Introduction to settlement dynamics m ralph

Introduction to Settlement
Dynamics
M Ralph

Introduction to Settlement Dynamics
Learning Objectives
Some - To be able to contrast the distinction
between Urban and Rural Areas
Most – Can compare the relationship between
different settlement (the urban and the rural)
All - Can Define all key terminology

Key Terms
• Rural
• Rural Landscape
• Rural Population
• Gentrification
• Green Belt
• Key Village
• Counterurbanisation
• Rural depopulation
• Urbanisation
• Town
• Village
• Metropolitan village
• Hamlet
• LEDCs
• MEDCs

Defining the Rural
In, relating to, or characteristic of the
countryside rather than the town:
‘remote rural areas’
- Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary

Defining the Urban
In, relating to, or characteristic of a
town or city: ‘the urban population’
-

Settlement Hierarchy
• Is a division of different types of
settlements usually by population
size
• Small settlements in the country
side are the rural areas
• Large settlements in towns and
cities are Urban areas

Sphere of Influence
• This is defined as the area served by a
particular settlement
• The size of this sphere of influence depends
on the size and functions of a town and its
surrounding settlement, the transport
facilities available and the level of
competition from a rival settlement
• In general the larger the settlement the larger
the sphere of influence
Think about Dubai compared to Al Ain

Key Terms
Threshold population – the minimum
number of people needed to support a
settlement or service
Range – the maximum distance that
people are willing to travel in order to
obtain a particular service

High and Low Order Goods
• Functions – are what a settlement does, what is its
main purpose for example tourism, industry,
administrative center, port etc.
• High Order services/ goods Have a high threshold
population and a large range these examples include
furniture, cars, electrical items such as TVs, financial
expertise etc….
• Low order service/goods – have a low threshold
population and a small range, examples include
bread, a newspaper, primary schools etc.

Site and Situation
• Site – the type of land that a settlement is
built on
• Situation – the situation of a settlement
describes its location in relation to different
physical features around it or how far away it
is from other settlements

Past Paper – Oct/Nov 2011 Short
Question

Question - Insert

Question – Mark Scheme

Post it ! Write down the Definitions!
• Settlement hierarchy
• Sphere of influence
• Functions of Settlements
• Threshold population
• Range
• High and Low Order Goods
• Site and Situation

Unit 3.1Changes in Rural
Settlements
Lesson 2 (Rural MEDC Examples)

Lesson Objectives
Some - To evaluate the reasons for and
the consequences of rural growth/decline
Most - To be able to examine a rural case
study
All- Recall learning from prior lesson and
apply it to our understanding of the Case
Study

Questions Time!!
How does Urban Growth impact
Rural Areas??
Start the Clock to 4 min write
down as many reasons as you can
think of!

Key Terminology
• Rural – Urban Migration
• Urban – Rural Migration
• Rural Growth
• Rural Decline
• Commuting
• Teleworking
• Farm Diversification
• Sustainable
Development
• Rural Conflicts
• Affordable Housing

Key factors explaining changes
in MEDC Rural areas:
1. Improvements in transport
2. Increased standards of living
3. Decreased size of
households

Industries and retailing
are moving to rural
areas…
• Three important factors:
1. Dissatisfaction of urban
lifestyles
2. Increase in car
ownership
3. Improving technology
which allows industries
to become ‘footloose’

• House and land price escalate
• Conflict between permanent population and
temporary population
• Roads become congested
• Driving is hazardous and there is an increase
number of accidents
• Local environment will be deteriorate
• New buildings may not fit into local
surroundings such as Swiss-style chalets in
Snowdonia
Disadvantages of second homes:

Advantages of second homes:
• Economic development of backward rural areas
• Taxes from second homes helps to support local
services
• The competition between second home owners
and young people may not as great as generally
assumed. Most second home owners require
an isolated home without electricity or a bath
so that they can renovate it.

Some of the Changes to Note!
• Rural environments
• Agriculture
• Rural Depopulation
• Rural Services

Population characteristics
• Remote rural villages in the UK are declining
whereas accessible rural-urban fringe areas
are expanding. Consequences?

