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Inflammation essential facts everyone needs to know
- 2. Inflammation (Latin, īnflammō, "I ignite, set alight") is part of the complex biological response of vascular tissues to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants.
- 7. 但是有的時候，炎症可以引起人體自身免疫系統的過敏， 進而攻擊自身的組織及細胞， 如類風濕性關節炎和紅班狼瘡症等免疫系統過敏病症， 免疫系統過敏所生成的 COX-2 及 Interleukin-1 alpha 使到軟骨組織疼痛及發炎。
- 9. 炎症可分為 急性炎症 (Acute inflammation) 和 慢性炎症 (Chronic inflammation) 。
- 10. 急性炎症 急性炎症是生物體對有害刺激的初步反應， 更多的血漿和白血球 ( 特別是粒細胞 ) 從血液移往受損組織。 一連串的生化反應進行傳播並熟成進一步的炎性反應， 當中牽涉局部的血管系統、免疫系統 及受損組織內的各個細胞。
- 12. 引發炎症的原因 創傷 壓力 異物，包括包括尖細條、灰塵和破片 離子輻射 超敏反應引起的免疫反應 物理損傷，鈍的或尖的 細胞壞死 病原菌感染 毒素 ( 包括新舊代謝物 ) 凍傷 化學刺激 ( 包括新舊代謝所產生的物質－如尿酸 ) 燒傷 酒精
- 14. 控制炎症反應的主要激素，稱為類花生酸 ( 類二十烷酸：就是脂肪酸的分子由 20 個碳原子所構成 ) ， 包括前列腺素、前列環素、血栓素和白三烯。
- 18. 類花生酸會影響許多身體系統和流程。 前列腺素 PGE1 的化學結構 除了引發炎症， 類花生酸中最引人注目的是前列腺素 (Prostaglandin ) ， 當身體受到傷害時會促進疼痛、發燒、以及血液凝固。
- 19. 類花生酸是來自於 Omega-3 或 Omega-6 脂肪酸。 由 Omega-6 產生的類花生酸物質一般是促炎症， 而 Omega-3 產生的類花生酸是抗炎症。
- 24. 事實證明，某些促炎症類花生酸 ( 主要是前列腺素和白三 烯 ) ， 是來自於花生四烯酸 (AA) ，一種長鏈的 Omega-6 脂肪酸。 炎症的典型症狀很大部分源自於這些類花生酸物質。 前列腺素會引起痛苦，而白三烯導致紅腫。
- 29. 最終是你的血液中 AA 與 EPA 的平衡 決定了無徵兆發炎的水平。
- 30. 這就是為什麼我稱這個脂肪酸比例為 無徵兆炎症輪廓 (Silent Inflammation Profile, SIP) 。
- 31. 較高的 SIP ，你就越可能不健康， 你越可能罹患某種類型的慢性健康疾病。 換句話說， SIP 讓你窺探到你的未來。
- 35. 類花生酸類物質有四大家族 。 前列腺素 (prostaglandins, PG) ， 前列環素 (prostacyclins, PGI) ， 血栓素 (thromboxanes, TX) 和 白三烯 (leukotrienes, LT) 。
- 37. 這些系列的不同活動在很大程度上解釋了 Omega-3 和 Omega-6 脂肪對健康的影響。
- 38. 類花生酸包括前列腺素（ PG ），血栓素（ TX ）， 白三烯（ LT ）和脂氧素（ LX ）。 PG 和 TXS 共同屬於前列腺素。
- 45. 如Ⅱ型糖尿病、心臟疾病、中風、某些癌症 ( 如結腸癌症 ) 、 神經系統疾病 ( 如阿爾茨海默氏症和失智症 ) 、自身免疫性疾 病 ( 如類風濕關節炎 ) 、炎症性腸疾病 ( 例如克羅恩氏病 ) ， 以及其它不明原因的疾病，如過敏、纖維肌痛、偏頭痛。
- 47. . 不平衡的 Omega-6 和 Omega-3 脂肪酸攝入量。
- 49. 另一方面， 我們可以從強大的抗炎作用的食物攝取 Omega-3 必需脂肪酸 ， 例如阿拉斯加野生鮭魚供給人體二十碳五酸 (EPA) ， 有助於提高生產抗炎的物質。
- 50. 如果我們吃的食物中 Omega-6 與 Omega-3 比例接近 1 比 1 ， 我們是處於平衡狀態。
- 51. 所以如果你從飲食中 攝取更多的 omega-6 比 Omega-3 脂肪酸 ( 可悲的是，對於我們大多數人 ) ， 你就是促進你身體內的炎症。
- 52. 2. 精神壓力。
- 55. 但是，這還不是全部。
- 61. 4. 缺乏有品質的睡眠。
- 66. 免疫系統 也具有晝夜節律 (circadian rhythm) 。 血液內的 T 細胞數量和促炎性的細胞激素水平在夜間都很高， 而白血球和抗炎性的細胞激素 IL-10 在白天會升高。
- 67. 免疫系統與睡眠是相互影響的。
- 71. 你需要多少睡眠，以增強你的免疫系統？ 對於大多數成人 最佳的睡眠量是，每天晚上 七至八個小時良好的睡眠。 青少年 需要 9 至 10 個小時的睡眠 。 學齡兒童可能需要 10 小時或更長時間的睡眠 。
- 72. 但更多的睡眠並不總是更好。 對於成年人來說，睡眠超過 9 到 10 個小時， 一個晚上可能會導致睡眠質量差， 如難以入睡或保持睡眠。
- 73. 5. 環境毒素。
- 76. 6. 微生物。
- 79. 7. 食物敏感症。
- 82. 食物敏感症可以區分為 食物過敏症（ food allergy ）與 食物不耐症（ food intolerance ）兩類別。 食物敏感症 (Food Sensitive) 食物過敏症 (Food Allergy) 食物不耐症 (Food Intolerance) 即時性 延遲性
- 83. 抗體 (antibody, Ab) ， 也被稱為免疫球蛋白 (immunoglobulin, Ig) 。 是一個大的 Y 形由 B 細胞所產生的蛋白質， 免疫系統用它來識別和中和異物例如細菌和病毒的。
- 88. 我們有幾種類型的抗體， 每種都有免疫反應的特殊功能。 名稱 類型 數量 描述 抗體複合物 IgA 2 存在於粘膜組織，例如消化道、呼吸道以及泌尿生殖系統 ，以避免遭到病原的入侵，也存在於唾液、淚液以及乳汁 當中，尤其是初乳，其 IgA 的含量相當高。 其中一些抗體複合體 可以與多個抗原分子 結合。 IgD 1 主要出現在尚未遇到過抗原的 B 細胞上的抗原感受器，用 於刺激嗜鹼性粒細胞及肥大細胞生產抗菌因子 IgE 1 與致敏原相結合，刺激肥大細胞和嗜鹼性粒細胞釋放組織 胺。該種型與過敏反應有關，同時也保護機體免受寄生蟲 的威脅。 IgG 4 抵抗病原入侵的抗體相關免疫力，主要由該種型下的四種 類型所提供，也是唯一一種可以穿過胎盤為胎兒提供被動 免疫力的種型。 IgM 1 與 B 細胞表面結合的是單體形式，在分泌形態中則是由五 個 Y 型單體排列而成的五聚體形式，具有極高的親和力。 又因其分子量極大，因此在抗原凝集反應中非常有效。在 B 細胞介導（體液）免疫的早期階段 IgG 尚不充足，此時 則主要由 IgM 來發揮清除病原的作用。同時為初次遭遇外 來抗原後，最早回應出現的循環性抗體，但 IgM 在血液中 的濃度會因清除作用迅速下降。因此， IgM 通常可當做感 染的指標。。
- 90. 抗體反應引起食物過敏和敏感。 The structure of the IgE antibody 抗體 IgE 是即時型過敏的原因， 觸發釋放的組胺並造成典型過敏症狀如發癢、 水汪汪的大眼睛、蕁麻疹、更嚴重的是，過敏性休克等。
- 91. 食物敏感症是和食物過敏症完全不同的， 因為他們是由抗體 IgG 所造成的。 一旦發生入侵者或食物中蛋白質造成的敏感， IgG 是負責延遲型免疫反應 。
- 93. 延遲的免疫反應的症狀 可以在 36 小時至 7 天後才出現， 因此他們是相當困難追蹤並查明原因！ 類風濕關節炎 rheumatoid arthritis 紅斑狼瘡 lupus 甲狀腺炎 thyroiditis
- 104. 當即時性食物反應發生時 ( 食物過敏 ) ， 症狀會在吃食物後的幾個小時內發作。 這些症狀發作迅速，並可能包括四肢發麻、喘鳴、咳嗽、 喉嚨緊縮、噁心、腹部絞痛、腹瀉、甚至有可能死亡。 這類有問題的食品必須避免！
- 115. 這些涉及過多的組胺釋放引起的過敏反應 ( 呼吸困 難 ) ， 導致每年在美國有 29,000 人在急診病房急救。
- 120. 超過 160 個不同的食物已被確定為過敏反應的原因。 據美國疾病預防控制中心最近的一份報告， 90 ％食物過敏都與 8 種食物類型有關：
- 128. 食物不耐症是身體未能製造足夠的酵素來消化所致。 乳糖 (Lactose) 和麩質 (Gluten) 不耐症 是最常見的兩類食物不耐症。
- 129. 最常見的食物不耐症： 乳糖 (Lactose) 酪氨酸 (Tyrosine) 防腐劑和添加劑 (Preservatives and Additives) 麵麩 (Gluten)
- 131. 牛奶中含有一種糖份叫乳糖， 需經過乳糖酶 ( 酵素 ) 分解成半乳糖和葡萄糖 ， 才會容易被人體吸收 。 乳糖 (Lactose)
- 132. 乳糖不耐症是屬先天基因遺傳缺陷 ( 亞洲人體內普遍缺乏可分解乳糖的酵素 ) ， 使小腸缺乏分解乳糖所必需的酵素， 因此只能夠消化牛奶中少量的乳糖。
- 134. 藥理性的食物不耐症 (Pharmacological Food Intolerance) 食物中某些成分， 如組織胺 (Histamine) 、血清素 (Serotonin) 、 酪胺 (Tyramine) 等，都會引起類似過敏的反應。 組織胺 (Histamine) 血清素 (Serotonin) 酪胺 (Tyramine)
- 136. 酪胺不耐症的症狀 包括蕁麻疹、血管性水腫（液體滯留造成的局部腫脹） 、 偏頭痛、氣喘、甚至哮喘。一些研究表明， 多達 20 ％的偏頭痛是由食物不耐受或過敏引起的， 而酪胺不耐症是一種最常見的這些有毒食品反應。 食用下列食品可導致對酪胺 ( 一種胺基酸分子 ) 的反 應： • 發酵的奶酪 •發酵的香腸 •巧克力 •酸奶 •紅葡萄酒 •鱷梨 •啤酒 •樹莓 •酵母 •醃漬鯡魚
- 137. 酪胺 (Tyramine) 和偏頭痛
- 144. 防腐劑和添加劑： 食品防腐劑，如苯甲酸 ( 包括苯甲酸鈉，在許多不同的加工食品中發現的添加劑 ) ， 亞硫酸鹽，以及苯甲醇包括二丁基羥基甲苯 (BHT) – 常用於加工食物的防腐劑，調味劑如水楊酸， 以及染料例如黃色染料 5 號 ( 檸檬黃 ) 是已知會導致蕁麻疹。
- 145. 自 1986 年以來， FDA 已經要求添加到食品中的亞硫酸鹽在標籤上列出， 並已經禁止使用亞硫酸鹽於生吃的水果和蔬菜。 苯甲酸防腐劑（包括苯甲酸鈉），許多不同的食品染料， 和 BHA （丁基羥基茴香醚）， 已發現在阿司匹林不耐症的人會產生不耐受反應。
- 148. 麩質是不是單一的物質，而是不同物質的混合物。 如果用小麥粉來做麵團，然後將麵團在水中洗滌， 直到所有的水溶性成分和澱粉被沖洗掉， 剩下的膠狀黃灰色由蛋白質、碳水化合物、脂肪和礦物質 組成的材料就稱為“麩質”。 Low Gluten Wheat Flour High Gluten Wheat Flour
- 149. 麩質 ( 或麩質蛋白、麥膠、麵筋 ) 是多種穀物所含有的一種蛋白質， 是大麥、小麥、燕麥、黑麥等穀物中最普遍的蛋白質 。 麩質的來源，順時針分別為高筋麵粉、歐洲斯佩耳特小麥、大麥及軋製黑 麥片。
- 150. 麩質的組成材料 80 ％是蛋白質， 20 ％的碳水化合物、脂肪和礦物質。 80% 蛋白質 20%
- 151. 在美國每年用約 5 百萬噸小麥來生產約 4 十萬噸的麩質。 因為在麵粉中添加麩質，發酵過程中，麩質蛋白形成網狀結構 ， 使得麵糰堅固，很多廠家添加麵筋在焙烤食品。
- 159. 這種損害進而影響消化，因為絨毛分泌消化酶 ( 表面細胞會分泌乳糖酶、蔗糖酶、麥芽糖來消化複雜的糖 ) 的角色，尤其是在吸收食物營養成分 ( 絨毛主要的作用和為何們的表面積大的原因 ) 。
- 160. 因此，口炎性腹瀉的兩個特點是， 由於未消化的和未吸收的食物 ( 尤其是碳水化合物的食物，如穀物 ) 引起的腹部不適 ， 與營養缺乏 ( 體重減少等不良後果 ) 。
- 164. 8. 脂肪細胞。
- 170. Essential Facts Everyone Needs to Know Inflammation
Editor's Notes
- 炎症：每個人都需要知道的基本事實 Inflammation： Essential Facts Everyone Needs to Know
- Inflammation (Latin, īnflammō, "I ignite, set alight") is part of the complex biological response of vascular tissues to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants. 炎症（拉丁，īnflammō，“我點燃，放火”）是血管組織對有害刺激，如病原體、受損細胞、或刺激物等產生的複雜生物反應的一部分。 ================================================================================================== 炎症反應、炎性反應，俗稱發炎，指生物組織受到外傷、出血、或病原感染等刺激，激發的生理反應。
- Inflammation (Latin, īnflammō, "I ignite, set alight") is part of the complex biological response of vascular tissues to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants. 炎症（拉丁，īnflammō，“我點燃，放火”）是血管組織對有害刺激，如病原體、受損細胞、或刺激物等產生的複雜生物反應的一部分。 ================================================================================================== 炎症反應、炎性反應，俗稱發炎，指生物組織受到外傷、出血、或病原感染等刺激，激發的生理反應。
- The classical signs of acute inflammation are pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. 典型急性炎症的徵狀包括：疼痛、發熱、發紅、腫脹和功能喪失。
- Inflammation is a protective attempt by the organism to remove the injurious stimuli and to initiate the healing process. 炎症是生物體一種保護性的措施來除去有害的刺激，並啟動癒合過程。 炎症反應是先天免疫系統為移除有害刺激或病源體及促進修復的保護措施，並非如後天免疫系統般針對特定病源體`。 ============================================================================================ Inflammation Causes localized redness, swelling, heat, and pain Changes in capillary wall structure allow interstitial fluid and WBC's to leak out in tissue Promotes macrophage (phagocytic WBC's) activity Macrophages secrete Interleukins (communication proteins among WBC's) Interleukin-1: increases body temperature (i.e. causes a fever) This enhances the WBC's ability to protect the body Causes drowsiness - reduces the body's energy usage and stress
