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1. Peri Operative Prophylactic Treatment to Prevent the Risk of Patients
Research Essay
Peri Operative Prophylactic Treatment to Prevent the Risk of Patients Research
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Prophylactic Treatment to Prevent the Risk of Patients Research EssayResearch paper. all
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something! thanks!!first attachment is requirement for paper.second attachment is my
clinical problemlast 2 attachments are examples of clinical problem and paper part
1 clincical_problem_part1.docclinical_prob._infection.docclinical_problem_paper_part_i__exe
mplar_cauti_2__1___1_.docclinical_problem_workshClinical Problem Paper Part I:
Problem/Significance – Instructions, Grading Template, and RubricInstructionsPlease use
your Clinical Problem Worksheet as a guide to develop Part I of your Clinical Problem
Paper.Part I – page length 2 to 2 ½ pages (excluding APA title page and references) Written
in 3rd person Peri Operative Prophylactic Treatment to Prevent the Risk of Patients
Research Essay CONTENT Paragraph 1- Introduction paragraph – Introduce problem/need
and background (include stats – ie incidence, rates, prevalence, frequencies)– Identify
reasons why it significant ( with evidence/research) Paragraph 2– Expand on reason one
why important/significant ( with evidence)Paragraph 3– Expand on reason two why
important/significant ( with evidence)Paragraph4– Expand on reason three why
important/significant ( with evidence) Paragraph 5 – Transition Paragraph to Gap in
Knowledge (subheading Gap in Knowledge)– Transition – Write a sentence to conclude
your introduction-Move Forward – Identify a gap in knowledge – What do you want to
know that you do not already know (do not choose information readily available i.e
descriptive stats) – Ideally, aim to explore the effectiveness of an intervention or from a
broader sense, what intervention would be most effective to…– Conclude with a Thesis
Statement: (i.e. Considering the related risk of… it is essential to explore…) Preliminary
PICO (Subheading PICO)-Format a Preliminary PICO – Refer to your text – (Polit & Beck,
2018, Chapter 2)-Note-Your final PICO (after feedback) will be included in Part II of your
Clinical Problem Paper-Identify PICO components within your question with (P) (I) (C)
(O). REFERENCE LIST Relevance of references III.
FORMAT APA StyleMechanics
(grammar, punctuation, sentence structure, etc.)Organization of ideas (transition of
paragraphs; use of subheadings)NOTE:Paper Format: APA including title page, Running

2. head, citations and references.Title must reflect your topic (not the name of the
assignment)Paper should not exceed suggested page (excluding Title and Reference
pages).Please proofread for spelling and punctuation errors. Read aloud to someone else,
or have someone read the paper back to you to review for grammatical errors and/or
sentence structure.Students should retain a copy of their paper.Papers will not be reviewed
for corrections prior to grading by faculty. Please contact the Student writing lab for
technical and scholarly writing assistance. Please see the Grading Template & Scholarly
Paper Rubric BELOW Clinical Problem Paper Part I: Problem/Significance Grading
Template CriteriaPotential PointsEarned PointsCommentsContent Introduction
Paragraph: Introduce problem/need and background (include stats – ie incidence, rates,
prevalence, frequencies)10 Identify reasons why it is significant/important ( with
evidence/research)2.5 Paragraph 2 Reason 1 why significant/important ( with
evidence/research)10 Paragraph 3 Reason 2 why significant/important ( with
evidence/research)10 Paragraph 4 Reason 3 why significant/important ( with
evidence/research) Peri Operative Prophylactic Treatment to Prevent the Risk of Patients
Research Essay10 Paragraph 5- Conclusion of Introduction Transition to Gap in
Knowledge: Transitions – conclude your introduction5 Moves forward -Identifies gap in
knowledge10 Thesis statement (i.e. Considering the related risk of…)2.5 Preliminary
PICO PICO –Appropriate format5 PICO Components clearly identified (P) (I) (C)
(O)2.5 PICO – addresses gap in knowledge2.5 Citation /
References Resources5 Format APA style5 Mechanics (written in 3rd person, grammar,
sentence structure, punctuation)10 Organization of ideas and paper flow(Transitions
thought process in logical manner, page limit)10 Total Score 100 pt Comments: Please see
Scholarly Paper Rubric Below ORDER NOW FOR COMPREHENSIVE SOLUTION
PAPER Grading Rubric for Scholarly Paper. Peri Operative Prophylactic Treatment to
Prevent the Risk of Patients Research Essay Components Level of Achievement Poor< 70%
of pointsFair70-80% of pointsGood80-90% of pointsExcellent90-100% of
pointsConceptualizationDoes not show learning;Demonstrates weak understanding of
conceptsFair presentation of concepts; minimal use of terminology and/or models from
program coursesIntegrated concepts or practices; use of terminology and/or models from