Rural Life – The Pros and Cons
• Services (Financial, Health, Education)
• Transport (commuting, teleworking)
• Infrastructure
• Job availability (farming / diversification)
• Rural environments
• Agriculture
• Rural Depopulation
• Rural Services

Consequences of decline
• Many people left – elderly with limited
means.
• Houses brought as second homes – ghost
town effect for most of the year.
• Deprivation sets in, as many cannot afford to
move away.
• Sense of isolation
• Effects on services – many close.

Consequences of Expansion
• Creation of several small, new housing
estates, often with houses that local people
cannot afford.
• Increased congestion as many families have 2
or more cars.
• Dormitory villages, little life during the day.
• Conflicts between established villagers and
new comers.

Past Paper 1.1– Oct/Nov 2011

Past Paper 1.1– Oct/Nov 2011: Mark
Scheme

Starter Recap on Previous Lesson
• Reasons for change in Rural Areas (expansion
and decline)
– Transport
– Agriculture
– Services
– Technology
– Second Homes
– Ageing Population
– Isolation

Lesson Objectives
Some - To summarise a Rural case study in
an MEDC
Most - To describe why settlements
change over time
All - To Recall key terms from previous
lesson

Case Study Research Headings to note
-Rural Area
• Location
• Size
• Functions
• Land Use
• Population Structure
• Reasons for Decline or Growth
• Changes (population, economic, counter
urbanisation, perceptions of rural life)

Changes to Services
SERVICE CHANGES FOR THE WORSE CHANGES FOR THE
BETTER
Food shops Many stores have closed.
Supermarkets in nearby towns
open longer, cheaper & free bus.
New types created, such
as farm shops & garage
shops.
Post Offices Many down graded to hole in the
wall of part time facilities.
Cooperation between PO
and banks to provide
combined services.
Public
Transport
Passenger numbers fall -people
move out / new comers have
cars. Closure of uneconomic
routes.
Grants available for
community buses, such
as postal bus service –
combines letter delivery.
Village schools Ageing pop – falling school
number – closure. Wealthy
educate privately.
More nurseries, grants to
support small schools,
shared headships.
Libraries Service cut. Mobile libraries increase.
Primary health
care
Decline in dental facilities, many
GP surgeries close.
Grants available & mini
health centres set up.
Village halls General decline. Grants

Rural Ireland - Upperchurch
• Location: Rep IRE, Midlands
• Population: approx. 2000
• Functions : Agriculture,
Tourism, Sport
• Land Use: Agriculture,
Forestry, Wind Farms.
• Reasons for
growth/decline: local
initiative, economic
recession

IONA - SCOTLAND
• A remote island off west coast of Scotland
• Rural communities are experiencing rural
depopulation
• 1980s – population fell by 40% (current pop 120)
• Severe shortage of jobs – unemployment rates
are high
• Difficult to attract young people and migrants to
the island
• Traditional industries such as fishing and farming
are gradually being eroded

The Isle of Purbeck
https://www.yout
ube.com/watch?v
=DaHmSuoVVKM

Isle of Purbeck
• SE part of the Purbeck district in Dorset.
• Area :200km²
• Remote rural district. One town Swanage – seaside resort.
• A351 road – provides a direct link to Poole- Bournemouth
conurbation (500,000 people).
• Important dormitory function – commuter traffic at peak
periods.
• Population has increased over last 40yrs – 44, 000 in 2001.
Popular area for retirement, so pop is considerably older
than UK average. Out migration of younger adults searching
for jobs & lower cost housing.
• Natural decrease exists due to high DR and low BR.

Problems
• House prices high due to – commuters,
retirees, 2nd homeowners, in-migrants.
• Local employment opportunities ltd & wages
low.
• Decline in services – few general stores, 3 out
of 4 villages no general store, 38 rural PO
have closed since 91, 35 petrol stations have
closed since 91 & 8 villages have lost their
only pub.
• Public transport in limited.