- Progressive destruction of the tissue would compromise the survival of the organism. However, chronic inflammation can also lead to a host of diseases, such as hay fever, periodontitis, atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and even cancer (e.g., gallbladder carcinoma). It is for that reason that inflammation is normally closely regulated by the body. 漸進式的組織破壞，將危及有機體的生存。然而，慢性炎症也可導致主體疾病，如花粉症、牙周炎、動脈粥樣硬化、風濕性關節炎、甚至癌症（例如，膽囊癌）。正是出於這個原因，身體通常密切監管炎症。
- Inflammation can be classified as either acute or chronic. Acute inflammation is the initial response of the body to harmful stimuli and is achieved by the increased movement of plasma and leukocytes (especially granulocytes) from the blood into the injured tissues. A cascade of biochemical events propagates and matures the inflammatory response, involving the local vascular system, the immune system, and various cells within the injured tissue. Prolonged inflammation, known as chronic inflammation, leads to a progressive shift in the type of cells present at the site of inflammation and is characterized by simultaneous destruction and healing of the tissue from the inflammatory process. 炎症可以劃分為急性或慢性。急性炎症是身體對有害刺激的初始反應，是通過增加血漿和白細胞（特別是粒細胞）從血液移動進入損傷組織。炎症反應是由經由一連串的生化事件傳播，涉及局部血管系統、免疫系統、和在受傷組織的各種細胞。長時間的炎症，稱為慢性炎症，會導致在炎症部位的細胞的型態逐步轉向，而且在有一個特點就是，在炎症過程中破壞組織和癒合組織同時進行。
- Inflammation can be classified as either acute or chronic. Acute inflammation is the initial response of the body to harmful stimuli and is achieved by the increased movement of plasma and leukocytes (especially granulocytes) from the blood into the injured tissues. A cascade of biochemical events propagates and matures the inflammatory response, involving the local vascular system, the immune system, and various cells within the injured tissue. Prolonged inflammation, known as chronic inflammation, leads to a progressive shift in the type of cells present at the site of inflammation and is characterized by simultaneous destruction and healing of the tissue from the inflammatory process. 炎症可以劃分為急性或慢性。急性炎症是身體對有害刺激的初始反應，是通過增加血漿和白細胞（特別是粒細胞）從血液移動進入損傷組織。炎症反應是由經由一連串的生化事件傳播，涉及局部血管系統、免疫系統、和在受傷組織的各種細胞。長時間的炎症，稱為慢性炎症，會導致在炎症部位的細胞的型態逐步轉向，而且在有一個特點就是，在炎症過程中破壞組織和癒合組織同時進行。
- Inflammation can be classified as either acute or chronic. Acute inflammation is the initial response of the body to harmful stimuli and is achieved by the increased movement of plasma and leukocytes (especially granulocytes) from the blood into the injured tissues. A cascade of biochemical events propagates and matures the inflammatory response, involving the local vascular system, the immune system, and various cells within the injured tissue. Prolonged inflammation, known as chronic inflammation, leads to a progressive shift in the type of cells present at the site of inflammation and is characterized by simultaneous destruction and healing of the tissue from the inflammatory process. 炎症可以劃分為急性或慢性。急性炎症是身體對有害刺激的初始反應，是通過增加血漿和白細胞（特別是粒細胞）從血液移動進入損傷組織。炎症反應是由經由一連串的生化事件傳播，涉及局部血管系統、免疫系統、和在受傷組織的各種細胞。長時間的炎症，稱為慢性炎症，會導致在炎症部位的細胞的型態逐步轉向，而且在有一個特點就是，在炎症過程中破壞組織和癒合組織同時進行。
- Causes 原因 •Burns 燒傷 •Chemical irritants 化學刺激物 •Frostbite 凍傷 •Toxins 毒素 •Infection by pathogens 病原體感染 •Physical injury, blunt or penetrating 身體傷害，鈍物或穿透傷 •Immune reactions due to hypersensitivity 過敏引起的免疫反應 •Ionizing radiation 電離輻射 •Foreign bodies, including splinters, dirt and debris 異物，包括尖細條、灰塵和破片 •Stress 壓力 •Trauma 創傷 •Alcohol 酒精
- While short-lived acute inflammation is crucial to keep us alive, chronic inflammation that persists for a long period can also kill us slowly over time. ========================================================================== Acute (neutrophils) vs chronic (mononuclear cells) inflammation 急性（中性粒細胞）和慢性（單核細胞）炎症
- The main hormones that control the inflammatory response are called eicosanoids, also known as prostaglandins, prostacyclins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. Eicosanoids influence many of the bodily systems and processes.
- There are two kinds of eicosanoids, those that promote inflammation (pro-inflammatory) and tissue destruction and those that stop inflammation (anti-inflammatory) and promote healing. You need to have both kinds in the proper balance in order to be in a state of wellness. Unfortunately, most of us produce too many pro-inflammatory eicosanoids which leads to increasing levels of silent inflammation and eventually to chronic health risks.
- There are two kinds of eicosanoids, those that promote inflammation (pro-inflammatory) and tissue destruction and those that stop inflammation (anti-inflammatory) and promote healing. You need to have both kinds in the proper balance in order to be in a state of wellness. Unfortunately, most of us produce too many pro-inflammatory eicosanoids which leads to increasing levels of silent inflammation and eventually to chronic health risks.
- There are two kinds of eicosanoids, those that promote inflammation (pro-inflammatory) and tissue destruction and those that stop inflammation (anti-inflammatory) and promote healing. You need to have both kinds in the proper balance in order to be in a state of wellness. Unfortunately, most of us produce too many pro-inflammatory eicosanoids which leads to increasing levels of silent inflammation and eventually to chronic health risks.
- In addition to triggering inflammation, eicosanoids, most notably the prostaglandins, are what promote pain, fever, and blood clotting when an injury occurs in the body.
- Eicosanoids are derived from either omega-3 (ω-3) or omega-6 (ω-6) fatty acids. The ω-6 eicosanoids are generally pro-inflammatory; ω-3s are much less so.
- Eicosanoids form the command center of your immune system. Knock them out completely, and the immune system gets knocked out as well. This occurs in those who have immune-deficiency diseases, such as AIDS.
- A more common occurrence, however, is when pro-inflammatory eicosanoids stage a military coup of the immune system. Like rogue soldiers, if the pro-inflammatory eicosanoids aren’t called back to the barracks, inflammation runs amok and your immune system starts attacking your body. In fact, an imbalance of eicosanoids is at the foundation of chronic disorders that affect the Heart, Brain and Immune Function. It is the imbalance of these eicosanoids that causes silent inflammation.
- A more common occurrence, however, is when pro-inflammatory eicosanoids stage a military coup of the immune system. Like rogue soldiers, if the pro-inflammatory eicosanoids aren’t called back to the barracks, inflammation runs amok and your immune system starts attacking your body. In fact, an imbalance of eicosanoids is at the foundation of chronic disorders that affect the Heart, Brain and Immune Function. It is the imbalance of these eicosanoids that causes silent inflammation.