program coursesIntegrating concepts in original and innovative way; clear use of
terminology and/or models from program coursesContent &VocabularyInaccurate
information; main content missing Insufficient content or explanation Good explanation of
conceptsFluency, sequencing & appropriateness of terms & concepts; higher level, scholarly
vocabularyOrganizationUnclear overview, few organizational cues, disorganizedFair
overview with few cues (subheadings); unclear transitions and sequencingClear statements,
well organized, subheadings, good transitions and sequencingClear statements, examples,
sequencing, assignment subheadings, logical; transition of paragraphs by thought and
topicWriting MechanicsSeveral errors in spelling, punctuation, capitalization, and/or
sentence structure shows carelessnessFair spelling and grammar; some typographical
errorsSentence structure, grammar, and punctuation are good; some minor spelling errors;
few or no grammatical errors Excellent sentence structure, grammar, and punctuation; no
spelling errors; errors and excellent sentence structure and fluencyResourcesNo resources

3. cited/referencedPersonal communication predominant; citations not reliable sources; cited
research from secondary sourceUse of peer reviewed and credible sources, easily accessible
references, 4 or less sourcesPredominance of sound authorities, peer reviewed, recent
journals, in-text citations match references, good citations and 5+ sourcesAPA StyleNot in
APA styleAPA style, but several errors in cover page content, page enumeration, format
(margins & indentation), headers, citation & reference format. Peri Operative Prophylactic
Treatment to Prevent the Risk of Patients Research EssayAPA style with few errorsAPA
without errorAdapted from Swenson, DX, The College of St. Scholastica in Duluth MN at
http://faculty.css.edu/dswenson/web/Gradingrubrics/rubrictermpaper.html(Revised RAR
10/23/2015) Clinical Problem / SignificanceName:
______MichaelCole__________________________________________________________ Clinical Problem (75 to
MAX 150 words): There is often an effort to provide treatment for bacterial infections
among patients prior to surgical operations, while in other cases, the practitioners provide
prophylactic treatment to achieve some form of control over bacterial infection post
treatment. However, the impacts of treatment for existing bacterial conditions remains
questionable, particularly because the treatment for the bacterial infections has never been
primary practice, but rather a common practice among most practitioners. The question lies
on whether pre-treatment ought to be a necessity for the control of the said bacterial
infections post-surgery.WOW Statement: (stats statement with NUMBERS – prevalence,
percentages, and/or rates – cite i.e. CDC, CMS, Hospital Compare, DOH)Based on the
research, about 95% of healthcare facilities treat their patients for Urinary Tract Infections
prior to the surgical procedure (Bouvet et al., 2014). They receive a one intravenous shot of
the peri-operative dose as a means of reducing the virulence of the bacterial infection,
ultimately controlling the chances of extensive infection on the patients.(Problem) is a
significant/important for reasons (i.e. Cost, Mortality, LOS)1____cost of treatment to the
patient and hospital due to bacterial infections pre-post operation.2___ Acquiring post
surgical bacterial infections leads to longer hospital stay and longer recovery time.3___per
operative treatment could reduce the risk of patients acquiring bacterial infections, sepsis
and infected implants post-operation. What do you want to know that you do not already
know?Whether pre-operative treatment of bacterial infection plays a role in the reduction
of chances of infection post operationNursing Actions to Reduce Use of Urinary Catheters in
Intensive Care Units ExampleIntroductionAmong infections acquired in the course of
treatment in acute care hospitals, 32% are urinary tract infections (UTI) and 75% of these
urinary infections are associated with an indwelling urinary catheter (Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention, 2017). The problem is magnified in intensive-care units (ICUs),
where over 50% of patients, many critically ill, have indwelling catheters. Of UTIs
diagnosed in ICU patients, 95% are associated with catheters (Chenoweth & Saint,
2013). The national incidence of CAUTI is 2.5 per 1000 catheter days (Saint et al, 2016)
however, this rate varies widely among hospitals. The CDC recommends judicious use and
early removal of catheters. The CDC’s recommendations include the use of urinary
catheters for critically ill patients only during the time when accurate output measurements
are necessary, removal of catheters in most post-operative patients within 24 hours, and
avoiding the use of catheters to manage incontinence (except in the case of serious

4. incontinence-related pressure injuries or end of life care) (Gould, et al., 2017). Despite
these recommendations, Saint and colleagues (2016) showed little change in the rates of