Positive aspects
• 6 village surgeries have opened.
• Parishes have grouped together and
Priests work on rota basis.
• Tourism function will have positive
impact on services available.
• Extra mini bus coverage – through
volunteer schemes, limited extent.

Case Study:
Affects of migration and population
change in Rural areas:
Isle of Purbeck, Dorset
Population dynamics
Ethnicity
AgePopulation
Structure
White
98.8
Black
0.6
Chinese
0.6
65+
21.77
45-64
27.50
BR = 10.1
DR = 11.9
Females
22,895
Males
21,521
Total
44,416
Rural service decline What happened?What is not there?
Village
Schools
Post
offices
Food
shops
Elderly and
poor left
Dormitory
village
Deprivation
Private
education
Transport
Grants for
community
bus
Combined services
Have to travel
Library's
Mobile
ones
Health
care GP
closure
Isolation
Locals cannot afford
local houses
Second home commuters
– services unused
- pollution
Conflict between
locals and
newcomers
No village
activity

Settlement Dynamics Short
Question(10 mark)
• (a)- using the UK as a model describe the
location and extent of the areas experiencing
Rural Depopulation (4marks)
• (b)- Explain some of the pressures on Rural
areas due to the growth of Urban
Settlements (6 marks)
– Complete for Homework 

Presentations!
• Location
• Size
• Functions
• Land Use
• Population Structure
• Reasons for Decline
or Growth
• Changes (population,
economic, counter
urbanisation,
perceptions of rural
life)

Learning Objectives
Some – To explain the process of
Urbanisation
Most - list the causes of Urbanisation
All – to define all key terminology

Key Words
• Urbanisation
• Re-Urbanisation
• Suburbanisation
• Urban- Sprawl
• Rural- Urban Fringe
• Rural-Urban Continuum
• Urban Renewal

Defining Urban Areas… can be difficult!
• The term urban area, from which urbanisation is
derived is very difficult to define.
• It varies from region to region (Madzingira et al,
2002).
• In Chile it is the centre with urban characteristics
whilst in Norway localities of 200 or more
inhabitants can constitute an urban area(UN
Demographic Yr. Bk, 1983)
• In Zimbabwe it is a designated urban area, that is
areas which have 2500 inhabitants or a compact
settlement pattern, with the majority [more than
50%] of the population employed persons
engaged in non - agricultural activities (Madzingira
et al, 2002).

Continued…
• The process by which towns & cities grow bigger &
more people go to live in them, (Mac Millan
dictionary).
• Urbanisation is a process whereby an increasing
proportion of a nations population live in urban
areas (Waugh, 1990).
• Other scholars have simply defined Urbanisation as
the proportion of a country that is urban.

Def ...cont*
• Urbanisation implies a cultural & social
psychological process whereby people acquire the
material & non-material culture, including
behavioural patterns form of organisation & ideas
that originated in or are distinctive of the city.
• Debji (1991), defined urbanisation as a process of
concentration, which in two ways: the
multiplication of the points of concentration and
the increase in size of individual concentrations.

Definitions
• Urbanisation – the increase in the
proportion of population living in towns
and cities
• Urban Growth- growth in population
numbers or the physical expansion of
the urban area

Causes of Urbanisation
• Increase in Urban Employment – when
businesses move into urban areas, they cause
an increase in employment in one or more
industries. This can cause a population
increase (as people move into the area for
work) which has a knock on effect on
services, housing.

• Industrial Revolution
• Industralisation following the industrial
revolution
• Emergence of large manufacturing centers
• Job Opportunities
• Availability of easy transportation
• Migration

Global Urbanisation Trends
• Global urban population is growing at a rapid pace from
17% in 1951 to 20% in 2001 and approaching 41% by 2030
(Kadi, 2012).
• Developing countries urbanise faster than developed
countries hence they face greater challenges of
urbanisation
• U.S.A was 40% urbanised in 1890, 70% in 1960 and 75+ %
in 1990.
• This gradual pace is in contrast with that one of
developing nations e.g. Korea was 40% in 1970 and 78% in
1990 (Henderson, 2002).
• By 2005 more than half of the worlds population will be in
urban areas; over two-thirds of this population will be in
Less Developed Countries, as alleged by the world
population patterns (Madzingira et al ,2002).