- A more common occurrence, however, is when pro-inflammatory eicosanoids stage a military coup of the immune system. Like rogue soldiers, if the pro-inflammatory eicosanoids aren’t called back to the barracks, inflammation runs amok and your immune system starts attacking your body. In fact, an imbalance of eicosanoids is at the foundation of chronic disorders that affect the Heart, Brain and Immune Function. It is the imbalance of these eicosanoids that causes silent inflammation.
- It turns out that certain pro-inflammatory eicosanoids (primarily consisting of prostaglandins and leukotrienes) are derived from arachidonic acid (AA), a long-chain omega-6 fatty acid. The classic symptoms of inflammation are due in large part to these eicosanoids. Prostaglandins cause the pain, and leukotrienes cause the swelling and redness associated with inflammation.
- It turns out that certain pro-inflammatory eicosanoids (primarily consisting of prostaglandins and leukotrienes) are derived from arachidonic acid (AA), a long-chain omega-6 fatty acid. The classic symptoms of inflammation are due in large part to these eicosanoids. Prostaglandins cause the pain, and leukotrienes cause the swelling and redness associated with inflammation.
- Prostaglandins and leukotrienes are the usual suspects when you have bad pain, and they are also the cause of silent inflammation. This is why every anti-inflammatory drug works to stop the over-production of these particular eicosanoids.
- To call off the rogue soldiers in your inflammatory army that are derived from arachidonic acid (AA), you need to increase the good anti-inflammatory eicosanoids. These anti-inflammatory eicosanoids are derived from long-chain omega-3 fatty acids. Ultimately the balance of AA to EPA in your blood determines the levels of silent inflammation in your body. That’s why I call this ratio of these two fatty acids your Silent Inflammation Profile (SIP). The higher the SIP, the less well you are and the more likely it is that you are going to develop some type of chronic health disorder. In other words, SIP gives you a glimpse into your future. This is why I believe it is the single best test in medicine--because it reveals your state of wellness (or lack of it) with laser-like precision.
- To call off the rogue soldiers in your inflammatory army that are derived from arachidonic acid (AA), you need to increase the good anti-inflammatory eicosanoids. These anti-inflammatory eicosanoids are derived from long-chain omega-3 fatty acids. Ultimately the balance of AA to EPA in your blood determines the levels of silent inflammation in your body. That’s why I call this ratio of these two fatty acids your Silent Inflammation Profile (SIP). The higher the SIP, the less well you are and the more likely it is that you are going to develop some type of chronic health disorder. In other words, SIP gives you a glimpse into your future. This is why I believe it is the single best test in medicine--because it reveals your state of wellness (or lack of it) with laser-like precision.
- To call off the rogue soldiers in your inflammatory army that are derived from arachidonic acid (AA), you need to increase the good anti-inflammatory eicosanoids. These anti-inflammatory eicosanoids are derived from long-chain omega-3 fatty acids. Ultimately the balance of AA to EPA in your blood determines the levels of silent inflammation in your body. That’s why I call this ratio of these two fatty acids your Silent Inflammation Profile (SIP). The higher the SIP, the less well you are and the more likely it is that you are going to develop some type of chronic health disorder. In other words, SIP gives you a glimpse into your future. This is why I believe it is the single best test in medicine--because it reveals your state of wellness (or lack of it) with laser-like precision.
- * EPA/AA ratio: This figure represents the ratio of serum EPA to arachidonic acid (AA). Among the different fatty acids in the blood, EPA mitigates arteriosclerosis. On the other hand, arachidonic acid (AA), which is plentiful in the meat of livestock, causes inflammation and is a factor in the progression of arteriosclerosis. Patients with cardiovascular disease have been reported to have low EPA/AA ratios. ============================================================================================== In a five-year epidemiological study of lifestyle-related diseases of around 3,000 residents of Hisayama-machi, Fukuoka Prefecture, the results of which were presented in August 2011, it was reported that the higher the blood concentration of EPA, the lower the rate of death as a result of cardiovascular disease.
- * EPA/AA ratio: This figure represents the ratio of serum EPA to arachidonic acid (AA). Among the different fatty acids in the blood, EPA mitigates arteriosclerosis. On the other hand, arachidonic acid (AA), which is plentiful in the meat of livestock, causes inflammation and is a factor in the progression of arteriosclerosis. Patients with cardiovascular disease have been reported to have low EPA/AA ratios. ============================================================================================== In a five-year epidemiological study of lifestyle-related diseases of around 3,000 residents of Hisayama-machi, Fukuoka Prefecture, the results of which were presented in August 2011, it was reported that the higher the blood concentration of EPA, the lower the rate of death as a result of cardiovascular disease.
- The amounts and balance of these fats in a person's diet will affect the body's eicosanoid-controlled functions, with effects on cardiovascular disease, triglycerides, blood pressure, and arthritis.
- Anti-inflammatory drugs such as aspirin and other NSAIDs act by downregulating eicosanoid synthesis.
- There are four families of eicosanoids—the prostaglandins (PG), prostacyclins (PGI), the thromboxanes (TX) and the leukotrienes (LT). For each, there are two or three separate series, derived either from an ω-3 or ω-6 EFA. These series' different activities largely explain the health effects of ω-3 and ω-6 fats.
- There are four families of eicosanoids—the prostaglandins (PG), prostacyclins (PGI), the thromboxanes (TX) and the leukotrienes (LT). For each, there are two or three separate series, derived either from an ω-3 or ω-6 EFA. These series' different activities largely explain the health effects of ω-3 and ω-6 fats.
- There are four families of eicosanoids—the prostaglandins (PG), prostacyclins (PGI), the thromboxanes (TX) and the leukotrienes (LT). For each, there are two or three separate series, derived either from an ω-3 or ω-6 EFA. These series' different activities largely explain the health effects of ω-3 and ω-6 fats.
- The eicosanoids consist of the prostaglandins (PG), thromboxanes (TX), leukotrienes (LT) and lipoxins (LX). The PGs and TXs are collectively identified as prostanoids. Prostaglandins were originally shown to be synthesized in the prostate gland, thromboxanes from platelets (thrombocytes) and leukotrienes from leukocytes, hence the derivation of their names. The lipoxins are anti-inflammatory eicosanoids synthesized through lipoxygenase interactions (hence the derivation of the name). Lipoxins are potent anti-inflammatory eicosanoid derivatives and their synthesis can be increased in response to ingestion of aspirin. ========================================================================================== 血小板（platelet）：又名血栓細胞（thrombocyte），是一種從巨核細胞上脫落的細胞質小塊，具有止血作用。血小板是由骨髓中成熟的巨核細胞的細胞質脫落而成的，每個巨核細胞可產生2000～7000個血小板。一個健康人每天生成血小板約1200億個。 ========================================================================================== Lipoxygenases (EC 1.13.11.-) are a family of iron-containing enzymes that catalyse the dioxygenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids in lipids containing a cis,cis-1,4- pentadiene structure. It catalyses the following reaction: fatty acid + O2 = fatty acid hydroperoxide Lipoxygenases are found in plants, animals and fungi. Products of lipoxygenases are involved in diverse cell functions. 脂加氧酶（英語：Lipoxygenase，簡稱為LOX，EC 1.13.11.-）是一類含鐵酶家族，催化脂類中含有順,順-1,4-戊二烯結構的多不飽和脂肪酸的雙加氧化。主要催化以下過程： 脂肪酸 + O2 = 脂肪酸過氧化氫物 脂加氧酶存在於植物、動物與真菌之中。脂加氧酶的產物涉及到多種細胞功能。
- The eicosanoids consist of the prostaglandins (PG), thromboxanes (TX), leukotrienes (LT) and lipoxins (LX). The PGs and TXs are collectively identified as prostanoids. Prostaglandins were originally shown to be synthesized in the prostate gland, thromboxanes from platelets (thrombocytes) and leukotrienes from leukocytes, hence the derivation of their names. The lipoxins are anti-inflammatory eicosanoids synthesized through lipoxygenase interactions (hence the derivation of the name). Lipoxins are potent anti-inflammatory eicosanoid derivatives and their synthesis can be increased in response to ingestion of aspirin. ========================================================================================== 血小板（platelet）：又名血栓細胞（thrombocyte），是一種從巨核細胞上脫落的細胞質小塊，具有止血作用。血小板是由骨髓中成熟的巨核細胞的細胞質脫落而成的，每個巨核細胞可產生2000～7000個血小板。一個健康人每天生成血小板約1200億個。 ========================================================================================== Lipoxygenases (EC 1.13.11.-) are a family of iron-containing enzymes that catalyse the dioxygenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids in lipids containing a cis,cis-1,4- pentadiene structure. It catalyses the following reaction: fatty acid + O2 = fatty acid hydroperoxide Lipoxygenases are found in plants, animals and fungi. Products of lipoxygenases are involved in diverse cell functions. 脂加氧酶（英語：Lipoxygenase，簡稱為LOX，EC 1.13.11.-）是一類含鐵酶家族，催化脂類中含有順,順-1,4-戊二烯結構的多不飽和脂肪酸的雙加氧化。主要催化以下過程： 脂肪酸 + O2 = 脂肪酸過氧化氫物 脂加氧酶存在於植物、動物與真菌之中。脂加氧酶的產物涉及到多種細胞功能。
- The eicosanoids consist of the prostaglandins (PG), thromboxanes (TX), leukotrienes (LT) and lipoxins (LX). The PGs and TXs are collectively identified as prostanoids. Prostaglandins were originally shown to be synthesized in the prostate gland, thromboxanes from platelets (thrombocytes) and leukotrienes from leukocytes, hence the derivation of their names. The lipoxins are anti-inflammatory eicosanoids synthesized through lipoxygenase interactions (hence the derivation of the name). Lipoxins are potent anti-inflammatory eicosanoid derivatives and their synthesis can be increased in response to ingestion of aspirin. ========================================================================================== 血小板（platelet）：又名血栓細胞（thrombocyte），是一種從巨核細胞上脫落的細胞質小塊，具有止血作用。血小板是由骨髓中成熟的巨核細胞的細胞質脫落而成的，每個巨核細胞可產生2000～7000個血小板。一個健康人每天生成血小板約1200億個。 ========================================================================================== Lipoxygenases (EC 1.13.11.-) are a family of iron-containing enzymes that catalyse the dioxygenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids in lipids containing a cis,cis-1,4- pentadiene structure. It catalyses the following reaction: fatty acid + O2 = fatty acid hydroperoxide Lipoxygenases are found in plants, animals and fungi. Products of lipoxygenases are involved in diverse cell functions. 脂加氧酶（英語：Lipoxygenase，簡稱為LOX，EC 1.13.11.-）是一類含鐵酶家族，催化脂類中含有順,順-1,4-戊二烯結構的多不飽和脂肪酸的雙加氧化。主要催化以下過程： 脂肪酸 + O2 = 脂肪酸過氧化氫物 脂加氧酶存在於植物、動物與真菌之中。脂加氧酶的產物涉及到多種細胞功能。
- While short-lived acute inflammation is crucial to keep us alive, chronic inflammation that persists for a long period can also kill us slowly over time. When low doses of pro-inflammatory substances continued to be released into the body for an extended period, they attack healthy cells, blood vessels and tissues instead of protecting them. These attacks may not always trigger pain and are nowhere to be seen, unlike a bruise or a cut sustained to the skin. Like a slow poison, overzealous inflammatory cells and hormones destroy our body gradually as we continue to live, work and play with a false sense of good health. 雖然短暫的急性炎症是讓我們活著至關重要的，但是持續很長時間的慢性炎症，也可以隨著時間的推移慢慢地殺了我們。當長時間低劑量的促炎症物質繼續被釋放進入人體，他們會攻擊健康的細胞、血管和組織，而不是保護他們。這些攻擊並不總會觸發疼痛而且是看不出來的，不像碰傷或割傷會留在皮膚上。過分活躍的炎症細胞和激素就像慢性毒藥一樣，讓我們在一個虛假的健康身體的安全感下繼續生活、工作和玩樂，同時逐漸破壞我們的身體。
- It is now widely believed that chronic inflammation that goes undetected for years is the underlying cause of many dreaded illnesses such as type II diabetes, heart disease, stroke, some cancers (e.g. colon cancer), neurological diseases (e.g. Alzheimer’s and dementia), autoimmune diseases (e.g. rheumatoid arthritis), inflammatory bowel diseases (e.g. Crohn’s disease), as well as other diseases which have unknown causes, like allergies, fibromyalgia and migraines. 現在人們普遍認為，多年未被發現的慢性炎症，是導致很多可怕疾病的底層原因，如Ⅱ型糖尿病、心臟疾病、中風、某些癌症（如結腸癌症） 、神經系統疾病（如阿爾茨海默氏症和失智症）、自身免疫性疾病（如類風濕關節炎） 、炎症性腸疾病（例如克羅恩氏病），以及其它不明原因的疾病，如過敏、纖維肌痛、偏頭痛。
- It is now widely believed that chronic inflammation that goes undetected for years is the underlying cause of many dreaded illnesses such as type II diabetes, heart disease, stroke, some cancers (e.g. colon cancer), neurological diseases (e.g. Alzheimer’s and dementia), autoimmune diseases (e.g. rheumatoid arthritis), inflammatory bowel diseases (e.g. Crohn’s disease), as well as other diseases which have unknown causes, like allergies, fibromyalgia and migraines. 現在人們普遍認為，多年未被發現的慢性炎症，是導致很多可怕疾病的底層原因，如Ⅱ型糖尿病、心臟疾病、中風、某些癌症（如結腸癌症） 、神經系統疾病（如阿爾茨海默氏症和失智症）、自身免疫性疾病（如類風濕關節炎） 、炎症性腸疾病（例如克羅恩氏病），以及其它不明原因的疾病，如過敏、纖維肌痛、偏頭痛。
- What causes the inflammatory response to go awry? There are a myriad of factors that contribute to chronic inflammation. Below are some of the major ones: 是什麼原因導致的炎症反應出差錯？有無數的因素造成慢性炎症。下面是一些主要的：
- Imbalance intake of omega-6 and omega-3 fats. Omega-6 essential fatty acid found in abundance in polyunsaturated vegetable oil, such as sunflower, safflower, soybean, cottonseed and corn, get converted into arachidonic acid by the body. And arachidonic acid is in turn used to generate pro-inflammatory cells and hormones. On the other hand, omega-3 essential fatty acids which we can get from potent anti-inflammatory foods like wild Alaskan salmon supply the body with eicosapentaenoic acids that help to increase the production of anti-inflammatory substances. At this point, it is not difficult to see that if your diet comprises more of omega-6 than omega-3 fatty acids (which sadly is true for most of us), you are literally promoting inflammation inside your body.
