOTECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING & BIOTECHNOLOGY
UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE
NANOTECHNOLOGY IN
HEALTHCARE:
NANOMEDICINE
PROFESSOR C R LOWE

2. UNIVERSITY OF
CAMBRIDGE NANOTECHNOLOGY IN HEALTHCARE
NANOTECHNOLOGY IN HEALTHCARE
UNMET NEEDS
MEDICAL INNOVATION: PARADIGM SHIFT
NANOMEDICINE: CONVERGENCE OF
NANOSCIENCES AND SYSTEMS BIOLOGY
HEALTH APPLICATIONS TODAY: EXAMPLES
THE FUTURE

3. UNIVERSITY OF
CAMBRIDGE UNMET NEEDS: GLOBAL DISEASE PRIORITIES
DISEASES FOR WHICH:
BASIC AND APPLIED RESEARCH IS REQUIRED: CANCER;
ACUTE STROKE
BIOMARKERS ARE ABSENT: ALZHEIMER’S, OSTEOARTHRITIS
BETTER FORMULATIONS ARE REQUIRED: CARDIOVASCULAR
DISEASE, DIABETES, POSTPARTUM HAEMORRHAGE,
PAEDIATRIC HIV/AIDS, DEPRESSION
NEGLECTED DISEASES: MALARIA, TRYPANOSOMIASIS,
LEISHMANIASIS, BURULI ULCER, HIV VACCINE
PREVENTION IS PARTICULARLY EFFECTIVE: OBSTRUCTIVE
PULMONARY DISEASE, ALCOHOL USE DISORDERS,
ALCOHOLIC LIVER CIRRHOSIS, ALCOHOL DEPENDENCY
FUTURE PUBLIC HEALTH THREATS: ANTIBACTERIAL
RESISTANCE, PANDEMIC INFLUENZA, NOVEL ZOONOSES
UNMET NEEDS: GLOBAL DISEASE PRIORITIES

4. UNIVERSITY OF
CAMBRIDGE
HEURISTIC EMPIRICAL SCIENCE-BASED
DEPENDS ON
PHYSICIAN’S
JUDGEMENT AND
SKILL
DIAGNOSIS BASED
ON SYMPTOMS
EFFICACY OF
TREATMENT
OUTCOME
UNCERTAIN
“PATTERN
RECOGNITION”
IS KEY ELEMENT OF
DIAGNOSIS
AND TREATMENT
OUTCOMES CAN BE
PREDICTED
IN PROBABILISTIC
TERMS
DISEASES CAN BE
PRECISELY
DIAGNOSED
TREATMENTS
BASED ON
RULES-BASED
THERAPIES
OUTCOMES ARE
PREDICTABLE AND
EFFECTIVE
EVOLUTION OF PRECISION MEDICINE
TREATMENTPREDICTABILITY
ANDEFFECTIVENESS
HIGH
LOW
PARADIGM SHIFT: EVOLUTION OF
PRECISION MEDICINE
ONE SIZE FITS ALL PERSONALISED

5. UNIVERSITY OF
CAMBRIDGE
THE CHALLENGE TO PHYSICIANS: FACTS PER
DECISION EXCEEEDS HUMAN COGNITIVE CAPACITY
1990 2000 2010 2020
5
10
100
1000
10000
PROTEOMICS/METABOLOMICS
AND OTHER EFFECTOR
MOLECULES
FUNCTIONAL GENOMICS/
GENE EXPRESSION
PROFILES
EPIGENOMICS
CLINICAL INFORMATICS
e- AND mHEALTHCARE
SYSTEMS BIOLOGY
NANOTECHNOLOGY
STRUCTURAL
GENETICS/SNPs
HAPLOTYPES
DECISIONS BY CLINICAL
SYMPTOMS (PHENOTYPE)
FACTSPERDECISION
HUMAN
COGNITIVE
CAPACITY
THE CHALLENGE TO PHYSICIANS: FACTS PER
DECISION EXCEEEDS HUMAN COGNITIVE CAPACITY

6. UNIVERSITY OF
CAMBRIDGE
AIMS OF NANOMEDICINE
AIMS OF NANOMEDICINE
ULTIMATE GOAL IS TO INTEGRATE DETECTION, DIAGNOSTICS, TREATMENT AND PREVENTION
OF DISEASE INTO A PERSONALIZED SINGLE PLATFORM
IN VIVO CHIP
SENSING PROCESSING
OPERATION
HEALTHCARE CHIP
IMMUNODIAGNOSIS
DRUG
DELIVERY
DEVICE
HOSPITAL
BIOIMAGING
REGENERATIVE
MEDICINE
TARGETED
THERAPY
CANCER
THERAPY
DIAGNOSIS
ON CHIP
NETWORK
MICROSURGERY