What is the difference
between Urbanisation and
Urban Growth?

Past Paper 1.3 – Oct/Nov 2012

Past Paper 1.3 – Oct/Nov 2012
Mark Scheme

Definitions
• Urbanisation – the increase in the proportion
of population living in towns and cities
• Suburbanisation – the outward growth of
urban areas that may engulf surrounding
villages and towns (the suburbs are the
outlying areas of a city which are close
enough to the city centre to be accessible by
commuters.)

Definitions
• Counterurbanisation - a demographic and
social process where people move from
urban areas to rural areas.
• Reurbanisation - is usually a government's
initiative to counter the problem of inner city
decline. Inner-city decline usually occurs
when problems such as pollution,
overpopulation, inadequate housing, etc.

Discuss
What factors have led to the rise of more
and more people living in cities

Globally where do more people live –
rural or urban areas?

Can you Describe what the world map shows?

• Industrialisation - is a major cause of
urbanisation. It has expanded the
employment opportunities. Rural people
have migrated to cities on account of better
employment opportunities.
• Social factors - the attraction of city living,
better standard of living, better educational
facilities, Social status.

• Employment opportunities - In rural areas
people have to depend mainly on agriculture
for their livelihood so rural people have to
migrate to cities.
• Modernisation - Urban areas are
characterised by sophisticated technology
better infrastructure, communication, medical
facilities, etc. People feel that they can lead a
comfortable life in cities and migrate to cities.

Causes of suburbanisation
Attractions of edge of city
location
• Access – motorways etc
• Room to expand
• Green space
• Pleasant environment
Technology
• Advances in transport
meant people could
commute longer
distances
• ICT and
communications
developments mean
more people can work
from home

Consequences of suburbanisation
• inner city/CBD decline
• Urban sprawl……..
– Think of some more can be positive and negative
• Hint: Environmental, Social and Economic

Factors for growth in counter-urbanisation
•Negative reaction to city life
•Escape from air pollution, dirt and crime of the urban environment.
•Aspire to what is seen as pleasant, quiet and clean environment of
countryside, where land and house prices are cheaper.
•Car ownership and greater affluence allow people to commute.
•Sources of employment moving away from cities. 1981-96 1 million
more jobs in rural areas.
•Improvement in technology (internet) allows freedom of location.
•Rising demand for second homes and earlier retirement. Link to
affluence.
•Rural areas need to attract income. Agriculture in decline. Farmers
sell off land.

Reurbanisation
• Large scale investment programmes aimed at
urban regeneration
• A move towards sustainable communities –
this means that economically the city is
sustainable and can provide their inhabitants
with a place to work, live, reliable income, a
reasonable quality of life and opportunities
to develop through education and health
provision.

What is Gentrification?
• the process of renewal and rebuilding
accompanying the influx of middle-class or
affluent people into deteriorating areas that
often displaces poorer residents.

Gentrification
Positives
• Social mix of the area
changes (more affluent)
• Increase in bars,
restaurants and services
• The residents have higher
purchasing power
• Employment is created
Negatives
• Local people on low income
find it difficult to afford
housing
• Private rented
accommodation is sold off
• Friction between
newcomers and original
residents

Quick Quiz!
• What is the cycle of urbanisation?
• What is counter urbanisation ?
• Define Reurbanisation ?

Unit 3.3 The Changing Structure of
Urban Settlements
Learning Objectives
Some – will evaluate the use of the Bid-
Rent Theory
Most – can recall knowledge and
understanding of the structure and
dynamics of Urban Areas
All – will recall the different land use
models

DEFINITION OF THE CITY
• Physical Definition of the City - Non-
rural settlement that is, built up,
economically functional, has a local
government, and a legal boundary.

Types of Cities
• Primate City - is a major city that works as the
financial, political, and population center of a country
and is not rivaled in any of these aspects by any
other city in that country. Normally, a primate
city must be at least twice as populous as the second
largest city in the country
• World City - a city that is a major centre for finance,
trade, business, politics, culture, science information
gathering and mass media. It is one that serves the
whole world and can be considered an important
multinational city. Examples include New York,
London and Tokyo.