- Omega-6 essential fatty acid found in abundance in polyunsaturated vegetable oil, such as sunflower, safflower, soybean, cottonseed and corn, get converted into arachidonic acid by the body. And arachidonic acid is in turn used to generate pro-inflammatory cells and hormones. ====================================================================================== Arachidonic acid (AA, sometimes ARA) is a polyunsaturated omega-6 fatty acid 20:4(ω-6). It is the counterpart to the saturated arachidic acid found in peanut oil, (L. arachis – peanut.) 花生四烯酸（英語：Arachidonic acid，全順二十碳-5,8,11,14-四烯酸，20:4Δ5c,8c,11c,14c）是一種ω-6多不飽和脂肪酸，為花生油中飽和的花生酸的相對物。
- On the other hand, omega-3 essential fatty acids which we can get from potent anti-inflammatory foods like wild Alaskan salmon supply the body with eicosapentaenoic acids that help to increase the production of anti-inflammatory substances. ====================================================================================== Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA or also icosapentaenoic acid) is an omega-3 fatty acid. In physiological literature, it is given the name 20:5(n-3). It also has the trivial name timnodonic acid. In chemical structure, EPA is a carboxylic acid with a 20-carbon chain and five cis double bonds; the first double bond is located at the third carbon from the omega end. EPA is a polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) that acts as a precursor for prostaglandin-3 (which inhibits platelet aggregation), thromboxane-3, and leukotriene-5 groups (all eicosanoids). 二十碳五烯酸（英語：Eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA）是有五個雙鍵的多元不飽和脂肪酸（C20H30O2），是一種ω-3脂肪酸。 [ˌaɪkosəˌpɛntəɪˈnoɪk]
- If we eat food with ratios of omega 6 to omega 3 close to a 1 to 1, we are in balance. That is close to what the ideal ratio should be.
- At this point, it is not difficult to see that if your diet comprises more of omega-6 than omega-3 fatty acids (which sadly is true for most of us), you are literally promoting inflammation inside your body.
- Mental stress. Is it any surprise that stress can increase the production of pro-inflammatory chemicals in the body? People who have experienced abdominal pain or other physical symptoms before an important event like giving a speech can definitely attest to the effects of stress on our body. But that is not all. Studies also found that mental stress can cause changes to our immune defense systems, making us more vulnerable to infectious diseases and slows down healing by decreasing the production of pro-inflammatory hormones in places where they are needed most.
- Is it any surprise that stress can increase the production of pro-inflammatory chemicals in the body?
- People who have experienced abdominal pain or other physical symptoms before an important event like giving a speech can definitely attest to the effects of stress on our body.
- But that is not all.
- Studies also found that mental stress can cause changes to our immune defense systems, making us more vulnerable to infectious diseases and slows down healing by decreasing the production of pro-inflammatory hormones in places where they are needed most.
- Diet high in insulin-spiking foods. Foods that spike our blood sugar levels quickly, like white breads, cakes, cookies and sodas, prompt our body to produce more insulin to normalize our glucose levels. But excess insulin also elevates the levels of arachidonic acid in our blood, increasing the production of cells and hormones that are pro-inflammatory. Now, that is another good reason to avoid refined carbohydrates and excessive sugars! ==================================================================================== If you eat high sugary or high fatty foods it will cause the pancreas to release large amounts of insulin called insulin spiking. 如果你吃含糖高或高脂肪的食物，它會引起胰腺釋放大量的胰島素稱為胰島素扣球。
- Foods that spike our blood sugar levels quickly, like white breads, cakes, cookies and sodas, prompt our body to produce more insulin to normalize our glucose levels.
- But excess insulin also elevates the levels of arachidonic acid in our blood, increasing the production of cells and hormones that are pro-inflammatory.
- Now, that is another good reason to avoid refined carbohydrates and excessive sugars!
- Lack of quality sleep. Robbing yourself of adequate shuteye time wreaks havoc on the immune system, increasing the amount of inflammation in the body. What’s more surprising is that even a few hours of lost sleep can prompt your immune system to turn against you.
- Robbing yourself of adequate shuteye time wreaks havoc on the immune system, increasing the amount of inflammation in the body.
- 無論是健康的人還是生病的人，睡眠都是部分受控於免疫系統中的一種成分稱為細胞因子。 Sleep in both perfectly healthy people and in sick people is regulated partly by immune system components called cytokines. ==================================================================== 細胞因子，也翻譯為細胞激素(Cytokine [ˌsɪtə'kɪn] )，是一組蛋白質及多肽在生物中用作信號蛋白。這些類似激素或神經遞質的蛋白用作細胞間溝通的信號。細胞因子多是水溶性蛋白和糖蛋白，分子量小（8-30千道耳頓）。
- Like just about everything, the immune system has a circadian rhythm. Blood counts of T-cells and levels of proinflammatory cytokines are high during the night while leukocytes and the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 goes up during daytime. The immune system is both influenced by and influences sleep.
- Environmental toxins. Inhaling polluted air containing chemical irritants and toxic particles, such as secondhand smoke, pesticides, coal dust and asbestos, can throw your immune system off balance as our body cannot effectively expel these foreign particles. This leads to chronic inflammation in the lung and possibly other parts of the body, and increases the risk of cancer.
- Environmental toxins. Inhaling polluted air containing chemical irritants and toxic particles, such as secondhand smoke, pesticides, coal dust and asbestos, can throw your immune system off balance as our body cannot effectively expel these foreign particles.
- This leads to chronic inflammation in the lung and possibly other parts of the body, and increases the risk of cancer.
- Microorganisms. Bacteria, viruses and parasites have been known to stimulate chronic inflammation which manifests into a number of common physical ailments. If left unchecked, infections caused by these microorganisms can lead to cancer. For instance, the bacteria Helicobacter pylori which infect our stomach, can induce inflammation, ulcers, and even stomach cancer.
- Bacteria, viruses and parasites have been known to stimulate chronic inflammation which manifests into a number of common physical ailments.
- If left unchecked, infections caused by these microorganisms can lead to cancer. For instance, the bacteria Helicobacter pylori which infect our stomach, can induce inflammation, ulcers, and even stomach cancer. ================================================================================= 幽門螺桿菌或幽門螺旋菌（學名：Helicobacter pylori，發音為 /ˌhɛlɪkɵˈbæktər pɪˈlɔəraɪ/）是革蘭氏陰性、微需氧的細菌，生存於胃部及十二指腸的各區域內。它會引起胃黏膜輕微的慢性發炎，甚或導致胃及十二指腸潰瘍與胃癌。超過80%的帶原者並不會表露病徵。
- Food sensitivity. Food intolerance as opposed to food allergy does not cause an immediate reaction in your body. Instead, it festers quietly in your gut and brews low-grade chronic inflammation for years. So, many people with food intolerance are often unaware of their problem and continue to take the very food that is giving them headaches, fatigue or arthritis, turning their immune system upside down.
- In general, food sensitivities are the result of toxic responses to food and are divided into two categories: allergic responses; and food intolerances. 因為食物所引起的過敏反應或身體不舒服的症狀，統稱為食物敏感症（food sensitivity）。食物敏感症是一種人體對於特定食品的異常生理反應，可以區分為食物過敏症（food allergy）與食物不耐症（food intolerance）兩類別。
- 抗體（antibody, Ab），也被稱為免疫球蛋白（immunoglobulin, Ig），是一個大的Y形的B細胞所產生的蛋白質，免疫系統用它來識別和中和異物例如細菌和病毒的。抗體能識別外來目標的獨特部分，被稱為抗原。 An (Ab), also known as an immunoglobulin (Ig), is a large Y-shaped protein produced by B-cells that is used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects such as bacteria and viruses. The antibody recognizes a unique part of the foreign target, called an antigen.