7. UNIVERSITY OF
CAMBRIDGE
NANOMEDICINE (PRECISION MEDICINE)
NANOMEDICINE (PRECISION MEDICINE)
IN VIVO DIAGNOSTICS
NANOTHERAPEUTICS
DRUG DELIVERY
GENE THERAPY
THERANOSTICS
NANOMEDICINE
APPLICATIONS
HYPERTHERMIA AGENTS
FOR TUMOUR THERAPY
BIOLOGICAL TAGGING
AND
SEPARATIONS
BIOCHIPS AND
SENSORS
REGENERATIVE
MEDICINE
HUMAN
ENHANCEMENT
IN VITRO DIAGNOSTICS
IMAGING AGENTS

8. UNIVERSITY OF
CAMBRIDGE
WHAT IS NANOTECHNOLOGY?
WHAT IS NANOTECHNOLOGY?
THE SCIENCE OF MANIPULATING ATOMS AND
MOLECULES TO MAKE NEW MATERIALS AND
DEVICES
INTERDISCIPLINARY – WHERE SCIENCE AND
ENGINEERING INTERCONNECT
OCCURS AT THE 1-100 NANOMETRE RANGE
– ONE NANOMETER IS 10-9 METRES OR ABOUT 3
ATOMS LONG. FOR COMPARISON, A HUMAN
HAIR IS ABOUT 60-80,000 NANOMETRES WIDE

9. UNIVERSITY OF
CAMBRIDGE
NANOSTRUCTURE SIZES
NANOSTRUCTURE SIZES
100 10 1 100 10 1 0.1
HUMAN HAIR
RED BLOOD
CELLS
BACTERIUM VIRUS
DNA
ORGANIC
MOLECULE
ATOM
m nm
PROTEIN

10. UNIVERSITY OF
CAMBRIDGE
NANOFABRICATION
TECHNIQUES
NANOFABRICATION TECHNIQUES
TOP-DOWN
Reduce large material to nanoscale
BOTTOM-UP
Individual atoms/molecules to nanostructures

11. UNIVERSITY OF
CAMBRIDGE
ADVANTAGES OF EMPLOYING NANOTECHNOLOGY
OR NANOSCALE FEATURES:
SMALL SAMPLE SIZES (pL)
FASTER REACTION TIMES/REDUCED DIFFUSION DISTANCES
HIGH SURFACE/VOLUME RATIOS
INCREASED REACTIVITY
LOW CONSUMPTION OF REAGENTS
MULTIPLEXING VIA MINIATURISATION
HIGH-THROUGHPUT ANALYSIS
COMPACTNESS (DESKTOP/HANDHELD/POC)
REDUCED FABRICATION COSTS/MASS PRODUCTION
SAFER PLATFORM FOR CHEMICAL, RADIOACTIVE OR BIOLOGICAL
SAMPLES
REDUCED POWER BURDEN
ADVANTAGES OF EMPLOYING NANOTECHNOLOGY
OR NANOSCALE FEATURES:

12. UNIVERSITY OF
CAMBRIDGE
Gold nanoparticles in glass are
reflected as red. Ancient stained-glass
makers knew if they put finely ground
gold or silver in the glass they would
get beautiful colours. They used
nanosized gold and silver particles.
Optical properties change with the
nanoscale.
NANOTECHNOLOGY IS NOT NEW!
NANOTECHNOLOGY IS NOT NEW!

13. UNIVERSITY OF
CAMBRIDGE
Quantum mechanics plays a
much more important role
A brick of gold is shiny and
“gold”-coloured.
– A vial of gold nanoparticles in
solution can be a range of colours
depending on the size of the
nanoparticles.
– This is because of a phenomenon
know as quantum confinement.
EFFECT OF NANOSCALE
EFFECT OF NANOSCALE
12 18 24 60 90 150 nm62 5 8

14. UNIVERSITY OF
CAMBRIDGE APPLICATIONS OF NANOSCALE SILVER
APPLICATIONS OF NANOSCALE SILVER
ANTI-MICROBIAL OINTMENTS
CONTROLS SPOILAGE
WOUND DRESSINGS/BANDAGES
SENSORS

15. UNIVERSITY OF
CAMBRIDGE PRINCIPLE OF HOLOGRAPHIC SENSORS
ΣRi
wavelength (nm)
reflectance(%)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
600 610 620 630 640 650 660
lpk
Rpk
n
“Smart” Polymer
θ
∂ λmax = 2n∂cosθ
COLOUR
BRIGHTNESS
IMAGE/ALPHANUMERIC
MESSAGE
POSITION
OPTICAL ELEMENTS
MICRO-HOLOGRAMS
Ag0 Nanoparticles