Types of Cities
• Mega City - a very large city, typically one
with a population of over ten million people.
• Megalopolis - a very large, heavily populated
city or urban complex

GROWTH OF THE CITY
• Skyscrapers - using vertical space
–intensive use of land
• shops at street level
– professional offices at higher levels
• Outward Expansion
–advent of the automobile & transportation
routes
–decline of public transport

OUTWARD EXPANSION
• Squatter Settlements - illegally erected
shacks, cardboard structures and
tents, due to rapid growth in cities of
developing countries
• De-urbanization of the City
– suburbanism - legally independent cities
–cluster cities
– rural areas preferable to urban lifestyle
– telecommuting - economic activity from a
distance

DISTRIBUTION OF CITIES
• Physical Restraints
–Manufacturing - North & East
–Retail Cities serving farmers - Mid West
–Resorts & Retirement - Southwest
• Economic Functions
–site & situation factors
–International Trade - Port Cities
–Entertainment Centers - Las Vegas

DISTRIBUTION OF CITIES
• International Distribution
–Developed countries have a higher
population living in urban areas
• Two thirds live in urban areas
–Developing countries have the greatest
increases in the number of large
urban settlements
• One quarter live in urban areas
• Most of the largest cities are in the
developing regions

Burgess’ Concentric zone Model
• Designed by Sociologist: Ernest Burgess in 1920
• Suggest that cities expand outward from CBD
• Oldest parts in the city center
• Quality, size of houses, income of residents increase with
distance from CBD

URBAN PATTERNS
• City Center
– best known area, most visually distinctive
• San Francisco, London
– original site of settlement
• Central Business District
– retail & office space
– assessable
– often a focal point with skyscrapers
– specialized stores for the office workers

URBAN PATTERNS
• Zones in Transition
– mixed use with light industry
– transition from business to residential
– older neighborhoods (slums)
• home to ethnic groups not culturally
integrated
• ghettos vs. ethnic neighborhood
• Suburbs
– residential
– nodes of retail services

Hoyt Sector Model
• By the land economist Homer Hoyt in 1939
• Took rents within a city as the major factor
• Effect of transportation/ communication as the main
force to shape cities
• Cities develop along transport routes – canals, roads
• Wedges radiating from CBD
• Sometimes due to physical features
• Contrast with Burgess: Thinks that rent could remain
the same in certain slices
• Work better with European cities

Ullman and Harris’ Multiple Nuclei
model Model
• Developed in 1945 by geographers – Chauncey Harris
and Edward Ullman
• Argues that CDB are losing importance – are only
nucleus
• Lessened effects of transportation due to the rise in
automobile
• Greater movement of people to suburbs
• Most representative of expansive/ sprawling cities
• They develop in nuclei – pockets of land uses
• Certain economic activities support one another –
make a nucleus

Griffin and Ford’s model
• 1980: Geographers Ernest Griffin, Larry Ford
• Developed to describe structure of Latin America
cities
• These cities are built up around the core CBD
• Commercial spine surrounded by elite housing (in
Bangkok the spine is formed through transport
lines)
• These areas are then surrounded by 3 concentric
zones of housings – decreasing in quality as they
move away from CBD
• Zone of maturity, Zone of in-situ accretion, Perifico
• http://geography.about.com/od/urbaneconomicgeography
/a/Latin-American-City-Structure-Model.htm

Bid-rent Theory
• Cost of rent increase to the center of the cities
• Rent highest in CBD – so the only ones who can
really buy the lands: Commercial centers for
large manufacturing industries – hence land
uses in generally commercial
• Rent still high one the next ring: Mostly
residential sectors
• At the periphery: Industries – require large
space so cannot go for the high rent
• The closer to the center cities: building are taller
– rent is high so people live in high density
residential areas.