- 蛋白上Y形的其中兩個分叉頂端都有一被稱為互補位（抗原結合位）的鎖狀結構，該結構僅針對一種特定的抗原表位。這就像一把鑰匙只能開一把鎖一般，使得一種抗體僅能和其中一種抗原相結合。
- 蛋白上Y形的其中兩個分叉頂端都有一被稱為互補位（抗原結合位）的鎖狀結構，該結構僅針對一種特定的抗原表位。這就像一把鑰匙只能開一把鎖一般，使得一種抗體僅能和其中一種抗原相結合。
- 蛋白上Y形的其中兩個分叉頂端都有一被稱為互補位（抗原結合位）的鎖狀結構，該結構僅針對一種特定的抗原表位。這就像一把鑰匙只能開一把鎖一般，使得一種抗體僅能和其中一種抗原相結合。
- 抗體和抗原的結合完全依靠非共價鍵的相互作用，正因這種特異性的結合機制，抗體可以「標記」外來微生物以及受感染的細胞，以誘導其他免疫機制對其進行攻擊，又或直接中和其目標，例如通過與入侵和生存至關重要的部分相結合而阻斷微生物的感染能力等。 體液免疫系統的主要功能便是製造抗體。抗體也可以與血清中的補體一起直接破壞外來目標。
- Antibodies are important proteins that help our immune system recognize self from non-self, and take care of unwelcome invaders like bacteria and viruses. We all have a few types of antibodies, and each of them help to mount a specific immune response. 抗體是重要的蛋白質，幫助我們的免疫系統辨識自我與非自我，和對付不受歡迎的入侵者如細菌和病毒。我們有幾個類型的抗體，每種類型都有免疫反應的特殊功能。
- Food allergies and sensitivities are caused by antibody responses. Antibody IgE is the cause for immediate type allergies; it triggers the release of histamine and results in classic allergy symptoms like itchy, watery eyes, hives, and more seriously, anaphylaxis. ============================================================================ Immunoglobulin [i'mju:nəu'glɔbjulin] 免疫球蛋白 抗體（英語：antibody），又稱免疫球蛋白（immunoglobulin，簡稱Ig），是一種由B淋巴細胞分泌，被免疫系統用來鑒別與中和外來物質如細菌、病毒等的大型Y形蛋白質，僅被發現存在於脊椎動物的血液等體液中，及其B細胞的細胞膜表面。 An antibody (Ab), also known as an immunoglobulin (Ig), is a large Y-shaped protein produced by B-cells that is used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects such as bacteria and viruses. The antibody recognizes a unique part of the foreign target, called an antigen.
- Food sensitivities are totally different than allergies, as they are caused by antibody IgG. IgG is responsible for mounting a delayed-type immune reaction which occurs once the system has been sensitized to an invader or food protein.
- This type of delayed-response is the culprit behind common auto-immune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis, lupus and thyroiditis in which the immune system begins to inappropriately attack self vs. non-self. Delayed immune reactions can occur anywhere from 36 hours to 7 days after being exposed to a “trigger”; hence they can be pretty hard to pin down and identify the cause!
- This type of delayed-response is the culprit behind common auto-immune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis, lupus and thyroiditis in which the immune system begins to inappropriately attack self vs. non-self. Delayed immune reactions can occur anywhere from 36 hours to 7 days after being exposed to a “trigger”; hence they can be pretty hard to pin down and identify the cause!
- Food sensitivities mediated by IgG release can be a big underlying cause for a lot of health conditions and otherwise unexplainable symptoms. This is basically because food sensitivities cause inflammation, and over time inflammation is perceived as a stressor by the body. When we are under stress, we increase the release of cortisol, which causes blood sugar imbalances, and other hormonal craziness that can manifest as a wide-range of physical symptoms. In short, the immune response triggered by a food sensitivity and the hormonal chaos that comes after can contribute to: Digestive concerns (IBS, pain, bloating constipation, inflammatory bowel disease) Migraines Fatigue and mood imbalances Joint Pain & arthritis Skin conditions such as eczema, psoriasis and acne Difficulty losing weight Respiratory concerns such as asthma, allergies and sinusitis Behavioral concerns like ADD(Attention Deficit Disorder注意力缺失症 ), ADHD(Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder注意力缺陷過動症 ) and autism =========================================================== Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS, or spastic colon) is a symptom-based diagnosis characterized by chronic abdominal pain, discomfort, bloating, and alteration of bowel habits. 大腸激躁症（Irritable Bowel Syndrome，IBS），主要為大腸的蠕動或分泌異常引起的疾病的總稱。俗稱大腸急躁症、腸躁症、刺激性腸症候群、急躁性腸症候群、腸躁症候群等。
- Food sensitivities mediated by IgG release can be a big underlying cause for a lot of health conditions and otherwise unexplainable symptoms. This is basically because food sensitivities cause inflammation, and over time inflammation is perceived as a stressor by the body. When we are under stress, we increase the release of cortisol, which causes blood sugar imbalances, and other hormonal craziness that can manifest as a wide-range of physical symptoms. In short, the immune response triggered by a food sensitivity and the hormonal chaos that comes after can contribute to: Digestive concerns (IBS, pain, bloating constipation, inflammatory bowel disease) Migraines Fatigue and mood imbalances Joint Pain & arthritis Skin conditions such as eczema, psoriasis and acne Difficulty losing weight Respiratory concerns such as asthma, allergies and sinusitis Behavioral concerns like ADD(Attention Deficit Disorder注意力缺失症 ), ADHD(Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder注意力缺陷過動症 ) and autism =========================================================== Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS, or spastic colon) is a symptom-based diagnosis characterized by chronic abdominal pain, discomfort, bloating, and alteration of bowel habits. 大腸激躁症（Irritable Bowel Syndrome，IBS），主要為大腸的蠕動或分泌異常引起的疾病的總稱。俗稱大腸急躁症、腸躁症、刺激性腸症候群、急躁性腸症候群、腸躁症候群等。
- Food sensitivities mediated by IgG release can be a big underlying cause for a lot of health conditions and otherwise unexplainable symptoms. This is basically because food sensitivities cause inflammation, and over time inflammation is perceived as a stressor by the body. When we are under stress, we increase the release of cortisol, which causes blood sugar imbalances, and other hormonal craziness that can manifest as a wide-range of physical symptoms. In short, the immune response triggered by a food sensitivity and the hormonal chaos that comes after can contribute to: Digestive concerns (IBS, pain, bloating constipation, inflammatory bowel disease) Migraines Fatigue and mood imbalances Joint Pain & arthritis Skin conditions such as eczema, psoriasis and acne Difficulty losing weight Respiratory concerns such as asthma, allergies and sinusitis Behavioral concerns like ADD(Attention Deficit Disorder注意力缺失症 ), ADHD(Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder注意力缺陷過動症 ) and autism =========================================================== Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS, or spastic colon) is a symptom-based diagnosis characterized by chronic abdominal pain, discomfort, bloating, and alteration of bowel habits. 大腸激躁症（Irritable Bowel Syndrome，IBS），主要為大腸的蠕動或分泌異常引起的疾病的總稱。俗稱大腸急躁症、腸躁症、刺激性腸症候群、急躁性腸症候群、腸躁症候群等。
- Food sensitivities mediated by IgG release can be a big underlying cause for a lot of health conditions and otherwise unexplainable symptoms. This is basically because food sensitivities cause inflammation, and over time inflammation is perceived as a stressor by the body. When we are under stress, we increase the release of cortisol, which causes blood sugar imbalances, and other hormonal craziness that can manifest as a wide-range of physical symptoms. In short, the immune response triggered by a food sensitivity and the hormonal chaos that comes after can contribute to: Digestive concerns (IBS, pain, bloating constipation, inflammatory bowel disease) Migraines Fatigue and mood imbalances Joint Pain & arthritis Skin conditions such as eczema, psoriasis and acne Difficulty losing weight Respiratory concerns such as asthma, allergies and sinusitis Behavioral concerns like ADD(Attention Deficit Disorder注意力缺失症 ), ADHD(Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder注意力缺陷過動症 ) and autism =========================================================== Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS, or spastic colon) is a symptom-based diagnosis characterized by chronic abdominal pain, discomfort, bloating, and alteration of bowel habits. 大腸激躁症（Irritable Bowel Syndrome，IBS），主要為大腸的蠕動或分泌異常引起的疾病的總稱。俗稱大腸急躁症、腸躁症、刺激性腸症候群、急躁性腸症候群、腸躁症候群等。
- Totally different from food allergies and sensitivities are food intolerances – these are due to enzyme deficiencies. Enzymes are used in thousands of reactions throughout the body to metabolize or breakdown chemicals, toxins and nutrients. A common example of food intolerance would be to lactose, in which the individual is lacking the enzyme lactase. The result of consuming dairy products for these folks is unpleasant to say the least. Intolerances can be very specific or more general; depending on a deficiency of one or several digestive enzymes. Once identified intolerances can be corrected by avoiding the offending food(s) and/or supplementing with particular digestive enzymes.
- Totally different from food allergies and sensitivities are food intolerances – these are due to enzyme deficiencies. Enzymes are used in thousands of reactions throughout the body to metabolize or breakdown chemicals, toxins and nutrients. A common example of food intolerance would be to lactose, in which the individual is lacking the enzyme lactase. The result of consuming dairy products for these folks is unpleasant to say the least. Intolerances can be very specific or more general; depending on a deficiency of one or several digestive enzymes. Once identified intolerances can be corrected by avoiding the offending food(s) and/or supplementing with particular digestive enzymes.
- Totally different from food allergies and sensitivities are food intolerances – these are due to enzyme deficiencies. Enzymes are used in thousands of reactions throughout the body to metabolize or breakdown chemicals, toxins and nutrients. A common example of food intolerance would be to lactose, in which the individual is lacking the enzyme lactase. The result of consuming dairy products for these folks is unpleasant to say the least. Intolerances can be very specific or more general; depending on a deficiency of one or several digestive enzymes. Once identified intolerances can be corrected by avoiding the offending food(s) and/or supplementing with particular digestive enzymes.
- Totally different from food allergies and sensitivities are food intolerances – these are due to enzyme deficiencies. Enzymes are used in thousands of reactions throughout the body to metabolize or breakdown chemicals, toxins and nutrients. A common example of food intolerance would be to lactose, in which the individual is lacking the enzyme lactase. The result of consuming dairy products for these folks is unpleasant to say the least. Intolerances can be very specific or more general; depending on a deficiency of one or several digestive enzymes. Once identified intolerances can be corrected by avoiding the offending food(s) and/or supplementing with particular digestive enzymes.
- Although often equated with food allergies, food sensitivities also include food intolerances which, unlike allergies, are toxic reactions to foods that do not involve the immune system and are often more difficult to diagnose.
- Although often equated with food allergies, food sensitivities also include food intolerances which, unlike allergies, are toxic reactions to foods that do not involve the immune system and are often more difficult to diagnose.
- Food sensitivities are divided into two major categories: Immediate and Delayed. When immediate food reactions occur (classic food allergies) you will experience symptoms within hours of having eaten the food. Symptoms are rapid and may include tingling of the extremities, wheezing, coughing, tightening of the throat, nausea, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, and even possible death. The offending foods must be avoided!!!
- Food allergies are defined as toxic clinical reactions to food or food additives that involve the immune system.
- The immune system is a complex system whose cells and molecules are found throughout your body to protect it from potentially harmful foreign molecules. It is most active in the areas of the body which have some direct contact with the outside world such as the skin, lungs, nose and gastrointestinal tract.
- The immune system is a complex system whose cells and molecules are found throughout your body to protect it from potentially harmful foreign molecules. It is most active in the areas of the body which have some direct contact with the outside world such as the skin, lungs, nose and gastrointestinal tract.