16. UNIVERSITY OF
CAMBRIDGE
HOLOGRAPHIC (BIO)SENSORS
PHYSICAL PARAMETERS (°C, hʋ, P)
GASES (O2, CO2, CO, NO, NH3, H2S, alka(e,y)nes)
VOCs (Alcohols, ketones, aldehydes)
IONS (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cu2+, Cd2+, Pb2+)
METABOLITES (Glucose, urea)
DRUGS (Penicillin)
ANTIGENS/ANTIBODIES (hCG)
OLIGONUCLEOTIDES
WHOLE CELLS
HOLOGRAPHIC (BIO)SENSORS

17. UNIVERSITY OF
CAMBRIDGE
Gold nanoparticles in toothpaste is effective in preventing
plaque formation, cavities and gingivitis.
Nano-Gold Toothpaste, Credit: Lexon Nanotech, Inc.
APPLICATION OF GOLD NANOPARTICLES
APPLICATION OF GOLD NANOPARTICLES

18. UNIVERSITY OF
CAMBRIDGE
ADDITIONAL FEATURES OF
NANOTECHNOLOGY
ADDITIONAL FEATURES OF NANOTECHNOLOGY
NANOCONTOURED SURFACES OR STRUCTURES, NANOPITS,
NANOBUMPS, NANOGROOVES ON SURFACES OR SCAFFOLDS:
FACILITATE CELL ADHESION, NON-ADHESION, GROWTH OR MOVEMENT:
APPLICABLE TO A WIDE RANGE OF BIOLOGICAL SENSING OR BINDING
SURFACES
NANOWIRES/ NANOPORES:
CAN BE USED FOR DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA) SEQUENCING
OTHER NANOSCALE FEATURES SUCH AS FUNCTIONALISED
HYDROPHILIC OR HYDROPHOBIC SURFACES
NANOSCALE ACTUATORS:
TINY SWITCHES OR PUMPS
MICRO- OR NANOSCALE FEATURES CAPABLE OF MIMICKING THE
MORPHOLOGY OF NATURAL TISSUE, CELLULAR OR SUBCELLULAR
FEATURES:
MORE REALISTICALLY MODEL IN VIVO METABOLIC OR PHYSIOLOGICAL
CONDITIONS OR STRESSES; OR THAT CAN FACILITATE IMPORTANT
NATURAL CELL-TO-CELL SIGNALLING IN VITRO.

19. UNIVERSITY OF
CAMBRIDGE TYPES OF NANOPARTICLES
FUNCTIONALISED
NANOTUBES
SILICON
NANOPARTICLES
FULLERENES
QUANTUM DOTS
MAGNETIC
NANOPARTICLES
MULTI-FUNCTIONAL
LIPOSOMES
NANOSHELLS
POLYMERIC
MICELLES
DRUG
DELIVERY
SENSORS/
DIAGNOSTICS
RADIATION
PROTECTION
MRI CONTRAST
AGENTS
GENE
THERAPY
PHOTODYNAMIC
THERAPY
TYPES OF NANOPARTICLES
NANOMEDICINE

20. UNIVERSITY OF
CAMBRIDGE NANOPARTICLES FOR DRUG DELIVERY
NANOPRTICLES FOR DRUG DELIVERY

21. UNIVERSITY OF
CAMBRIDGE
NANOPARTICLE CONTRAST AGENTS UNDER
DEVELOPMENT (QUANTUM DOTS)
NANOPARTICLE CONTRAST AGENTS
UNDER DEVELOPMENT
UNIQUE OPTICAL AND ELECTRONIC PROPERTIES SUCH
AS:
SIZE AND COMPOSITION
TUNABLE FLUORESCENCE EMISSION FROM VISIBLE
TO INFRARED WAVELENGTHS
LARGE ABSORPTION COEFFICIENTS ACROSS A WIDE
SPECTRAL RANGE
VERY HIGH LEVELS OF BRIGHTNESS AND PHOTO
STABILITY
SIZE OF A TYPICAL PROTEIN