Unit 3.3 Key Terms
• Bid-rent Theory
• Spatial Competition
• PLVI (peak land value
intersection)
• Functional Zonation
• Urban Structure
• Residential Segregation
• Multi- Ethnicity
• Re-Urbanisation
• Gentrification
• Urban Renewal

Key Terms Definitions
• Spatial Competition – preference for locating
business/ residential housing in certain areas
• PLVI - the region within a settlement with the
greatest land value and commerce. As such, it
is usually located in the central business
district of a town or city, and has the greatest
density of transport links such as roads and
rail.

• Urban Deprivation - is a standard of leaving
below that of the majority in a particular society
that involves hardships and lack of access to
resources. Places suffering from urban
deprivation have visible differences in housing
and economic opportunities been the rich living
alongside poor people.
• Functional Zonation - The pattern of land use
within a city, such as residential, commercial,
and governmental.(shops on bottom floor
offices on upper floors)

• Residential Segregation - the physical
separation of two or more groups into
different neighbourhoods, or a form
of segregation that sorts population groups
into various neighbourhood contexts and
shapes the living environment at the
neighbourhood level.
• Multi-Ethnicity – several ethnic groups living
in the same area.

• Re-Urbanisation - to the movement of people
back into an area that has been previously
abandoned.
• Gentrification - the process by which
wealthier (mostly middle-income) people
move into, renovate, and restore housing and
sometimes businesses in inner cities or other
deteriorated areas formerly home to poorer
people.

• Urban-Renewal - Programs designed to clear,
rebuild, and redevelop urban slums. Critics
contend that although they bulldoze
slums, urban renewal programs often have
led to their replacement by office buildings
and by apartment houses for the well-to-do.
• Counterurbanisation - when large numbers of
people move from urban areas into
surrounding countryside or rural areas

Revision Refresh Video Clip
• Five Min Recap on the different
areas of a city and the different
Functions of these areas
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v
=6Ah0Qx1inaA

Post It!
• Write down the definitions on your post
its!
• You have 3 min! 

Past Paper May/June 2011 Short
Question

Question - Insert

Question – Mark Scheme

Unit 3.3 The Changing Structure of Urban
Settlements
Learning Objectives
Some – recognise urban problems and
evaluate solutions.
Most – Identify common characteristics
of the CBD
All – Link todays learning to prior
knowledge of the different city models

History of CBD
• A lot of CBDs are simply market towns that have
grown to a certain extent
• These areas provide sites for cities
• Areas for exchange, trades
• CBDs soon become fixed locations
• Points where most infrastructures are concentrated
• Where there is the highest commercial activities:
Large population threshold
• Goods with large sphere of influence appear here e.g
supermarkets, railways, sky trains
• High amount of workers available

Common CBD Characteristics
• Over time, the CBD developed into a center of finance and
seat of government as well as office space. In the early
1900s, European and American cities had CBDs that featured
primarily retail and commercial cores.
• In the mid-20th century, the CBD expanded to include office
space and commercial businesses while retail took a back
seat.
• The Old Cities according to Burgess and most other models –
start in the CBD. Hence the core of CBDs tend to have the
oldest/ tallest buildings. Lots of historical sites. Urban
renewal may also change this together with suburbanisation

Common CBD Characteristics
• The CBD is very accessible, all roads lead to, or
in a sense, grow out of the CBD
• Highly skilled professions city are often located
in the CBD – lawyers, doctors, academics,
government officials
• CBD has been given new life with gentrification
in inner city regions
• malls, theatres, museums, stadiums
• Most people do not live here they commute
here to work

High Land Values
• According to the Bid-Rent Theory
• Due to high accessibility and high market
importance the CBD has the highest land
cost
THEREFORE:
• Minimal residential uses – too expensive
• Multistory buildings (maximizing use of
space)
Functional Zonation

… as a result of high demand for space in
the CBD, Edge Cities or Suburban CBDs
are developed.
• Development through suburbanization
• Spatial competition may have forced the
commercial activities to relocate elsewhere
• For some metropolitan areas – they become
an even larger magnet than CBD
Can you think of any local area experiencing
this?