- The majority of potentially harmful molecules enter your body through your intestinal tract therefore, it is not surprising that over 60% of immune activity occurs in this area. The immune system is made up of a team of different types of cells that, while each having their own specific function, work together to protect the body from foreign invaders: B-cells produce antibodies; T-cells conduct surveillance for potentially dangerous molecules and kills dangerous cells such as disease-causing bacteria; and macrophages are the scavenger cells of your body acting like garbage trucks, cleaning up residue and removing potentially dangerous substances.
- Cells of the immune systemB-cells The major function of B lymphocytes is to develop into antibody-secreting plasma cells following stimulation by foreign antigens of bacteria, viruses and tumor cells. Antibodies are specialized proteins that specifically recognize and bind to specific antigens that caused their stimulation. Antibody production and binding to foreign antigens is often critical as a means of signaling other cells to engulf, kill or remove that substance from the body. T-cells T lymphocytes are usually divided into two major subsets that are functionally and phenotypically different. T helper (TH) cells, also called CD4+ T cells, are involved in coordination and regulation of immunological responses. They function to mediate responses by the secretion of lymphokines that stimulate or otherwise affect other cells involved in the immune responses. The second subset type of T lymphocytes are cytotoxic T lymphocytes ( Tc cells or CTLs) or CD8+ T cells. These cells are involved in directly killing certain tumor cells, virus-infected cells, transplant cells, and sometimes eucaryotic parasites. CD8+ T cells are also important in down-regulation of immune responses. Both types of T cells can be found throughout the body, most conspicuously in lymphoid organs (lymph nodes and spleen) but also the liver, lung, blood, and the intestinal tract. Natural Killer cells Natural killer cells, known as NK cells, are similar to CTLs (CD8+ T cells). They function as effector cells that directly kill certain tumors such as melanomas, lymphomas and virus-infected cells, most notably herpes and cytomegalovirus-infected cells. However, NK cells, unlike the CD8+ (Tc) cells, kill their target cells without need for recognition of antigen in association with MHC molecules. NK cells that have been activated by secretions from CD4+ T cells will kill their tumor or viral-infected targets more effectively. Macrophages Macrophages are important in the regulation of immune responses. Besides their role in phagocytosis, they may function as antigen-presenting cells (APCs) because they ingest foreign materials and present these antigens to other cells of the immune system such as T-cells and B-cells. This is one of the important first steps in the initiation of an immunological response. Macrophages, stimulated by certain lymphokines, exhibit increased levels of phagocytosis and are also secrete cytokines that modulate immune responses. Dendritic cells Dendritic cells also originate in the bone marrow and function as antigen presenting cells (APCs). In fact, the dendritic cells are more efficient APCs than macrophages. These cells are usually found in structural compartments of the lymphoid organs such as the thymus, lymph nodes and spleen. However, they are also found in the bloodstream and other tissues of the body. It is believed that they capture and process antigens in lymphoid organs where an immunological response is initiated. Of particular interest is the recent finding that dendritic cells bind large numbers of HIV particles, and may be a reservoir of virus that is transmitted to CD4+ T cells.
- Cells of the immune systemB-cells The major function of B lymphocytes is to develop into antibody-secreting plasma cells following stimulation by foreign antigens of bacteria, viruses and tumor cells. Antibodies are specialized proteins that specifically recognize and bind to specific antigens that caused their stimulation. Antibody production and binding to foreign antigens is often critical as a means of signaling other cells to engulf, kill or remove that substance from the body. T-cells T lymphocytes are usually divided into two major subsets that are functionally and phenotypically different. T helper (TH) cells, also called CD4+ T cells, are involved in coordination and regulation of immunological responses. They function to mediate responses by the secretion of lymphokines that stimulate or otherwise affect other cells involved in the immune responses. The second subset type of T lymphocytes are cytotoxic T lymphocytes ( Tc cells or CTLs) or CD8+ T cells. These cells are involved in directly killing certain tumor cells, virus-infected cells, transplant cells, and sometimes eucaryotic parasites. CD8+ T cells are also important in down-regulation of immune responses. Both types of T cells can be found throughout the body, most conspicuously in lymphoid organs (lymph nodes and spleen) but also the liver, lung, blood, and the intestinal tract. Natural Killer cells Natural killer cells, known as NK cells, are similar to CTLs (CD8+ T cells). They function as effector cells that directly kill certain tumors such as melanomas, lymphomas and virus-infected cells, most notably herpes and cytomegalovirus-infected cells. However, NK cells, unlike the CD8+ (Tc) cells, kill their target cells without need for recognition of antigen in association with MHC molecules. NK cells that have been activated by secretions from CD4+ T cells will kill their tumor or viral-infected targets more effectively. Macrophages Macrophages are important in the regulation of immune responses. Besides their role in phagocytosis, they may function as antigen-presenting cells (APCs) because they ingest foreign materials and present these antigens to other cells of the immune system such as T-cells and B-cells. This is one of the important first steps in the initiation of an immunological response. Macrophages, stimulated by certain lymphokines, exhibit increased levels of phagocytosis and are also secrete cytokines that modulate immune responses. Dendritic cells Dendritic cells also originate in the bone marrow and function as antigen presenting cells (APCs). In fact, the dendritic cells are more efficient APCs than macrophages. These cells are usually found in structural compartments of the lymphoid organs such as the thymus, lymph nodes and spleen. However, they are also found in the bloodstream and other tissues of the body. It is believed that they capture and process antigens in lymphoid organs where an immunological response is initiated. Of particular interest is the recent finding that dendritic cells bind large numbers of HIV particles, and may be a reservoir of virus that is transmitted to CD4+ T cells.
- Cells of the immune systemB-cells The major function of B lymphocytes is to develop into antibody-secreting plasma cells following stimulation by foreign antigens of bacteria, viruses and tumor cells. Antibodies are specialized proteins that specifically recognize and bind to specific antigens that caused their stimulation. Antibody production and binding to foreign antigens is often critical as a means of signaling other cells to engulf, kill or remove that substance from the body. T-cells T lymphocytes are usually divided into two major subsets that are functionally and phenotypically different. T helper (TH) cells, also called CD4+ T cells, are involved in coordination and regulation of immunological responses. They function to mediate responses by the secretion of lymphokines that stimulate or otherwise affect other cells involved in the immune responses. The second subset type of T lymphocytes are cytotoxic T lymphocytes ( Tc cells or CTLs) or CD8+ T cells. These cells are involved in directly killing certain tumor cells, virus-infected cells, transplant cells, and sometimes eucaryotic parasites. CD8+ T cells are also important in down-regulation of immune responses. Both types of T cells can be found throughout the body, most conspicuously in lymphoid organs (lymph nodes and spleen) but also the liver, lung, blood, and the intestinal tract. Natural Killer cells Natural killer cells, known as NK cells, are similar to CTLs (CD8+ T cells). They function as effector cells that directly kill certain tumors such as melanomas, lymphomas and virus-infected cells, most notably herpes and cytomegalovirus-infected cells. However, NK cells, unlike the CD8+ (Tc) cells, kill their target cells without need for recognition of antigen in association with MHC molecules. NK cells that have been activated by secretions from CD4+ T cells will kill their tumor or viral-infected targets more effectively. Macrophages Macrophages are important in the regulation of immune responses. Besides their role in phagocytosis, they may function as antigen-presenting cells (APCs) because they ingest foreign materials and present these antigens to other cells of the immune system such as T-cells and B-cells. This is one of the important first steps in the initiation of an immunological response. Macrophages, stimulated by certain lymphokines, exhibit increased levels of phagocytosis and are also secrete cytokines that modulate immune responses. Dendritic cells Dendritic cells also originate in the bone marrow and function as antigen presenting cells (APCs). In fact, the dendritic cells are more efficient APCs than macrophages. These cells are usually found in structural compartments of the lymphoid organs such as the thymus, lymph nodes and spleen. However, they are also found in the bloodstream and other tissues of the body. It is believed that they capture and process antigens in lymphoid organs where an immunological response is initiated. Of particular interest is the recent finding that dendritic cells bind large numbers of HIV particles, and may be a reservoir of virus that is transmitted to CD4+ T cells.
- A surveillance team of cells determines whether newly introduced molecules pose a threat to your system. New molecules are constantly being introduced into the intestinal tract by the food that we eat. An allergic reaction occurs when your body identifies molecules as potentially harmful and toxic; these molecules are called antigens. The surveillance cells bind to the antigens activating the immune cells to release histamine and other chemicals which then signals the scavenger macrophages to come to the site and destroy them.
- A surveillance team of cells determines whether newly introduced molecules pose a threat to your system. New molecules are constantly being introduced into the intestinal tract by the food that we eat. An allergic reaction occurs when your body identifies molecules as potentially harmful and toxic; these molecules are called antigens. The surveillance cells bind to the antigens activating the immune cells to release histamine and other chemicals which then signals the scavenger macrophages to come to the site and destroy them.
- A surveillance team of cells determines whether newly introduced molecules pose a threat to your system. New molecules are constantly being introduced into the intestinal tract by the food that we eat. An allergic reaction occurs when your body identifies molecules as potentially harmful and toxic; these molecules are called antigens. The surveillance cells bind to the antigens activating the immune cells to release histamine and other chemicals which then signals the scavenger macrophages to come to the site and destroy them.
- Allergic reactions involving excessive histamine release can cause anaphylactic reactions (difficulty in breathing) which are responsible for 29,000 people in the United States ending up in the emergency ward each year.
- When the surveillance immune cells bind to an antigen and send out chemical messengers, they also communicate to other immune cells, the B-cells, which are instructed to make antibodies to the antigen Antibodies are long, branched molecules that have places for recognition and binding (attachment) of the antigen on one side, and a site on the other end that can call into action other immune responses.
- When the surveillance immune cells bind to an antigen and send out chemical messengers, they also communicate to other immune cells, the B-cells, which are instructed to make antibodies to the antigen Antibodies are long, branched molecules that have places for recognition and binding (attachment) of the antigen on one side, and a site on the other end that can call into action other immune responses.
- An antibody will only bind one specific antigen and nothing else. When the antibody binds, or sticks, to the dangerous molecule it is acts like a red flag identifying the molecule as something potentially damaging that should be removed. Your macrophage cells are often called the �scavenger� cells of the immune system and are specifically designed to remove damaging molecules from the body. After the antibody binds to a dangerous molecule the macrophages consume the molecule, taking it out of circulation and destroying it.
- An antibody will only bind one specific antigen and nothing else. When the antibody binds, or sticks, to the dangerous molecule it is acts like a red flag identifying the molecule as something potentially damaging that should be removed. Your macrophage cells are often called the �scavenger� cells of the immune system and are specifically designed to remove damaging molecules from the body. After the antibody binds to a dangerous molecule the macrophages consume the molecule, taking it out of circulation and destroying it.