22. UNIVERSITY OF
CAMBRIDGE
QUANTUM DOTS: EX-VIVO AND
IN-VIVO DIAGNOSTICS
QUANTUM DOTS: EX-VIVO AND IN-VIVO DIAGNOSTICS

23. UNIVERSITY OF
CAMBRIDGE
MULTIMODAL IMAGING
MULTIMODAL IMAGING
ENHANCED
CONTRAST
MRI
IN VIVO
FLUORESCENCE
IMAGING

24. UNIVERSITY OF
CAMBRIDGE NANOPHOTONIC MEDICINE
BIOIMAGING
QUANTUM DOTS
RARE EARTH UP-CONVERTERS
PLASMONIC NANOPARTICLES
NON-LINEAR OPTICS
NANOSCOPIC FIELD
ENHANCEMENT
PLASMONIC ENHANCEMENT FOR
APERTURELESS NEAR FIELD
PLASMONIC RAMAN ENHANCEMENT
BIOSENSORS
PHOTONIC CRYSTALS
HOLOGRAPHIC GRATINGS
NANOCONTROL OF EXCITATION DYNAMICS
NANOSCOPIC SUB-CELLULAR INTERACTIONS USING FRET
PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY
PHOTOGENETICS
PHOTODYNAMIC CONTROL OF GENE EXPRESSION
NANOPHOTONIC
MEDICINE

25. UNIVERSITY OF
CAMBRIDGE NANO-SENSORS
NANO-SENSORS
GaN NANO-LASER
NANO-FET
Pd-H2
NANO-CANTILEVERGaN NANOWIRES

26. UNIVERSITY OF
CAMBRIDGE GRAPHENE IN NANOMEDICINE
GRAPHENE IN NANOMEDICINE
DIAGNOSTICS / NANOSENSORS
SINGLE CELL SENSORS
DRUG DELIVERY
NEURAL SCAFFOLDS
REGENERATIVE MEDICINE
FLEXIBLE NANO ROBOTS

27. UNIVERSITY OF
CAMBRIDGE HUMAN ORGAN-ON-A-CHIP
HUMAN ORGAN-ON-A-CHIP
LUNG
Absorption of drugs
HEART
Contractility and Conduction
KIDNEY
Excretion
BONE MARROW
Immune response
LIVER
Metabolism of drugs
GUT
Absorption of drugs
ARTERY
Functional response

28. UNIVERSITY OF
CAMBRIDGE NANO-ROBOTIC DEVICES: KEY FEATURES
SIZE
Micron scale (0.3-3μm)
Nano scale components (1-100nm)
BIOCOMPATIBILITY
Passive diamond coating
Not attacked by immune system
POWER
Glucose/O2 fuel cell
COMMUNICATION
Acoustic/near IR communication
Internal communication network
NANO-ROBOTIC DEVICES: KEY FEATURES

29. UNIVERSITY OF
CAMBRIDGE NANO-ROBOT FUTURES
NANO-ROBOT FUTURES
VIRUS SEEKING PROBES
ARTERY CLEANER
NANO-ROBOTS REPLACING
NEURONS
NANO-SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS
ARTIFICIAL RESPIROCYTES

30. UNIVERSITY OF
CAMBRIDGE
RESPIROCYTES: A MECHANICAL ARTIFICIAL RED
BLOOD CELL
BLOODBORNE SPHERICAL 1-
MICRON DIAMONDOID 1000-ATM
PRESSURE VESSEL
ACTIVE PUMPING POWERED BY
ENDOGENOUS SERUM
GLUCOSE
ABLE TO DELIVER 236 TIMES
MORE OXYGEN TO THE TISSUES
PER UNIT VOLUME THAN
NATURAL RED CELLS AND TO
MANAGE CARBONIC ACIDITY
RESPIROCYTES: A MECHANICAL
ARTIFICIAL RED BLOOD CELL

31. UNIVERSITY OF
CAMBRIDGE
NANOMEDICINE FUTURES (HUMAN ENHANCEMENT)
NANOMEDICINE FUTURES
(HUMAN ENHANCEMENT)
DATA STORAGE
COGNITIVE
ENHANCEMENT
ERROR CORRECTION
DATA REPLAY/FEEDBACK
CARDIO FLOW
AND
FUNCTION
MONITOR
AUDIO
ENHANCEMENT
INCREASED
FREQUENCY
RANGE
IN VIVO FIBRE OPTIC
COMMUNICATION
BACKBONE
OPTOGENETICS
INTERNAL
NAVIGATIONAL
GRID
GPS REPLACEMENT ORGANS
MECHANICAL
ENHANCEMENTS
GENETIC/
COSMETIC
PERFORMANCE
ENHANCEMENT
AGE MITIGATION/
REVERSAL
ARTIFICIAL RETINAS
HUD
CONTACT LENS SENSORS/
DRUG DELIVERY
SOLAR PROTECTED SKIN
TONE-TEXTURE
CHANGEABILITY