Consequences of Urbanisation
• Use of Vacant land (brownfield and
greenfield Sites)
• Housing
• Congestion (Transport)
• Pollution
• Unemployment

Urban Problems…
• Spatial Competition
• Urban Decline
• Traffic Congestion
• Pollution
• Heat Island Effect
• Inner Cities
• Slums

Spatial Competition
• Occurs usually in CBDs
• Accessibility and central location of CBD
= high density land use
• Cost of land is very high
• Dominated by large capital markets
• Smaller stores do not have the capacity
to expand here

Urban Decline
• This can result from high density in CBDs
• High density may force some large stores to
relocate elsewhere – to edge cities or
suburban areas
• Quality of buildings in inner areas decrease
• Vacant building – sites of crime/ vandalism –
Urban decay ensue
• Development of inner city slum

Traffic Congestion
• CBD – easy to access
• High car ownership in
the city
• Traffic problems
• Can affect the amount
of pollution
• Can slow down traffic
movements
• Can cause stress

Air Pollution
• Large amount of cars
• Release a lot of Sulfur dioxide/ Nitrogen
dioxide
• May cause smog
• May cause acid rain
• Chemical weathering of building and
pavements

Land Pollution
• Large amount of rubbish being produced by the
residents
• In LEDCs where social cleanliness is not well funded
by the government – large amount of trash
• Land fill sites - Visual pollution may also affect
tourism as well as becoming a push factor for
migration out o the city

Water Pollution
• Large amount of domestic wastes may be
dumped into the river or canals
• Trash may be thrown into the river
• Acid rain can affect the water content
• Damage the ecological system

Heat Island Effect
• Nature of the city means it absorbs more
heat
• Large building affects wind patterns – causing
warm wind to circulate in the city

Inner Cities
• Lack of open space
• High Crime rate
• Unemployment
• Decayed housing with no
government funding for
development
• Declining industries
• Growth of slums

Slums
• A heavily populated urban informal settlement characterised by
substandard housing and squalor.
• Rural to Urban migration creates a limitation on land/ jobs/
housings/ waste disposals etc. due to overcrowding
• Such overpopulation of urban area tends to lead to higher land
cost in the cities, usually increasing to the centre (Bid-rent
theory)
• This leads to formation of slums and areas of informal housing

Causes of slums e.g. in Sao Paulo
• Income inequality – capitalist market typical
of a city
• Lack of economic growth (especially in
LEDCs) – resulting in rural-urban migration
• Poverty among urban population
• Lack of affordable housings
• People having to live in slums

Slums
• The Urban poor had to
sought for any unwanted
and/or unprotected areas in
the cities – they may be able
to live without being taxed or
paying rent
• Near industrial areas, in
decayed housings, on the
river, on the river bank, on
hill slopes
• Housings may not have
electricity, plumbing services
and security may be low

Attempts to solve the urban problems
1. Ideas of self-help scheme: providing money for
locals in slum – allowing them to improve the
area by themselves
2. Projecto Cingapura – Building of apartment
buildings next to a slum area – making them
available for the urban poor – this proved
unsuccessful as the scheme simply could not
support itself
3. Public policies for social inclusion – to solve the
problem of urban poverty/ income inequality

CENTRAL PLACE THEORY
• Threshold - number of people to
support
• Range - distance people will travel for
service

3.4 The Management of
Urban Areas

The Management of Urban Areas
Learning Objectives
Some – Describe how an Urban area
is managed (case study)
Most – Assess different reasons why
urban areas need to be managed
All - recall and list different urban
problems

Research Ideas!
• UK – MEDC (Historical, industrialisation shift
from primary to secondary)
• USA – MEDC (unplanned growth car culture
etc)
• Brazil – LEDC (shanty towns squatter
settlements)

London Docklands
Re-urbanization

• London Docklands is the
largest urban
regeneration project in
Western Europe.
• It started in 1981 with the
establishment of the
London Docklands
Development Corporation
(LDDC)
• The area’s regeneration
was far from complete
when the LDDC was
wound up in 1998.