- Over 140 different foods have been identified as causes of allergic reactions. According to a recent report by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control, 90% of food allergies are associated with 8 food types: Cow's milk Hen's eggs Peanuts Soy foods Wheat Fish Crustacean shellfish (such shrimp, prawns, lobster, and crab) Tree nuts (such as almonds, cashews, walnuts, pecans, pistachios, Brazil nuts, hazelnuts, and chestnuts) 超過140個不同的食物已被確定為過敏反應的原因。據美國疾病預防控制中心最近的一份報告，90％食物過敏都與8種食物類型有關：•牛奶•母雞下的蛋•花生•大豆食品•小麥•魚•甲殼貝類（如蝦，明蝦，龍蝦，蟹）•樹堅果（如杏仁，腰果，核桃，山核桃，開心果，巴西堅果，榛子，栗子）
- Food sensitivities are divided into two major categories: Immediate and Delayed. When immediate food reactions occur (classic food allergies) you will experience symptoms within hours of having eaten the food. Symptoms are rapid and may include tingling of the extremities, wheezing, coughing, tightening of the throat, nausea, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, and even possible death. The offending foods must be avoided!!! Symptoms of delayed food sensitivities (food intolerance) can take as long as 72 hours to appear. It can be difficult to identify the offending foods since we eat so many different foods over a three day period and items often contain several ingredients.
- The majority of toxic responses to food is a result of food intolerance rather than food allergy.
- A food intolerance response is defined as any reproducible, toxic response to food that does not involve the immune system. Food intolerance responses can occur for many different reasons. A food can contain a molecule that your body has difficulty breaking down or digesting causing an intolerance response as that molecule is allowed to continue down your intestinal tract.
- Many times the foods we eat frequently, and seem healthy, are contributing to our health problems. Elimination of the offending foods may improve many of these issues and restore a better quality of life. While foods causing true/classic food allergies must be completely avoided, elimination of foods you are intolerant to may not have to be permanent.
- Food intolerance as opposed to food allergy does not cause an immediate reaction in your body. Instead, it festers quietly in your gut and brews low-grade chronic inflammation for years. So, many people with food intolerance are often unaware of their problem and continue to take the very food that is giving them headaches, fatigue or arthritis, turning their immune system upside down.
- Food intolerance as opposed to food allergy does not cause an immediate reaction in your body. Instead, it festers quietly in your gut and brews low-grade chronic inflammation for years. So, many people with food intolerance are often unaware of their problem and continue to take the very food that is giving them headaches, fatigue or arthritis, turning their immune system upside down.
- There are many types of food intolerances. The most common are intolerances to: Lactose Tyrosine Preservatives and Additives Gluten ================================================================================================= 麩質或麩質蛋白、麥膠、麵筋（英語：gluten）是多種穀物所含有的一種蛋白質，是大麥、小麥、燕麥、黑麥等穀物中最普遍的蛋白質。發酵過程中，麥面當中的麩質蛋白形成網狀結構，使得麵糰堅固。麩質蛋白是多個單一蛋白質的混合物，主要由醇溶穀蛋白以及穀蛋白兩種蛋白質組成。醇溶穀蛋白別稱「麩朊」。患有乳糜瀉的病者，其免疫系統中可以發現過多的麩朊抗體，麩朊抗體與醇溶穀蛋白產生反應，小腸內層的茸毛受到損害，引起腹瀉等腸病症狀，使患者無法吸收麥面中的營養。
- The most common food intolerance is lactose intolerance. Lactose intolerance affects up to 10% of adults, and is associated with symptoms of flatulence (gas), abdominal distention (bloating), and diarrhea after consuming cow’s milk.
- Cow’s milk contains a sugar called lactose that requires the enzyme lactase for its digestion. People with lactose intolerance produce little or no lactase in their intestines and therefore are capable of digesting only a small amount of the lactose that is found in cow’s milk. This leaves undigested lactose to travel through the digestive tract to the colon where it is fermented by the bacteria in the lower intestine producing the gas, pain and bloating associated with lactose intolerance.
- Cow’s milk contains a sugar called lactose that requires the enzyme lactase for its digestion. People with lactose intolerance produce little or no lactase in their intestines and therefore are capable of digesting only a small amount of the lactose that is found in cow’s milk. This leaves undigested lactose to travel through the digestive tract to the colon where it is fermented by the bacteria in the lower intestine producing the gas, pain and bloating associated with lactose intolerance.
- 部份人吃過海鮮後會全身發癢、出疹，甚至連臉部都腫起來，但這些人未必是對海鮮過敏。這種情況很有可能是因為海鮮開始腐壞而產生過多組織胺，吃下這些不新鮮的海鮮後，會產生類似過敏的反應。
- Reactions to tyramine (an amino acid-like molecule) or phenylalanine (another amino acid-like molecule) can result from eating the following foods: Fermented cheeses Fermented Sausage Chocolate Sour Cream Red wine Avocado Beer Raspberries Yeast Picked Herring Symptoms of tyramine intolerance can include urticaria (hives), angioedema (localized swelling due to fluid retention), migraines, wheezing, and even asthma. In fact, some researchers suggest that as many as 20 percent of migraines are caused by food intolerance or allergy, and tyramine intolerance is one of the most common of these toxic food responses. =========================================================================== 酪胺即對羥基苯乙胺，得名於酪氨酸，是一種痕量單胺。具促使兒茶酚胺釋放的作用。無法透過血腦屏障。
- Tyramine and Migraines Tyramines are derivatives of amino acids called tyrosine. After long periods of time, some of the tyrosine amino acids in foods such as aged cheeses or meats will naturally be converted by bacteria into tyramines. This same process can also occur in your intestinal tract if digestion is slow allowing bacteria the time to convert tyrosine into tyramine. For this reason, tyramine-sensitive individuals should take steps to support their digestive system as well as reduce foods containing pre-formed tyramine in their meal plan.
- Tyramine and Migraines Tyramines are derivatives of amino acids called tyrosine. After long periods of time, some of the tyrosine amino acids in foods such as aged cheeses or meats will naturally be converted by bacteria into tyramines. This same process can also occur in your intestinal tract if digestion is slow allowing bacteria the time to convert tyrosine into tyramine. For this reason, tyramine-sensitive individuals should take steps to support their digestive system as well as reduce foods containing pre-formed tyramine in their meal plan.
- Tyramine and Migraines Tyramines are derivatives of amino acids called tyrosine. After long periods of time, some of the tyrosine amino acids in foods such as aged cheeses or meats will naturally be converted by bacteria into tyramines. This same process can also occur in your intestinal tract if digestion is slow allowing bacteria the time to convert tyrosine into tyramine. For this reason, tyramine-sensitive individuals should take steps to support their digestive system as well as reduce foods containing pre-formed tyramine in their meal plan.
- Although the reason tyramine causes toxic food responses such as migraines is not clearly understood, research suggests that people suffering from migraines may not adequately neutralize tyramine. While normally neutralized through a detoxification process in the intestine and liver before it is absorbed into the body, tyramine sensitive individuals are believed to have increased amounts of unneutralized tyramine that gets absorbed and circulated to the brain where it may interfere with normal brain functions causing the pain that is experienced as a migraine.
- Although the reason tyramine causes toxic food responses such as migraines is not clearly understood, research suggests that people suffering from migraines may not adequately neutralize tyramine. While normally neutralized through a detoxification process in the intestine and liver before it is absorbed into the body, tyramine sensitive individuals are believed to have increased amounts of unneutralized tyramine that gets absorbed and circulated to the brain where it may interfere with normal brain functions causing the pain that is experienced as a migraine.
- Foods that help support the detoxification of tyramine include such sulfur-containing foods as: Onion Brussels Sprouts Garlic Broccoli
- (Figure 3. Food with tyramine is ingested. Tyramine is not neutralized in the liver and goes into circulation going to the brain where it leads to migraine.)
- Food preservatives such as benzoates (including sodium benzoate, an additive found in literally thousands of different processed foods), sulfites, and hydroxytoluene including butylated hydroxytoluene, or BHT, a preservative commonly used in procssed foods, flavoring agents like salicylates, and dyes like yellow dye No. 5 (tartrazine) are known to cause hives. 食品防腐劑，如苯甲酸（包括苯甲酸鈉，在許多不同的加工食品中發現的添加劑），亞硫酸鹽，以及苯甲醇包括二丁基羥基甲苯，BHT，常用的食物防腐劑，調味劑如水楊酸，以及染料例如黃色染料5號（檸檬黃）是已知會導致蕁麻疹。 Hydroxytoluene [haɪˌdrɑksiˈtɑljuˌin] 苯甲醇 butylated hydroxytoluene丁基羟基甲苯 , 二丁基羟基甲苯, 丁基羥基苯甲醚, 丁基羟基甲苯 2,6-二叔丁基對甲酚 2,6-二第三丁基對甲酚，通常叫作BHT，是一種油溶性的有機化合物。它主要在食品添加劑中被用作為抗氧化劑。它也在化妝品、藥物、飛機燃料、橡膠、石油製品和標本中有抗氧化作用。 salicylate
- Since 1986, the FDA has required that sulfites added to foods be listed on the label and has banned the use of sulfites on fruits and vegetables intended to be eaten raw. Benzoate preservatives (including sodium benzoate), many different food dyes, and BHA (butylated hydroxyanisole) have been found to produce intolerance reactions in aspirin-intolerant individuals.
- Carefully reading food labels is one way individuals can try to avoid some of the food preservatives and additives to which they may be sensitive, however. when ingredients are present in very small amounts they are often not declared on the label. A better way to avoid potential toxins is to eat fresh, organically grown foods. The George Mateljan NewHealthy Way of Eating can help you incorporate more organically grown foods into your diet.
- Gluten intolerance is oftentimes discussed separately from food intolerances and food allergies because it has characteristics of both of these food sensitivities. The sensitivity to gluten is an important component of celiac sprue. Individuals with this condition have problems with the absorption of nutrients; these problems are made much worse by consuming gluten-containing foods. 麩質不耐症常常與食物不耐症和食物過敏症分開討論，因為它同時具有以上兩種食物敏感症的特點。麩質的敏感性是乳糜性腹瀉的重要原因。有這種症狀的個人對營養物質的吸收有問題，若進食含麩質的食物狀況會變得更糟。 Celiac ['si:liæk] 腹的,腹腔的 Sprue [spru:] 注入口,熔渣,熱帶病的一種 口炎性腹瀉（Celiac Sprue） 「口炎性腹瀉」又稱「麩質敏感性腸病變」、「非熱帶性口瘡」和「乳糜性腹瀉」，是一種罕見的慢性疾病，會傷害小腸黏膜，損害養分吸收的功能。將食物中的小麥麥膠蛋白、以及類似的穀物蛋白去除之後，就可以獲得改善。主要發生在白人；而非洲、日本和中國人則較為少見。口炎性腹瀉是對麩質產生敏感而來，麩質指的是小麥、燕麥、大麥和黑麥等物質中的一種可溶於酒精，但不溶於水的蛋白質成分，稱為「麥膠蛋白」。細胞性免疫是形成疾病的主要原因，接觸到麩質的小腸黏膜在上皮內聚集細胞毒殺性 T 淋巴球，固有層中出現大量的輔助型 T 淋巴球，這些細胞對麥膠蛋白相當敏感。研究認為， T 淋巴球釋放出的細胞激素會傷害腸道細胞。
- Gluten is not one single substance, but actually a varying mixture of substances. If wheat flour is used to make dough, and the dough is washed in water until all water-soluble components and starch is rinsed off, the remaining gummy yellowish-gray material consisting of proteins, carbohydrates, fats and minerals is called "gluten".