Positive Aspects
• More trade for local shopkeepers
• Cheaper rents for large companies
• Only 10 minutes from central London
• A wide range of economic, environmental
and social benefits including 22,000 news
housing units and 1000s of new jobs.
• Greatly improved accessibility (transport) in
and out of dockland

Negative Aspects
• Many said improvements did not benefit the original
'EastEnders' as many locals were unable to afford the high
costs of the new expensive houses / flats (still a lack of low-
cost housing in the area)
• the old dockers did not have the required skills for the new
jobs with the new businesses coming in
• More money was spent on providing infrastructure and a
clean environment; than on services (e.g. hospitals and care
for elderly, health + educational facilities for local people).
• Noise + air pollution (dust) from the building.
• Newcomers did not mix with local people causing tension
• Prices in area generally increased (e.g. in shops, bars etc.) –
Newcomers were wealthy, causing local shop and
recreational prices to rise.

Gentrification
• The LDDC (London Docklands Development
Corporation) was set up to:
• Secure regeneration by bringing land and
buildings into effective use
• Encourage the development of existing and new
industry
• Create an attractive environment
• Ensure that housing and social facilities were
available to encourage people to live and work
in the area.

What improvements were made after 1981?
Social Improvements
• Housing: 22,000 new homes created (former
warehouses converted to luxury flats) 10,000
refurbished former terraced houses
In 1981 population= 40,000
In 2000 population= 85,000
• Services: new shopping malls, a post-16 college and
campus for new University of East London and
leisure facilities: watersports marina, national
indoor sports center.

Economic Improvements
• Employment: number of jobs
increased
In 1981= 27,000
In 2000= 90,000.
New firms and financial
institutions
e.g. Stock Exchange, ITV Studios,
newspaper offices.
Many high-rise office blocks
• Transport: Docklands Light
Railway links area with
central London, Jubilee Line
Underground extension, City
Airport, Many new roads,
including M11 link.
Environmental Improvements
• 750 hectares of derelict
land reclaimed
• 200,000 trees planted
• 130 hectares of open space
created

Re-Urbanisation – Manchester
Case Study

Central Manchester Development
Corporation (CMDC)
• The CMDC planned to restore the dormant towns and
decaying buildings in south Manchester that was named as a
conservation area in 1979.
• They remodeled the buildings and cleaned out the canals,
which made the city very popular for young people as jobs
became available.
• They re-made the town so that tourist rates would improve
and now over 2 million visitors come every year.

The City of Hulme
• Hulme was originally a part of Slum Clearance in the 1960's,
and from this, around 5,500 new flats were built (98% being
owned by the council)
• This caused low levels of families with children and there was
a disproportionate number of single people and single
parents.
• In 1992, redevelopment plans were made and 3000 new
homes were built, along with new shopping areas and
community facilities. Better roads were also introduced as a
result.
• Due to this redevelopment, there has been a decrease in
crime and an increase in social mixes.
• The local Greenfield site, Birley Fields, has partly been
developed with office blocks but mainly turned into local
parks.

Trafford Centre - (opened in 1998)
• Trafford is a large shopping centre that was built to
attract more people to the area of Manchester, it
brought along a lot of advantages and
disadvantages;
Advantages Disadvantages
• Better motorway links
• More parking(11,000 more spaces)
• An increase in bus station capacity(120
buses per hour)
• Better facilities for the disabled
• Created a safe environment for the
people.
• Increase in traffic congestion
• An artificial atmosphere was made,
making it seem social.
• Public transport to Trafford Centre is
restricted
• Poorer people couldn't access the
Centre because of this as they don't
have their own cars.

The Metro-Link In Manchester (1992)
• In 1992 the Manchester Metro-Link was built,
creating 18 new stations on the conventional
rail networks as well as 6 street level stations
in the city centre.
• There were 5 minute intervals during peak
periods of the day, and 10-15 intervals during
other times.
• There are 19 million journeys every year

Past Paper - Oct/Nov 2010 (25 marks)

Past Paper - Oct/Nov 2010 (25 marks)
– Mark Scheme

Introduction to settlement dynamics m ralph

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Introduction to settlement dynamics m ralph