- Gluten (from Latin gluten, "glue") is a protein composite found in foods processed from wheat and related grain species, including barley and rye. Gluten gives elasticity to dough, helping it rise and keep its shape and often gives the final product a chewy texture. Gluten may also be found in some cosmetics, hair products, and other dermatological preparations. Gluten is the composite of a gliadin and a glutenin, which is conjoined with starch in the endosperm of various grass-related grains. The prolamin and glutelin from wheat (gliadin, which is alcohol-soluble, and glutenin, which is only soluble in dilute acids or alkalis) constitute about 80% of the protein contained in wheat fruit. Being insoluble in water, they can be purified by washing away the associated starch. Worldwide, gluten is a source of protein, both in foods prepared directly from sources containing it, and as an additive to foods otherwise low in protein. The fruit of most flowering plants have endosperms with stored protein to nourish embryonic plants during germination. True gluten, with gliadin and glutenin, is limited to certain members of the grass family. The stored proteins of maize and rice are sometimes called glutens, but their proteins differ from true gluten. About 1 in 133 people in developed nations have allergic reactions to gluten, some of which can be severe enough to be life-threatening. Buddhist monks discovered gluten in the 7th century. The monks, who were vegetarians, were trying to find a substitute for meat. They discovered that when they submerged dough in water, the starch washed off and all that was left was a meat-like, textured, gummy mass - Gluten. 麩質或麩質蛋白、麥膠、麵筋（英語：gluten）是多種穀物所含有的一種蛋白質，是大麥、小麥、燕麥、黑麥等穀物中最普遍的蛋白質。發酵過程中，麥面當中的麩質蛋白形成網狀結構，使得麵糰堅固。麩質蛋白是多個單一蛋白質的混合物，主要由醇溶穀蛋白以及穀蛋白兩種蛋白質組成。醇溶穀蛋白別稱「麩朊」。患有乳糜瀉的病者，其免疫系統中可以發現過多的麩朊抗體，麩朊抗體與醇溶穀蛋白產生反應，小腸內層的茸毛受到損害，引起腹瀉等腸病症狀，使患者無法吸收麥面中的營養。
- About 80% of the gluten material is composed of proteins, and about 20% is composed of carbohydrates, fats, and minerals.
- About 400,000 tons of gluten is produced in the United States each year from about 5 million tons of wheat. Because the gluten in wheat flour creates a nice, spongy consistency in breads and other baked items, many manufacturers add gluten to their baked goods. ================================================================================================= There is much debate in the research literature over the role of oats, barley, and rye in a gluten-avoidance meal plan. Traditionally, wheat, oats, barley and rye have been referred to as the "gluten grains". However, in a strict chemical sense, the gluten from wheat has a very distinct combination of proteins, carbohydrates, fats, and minerals when its flour is water-washed. There are some components of wheat proteins also found in oats and rye, but because it is unclear what portion of the gluten is responsible for allergic reactions, it is difficult to assess the role of these other grains in gluten intolerance. In addition, many individuals who are sensitive to wheat are not equally sensitive to oats, barley or rye. To be on the safe side, many individuals remove all of these foods from their diet when first trying to determine the possibility of gluten sensitivity. 燕麥，大麥和黑麥在避免麩質的膳食計劃的作用在研究文獻中有很多爭論。傳統上，小麥，燕麥，大麥和黑麥被稱為為“麩質穀物”。然而，在嚴格的化學意義上的，當小麥用水洗而剩下的麩質是由蛋白質，碳水化合物，脂肪和礦物質所組成。其中有一些小麥蛋白成份，在燕麥和黑麥中也被發現，但因為目前還不清楚麩質的哪些成分造成過敏反應，它是很難評估這些其他穀物對麩質不耐症的作用。此外，許多對小麥敏感的人不一定對燕麥、大麥或黑麥同樣敏感。當要試圖確定對麩質過敏的可能性時，為了安全起見，許多人從他們的飲食中刪除所有這些食品。
- Celiac ['si:liæk] 腹的,腹腔的 Sprue [spru:] 注入口,熔渣,熱帶病的一種 口炎性腹瀉（Celiac Sprue） 「口炎性腹瀉」又稱「麩質敏感性腸病變」、「非熱帶性口瘡」和「乳糜性腹瀉」，是一種罕見的慢性疾病，會傷害小腸黏膜，損害養分吸收的功能。 將食物中的小麥麥膠蛋白、以及類似的穀物蛋白去除之後，就可以獲得改善。 主要發生在白人；而非洲、日本和中國人則較為少見。
- Celiac sprue is a genetically based disease that causes allergic sensitivity to certain protein components that are rich in proline, called prolamins (or prolamines), and have a certain characteristic structure. The prolamins of wheat (gliadin), corn (zein), rye (secalin), barley (hordein), and oat (avenin) have varying potential for allergenic response, with that in corn and oats usually being low and that in wheat being especially high. ========================================================================================== 脯胺酸（英語：Proline），簡寫Pro或P，是一種脂肪族胺基酸，亦是20種普遍的自然胺基酸之一。在某些分類中，它被劃作亞胺基酸。它是膠原的重要組成，在豬皮之類的食物中很常見。 ========================================================================================== 醇溶蛋白（Prolamine／Prolamin）是一類蛋白質，多存在於禾本科作物的種子中，脯氨酸含量較高。一般不溶於水、鹽溶液和無水乙醇，但溶於70～80％的乙醇。Prolamines are a group of plant storage proteins having a high proline content and found in the seeds of cereal grains: wheat (gliadin), barley (hordein), rye (secalin), corn (zein), sorghum (kafirin) and as a minor protein, avenin in oats. They are characterised by a high glutamine and proline content and are generally soluble only in strong alcohol solutions. Some prolamins, notably gliadin, and similar proteins found in the tribe Triticeae (see Triticeae glutens) may induce coeliac disease in genetically predisposed individuals.
- Celiac sprue is a genetically based disease that causes allergic sensitivity to certain protein components that are rich in proline, called prolamins (or prolamines), and have a certain characteristic structure. The prolamins of wheat (gliadin), corn (zein), rye (secalin), barley (hordein), and oat (avenin) have varying potential for allergenic response, with that in corn and oats usually being low and that in wheat being especially high. ========================================================================================== 脯胺酸（英語：Proline），簡寫Pro或P，是一種脂肪族胺基酸，亦是20種普遍的自然胺基酸之一。在某些分類中，它被劃作亞胺基酸。它是膠原的重要組成，在豬皮之類的食物中很常見。 ========================================================================================== 醇溶蛋白（Prolamine／Prolamin）是一類蛋白質，多存在於禾本科作物的種子中，脯氨酸含量較高。一般不溶於水、鹽溶液和無水乙醇，但溶於70～80％的乙醇。Prolamines are a group of plant storage proteins having a high proline content and found in the seeds of cereal grains: wheat (gliadin), barley (hordein), rye (secalin), corn (zein), sorghum (kafirin) and as a minor protein, avenin in oats. They are characterised by a high glutamine and proline content and are generally soluble only in strong alcohol solutions. Some prolamins, notably gliadin, and similar proteins found in the tribe Triticeae (see Triticeae glutens) may induce coeliac disease in genetically predisposed individuals.
- These molecules are found in gluten, which is a major protein in processed wheat products, accounting for about 40% of the protein in the wheat strains commonly used in making bread and other baked goods. From the point of view of preparing these foods, gluten is a desired component, it is what makes the stringy, stretchy quality of dough, tapping air bubbles, and yielding the texture of the finished product.
- For those with celiac sprue, an immune-based reaction to certain prolamins occurs in the small intestine which results in inflammation and damage to the intestinal villi. This damage then affects digestion because of the role of the villi in excreting digestive enzymes (the surface cells excrete sucrase, lactase, and maltase to digest complex sugars) and, especially, in absorbing food nutrients (the main role of the villi and the reason for the large surface area they present).
- For those with celiac sprue, an immune-based reaction to certain prolamins occurs in the small intestine which results in inflammation and damage to the intestinal villi. This damage then affects digestion because of the role of the villi in excreting digestive enzymes (the surface cells excrete sucrase, lactase, and maltase to digest complex sugars) and, especially, in absorbing food nutrients (the main role of the villi and the reason for the large surface area they present).
- Thus, two characteristics of celiac sprue are abdominal distress due to undigested and unabsorbed foods (especially foods with carbohydrates, like grains), and nutritional deficiency (with weight loss and other adverse consequences). ================================================================================== 口炎性腹瀉是對麩質產生敏感而來，麩質指的是小麥、燕麥、大麥和黑麥等物質中的一種可溶於酒精，但不溶於水的蛋白質成分，稱為「麥膠蛋白」。 細胞性免疫是形成疾病的主要原因，接觸到麩質的小腸黏膜在上皮內聚集細胞毒殺性 T 淋巴球，固有層中出現大量的輔助型 T 淋巴球，這些細胞對麥膠蛋白相當敏感。研究認為， T 淋巴球釋放出的細胞激素會傷害腸道細胞。
- Persistent exposure to gluten in those with celiac sprue can also result in disorders affecting other parts of the body, including the skin and heart. At this time, the only established remedy is to go on a gluten-free diet. This is a rather difficult task if a person doesn't prepare all meals for him or herself, because wheat is used in so many products (sometimes as a minor ingredient). In fact, going on a 100% gluten-free diet is nearly impossible, but considerable relief can be attained by eliminating virtually all gluten; single exposures to small amounts may produce an inflammatory response of the villi, but not the damage that occurs with repeated exposure.
- Fat cells. Scientists found that fat cells aren’t just dormant repository of excess fat. These fats actually secrete arachidonic acid which eventually turn into runaway pro-inflammatory substances that circulate throughout our body. So the more fat cells you have, the more inflammation you are brewing inside. ================================================================================= arachidonic acid [ˌærəkɪˈdɑnɪk] 花生四烯酸
- Your body uses your fat cells as a storage depot for excess arachidonic acid.
- It will increase the number of fat cells if there is more arachidonic acid than will fit into the existing fat cells.
- If the amount of arachidonic acid exceeds what the fat cells can keep up with, the cells become inflamed, insulin usage stops working properly and the fat starts to deposit in other organs such as the liver, pancreas, blood vessels and heart.
- Your body uses your fat cells as a storage depot for excess arachidonic acid. It will increase the number of fat cells if there is more arachidonic acid than will fit into the existing fat cells. If the amount of arachidonic acid exceeds what the fat cells can keep up with, the cells become inflamed, insulin usage stops working properly and the fat starts to deposit in other organs such as the liver, pancreas, blood vessels and heart. Combine elevated arachidonic acid with elevated insulin (which is discussed immediately below), and you have a prime breeding ground for diabetes, cancer, heart disease and many other chronic health conditions. 你的身體利用脂肪細胞作為倉庫過量的花生四烯酸。它會增加脂肪細胞的數量，如果有更多的花生四烯酸比將融入現有的脂肪細胞。如果花生四烯酸的量超過了脂肪細胞能跟上，細胞發炎，胰島素使用率停止正常工作，脂肪開始沉積在其他器官，如肝臟，胰腺，血管和心臟。結合花生四烯酸升高，升高的胰島素（這是討論下面），你有一個首要的糖尿病，癌症，心臟疾病和其他慢性疾病的溫床。
- Combine elevated arachidonic acid with elevated insulin (which is discussed immediately below), and you have a prime breeding ground for diabetes, cancer, heart disease and many other chronic health conditions.
- Inflammation： Essential Facts Everyone Needs to Know