indwelling catheter usage in ICUs. Catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI) are
important because of its association with increase length of hospital stay (LOS), increase the
cost of treatment, and increase the risk of sepsis and death. Peri Operative Prophylactic
Treatment to Prevent the Risk of Patients Research EssayWhen a patient develops a CAUTI,
his/her length of hospital stay is frequently increased due to the need for additional
treatment. Although the CDC does not precisely quantify the increase in LOS, any increase
in hospital stay may be associated with the risk of complications related to prolonged
reduced mobility (such as muscular deconditioning and deep vein thromboses), confusion
and delirium (especially in older patients), and further adverse events such as infections or
falls (CDC, 2017). Mitchel, Ferguson, Anderson, Sear, and Barnett (2016) found among over
160,000 admissions, 1.73 % acquired a hospital Associated UTI with an average length of
stay of four days.The Leapfrog Group (2017), noted a direct medical cost of $758 per CAUTI,
with nearly 450,000 events per year. Scott (2009) noted, such costs do not include other
medically-related costs (such as the hospital room and hospital staff), nor does it account
for the measurable costs (lost work time, lost work time by family members) and
immeasurable costs (pain and suffering, debility) incurred by the patient. In many cases,
the Centers for Medicaid Services will not reimburse hospitals for the treatment of hospital
acquired CAUTI. The cost is borne by the hospital and ultimately by the hospital’s staff and
patients, all of whom may be affected by this redirection of financial resources. The CDC
(2017) estimated over 340 million dollars spent in health care is attributed to CAUTI in the
U. S. each year.Urinary Tract Infections (UTI) in U.S. hospitals were found to account for the
highest number of infections compared to other HAI (in 2002) and attributed to over
13,000 deaths with a mortality rate of 2.3% (Klevens et al., 2007). Saint (2013) noted that
bacteremia occurs more frequent in certain types of patients (male, patients with
malignancy, immunosuppressed; tobacco users) than others. Secondary to nosocomial
bloodstream infections, about 17% of hospital-acquired bacteremias are from a urinary
source, with an associated mortality of approximately 10% (CDC, 2017). Development of
urosepsis following CAUTI is multifactorial, but nevertheless this iatrogenic event is an
outcome that is preventable.A CAUTI is an iatrogenic event with an incidence of 2.5 per
1000 catheter days (Saint, et al., 2016). Kennedy and colleagues (2013) found there was a
5% increase of acquiring a CAUTI for every day it was left in place over the standard
practice of 28 days. The CDC’s recommendation suggests CAUTI are best reduced by
minimizing the use of indwelling catheters and removing them as soon as possible (CDC,
2017). Although indwelling catheters are ordered by physicians, Chenoweth and Saint
(2013) reported, physicians were often unaware that their patients had an indwelling
catheter. Thus, nursing interventions to reduce the use of indwelling catheters could be a
key force in reducing CAUTI. Given the related risk of CAUTI, it is essential to explore
interventions to decrease incidence of such events. The purpose of this paper is to
investigate whether a nurse-driven protocol for catheter removal is associated with a
reduction in catheter days and a concomitant reduction in urinary tract infections among
adult intensive care patients.PICOIn adult intensive care patients (P), does a nurse-driven

5. catheter removal protocol (I) compared with the standard practice of catheter removal per
physician order (C) reduce rate of Catheter Associated Urinary Tract Infections
(O)?ReferencesCenters for Disease Control and Prevention. (2017). Catheter-associated
urinary tract infections (CAUTI). Retrieved 2/2/2018 from
https://www.cdc.gov/hai/ca_uti/uti.htmlChenoweth, C., & Saint, S. (2013). Preventing
Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infections in the Intensive Care Unit. Critical Care
Clinics, 29(Enhancing the Quality of Care in the ICU), 19-32.
doi:10.1016/j.ccc.2012.10.005Gould, C.V., Umscheid, C. A., Agarwal, R.. K., Kuntz, G., Pegues,
D. A., & the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. (2017). Guideline
for prevention of catheter-associated urinary tract infections 2009. Retrieved from
https://www.cdc.gov/infectioncontrol/pdf/guidelines/cauti-guidelines.pdfKennedy, E. H.,
Greene, M. T., & Saint, S. (2013). Estimating hospital costs of catheter-associated urinary
tract infection. Journal of Hospital Medicine, 8(9), 519-522. doi:10.1002/jhm.2079Klevens
RM, Edwards JR, Richards CL,Jr, et al. Estimating health care-associated infections and
deaths in U.S. hospitals, 2002. Public Health Rep. 2007;122(2):160-166.The Leapfrog Group.
(2017). National healthcare safety network (NHSN) catheter-associated urinary tract
infection (CAUTI) outcome measure. Retrieved from
http://www.hospitalsafetygrade.org/media/file/CAUTI.pdfMitchell, B.G., Feeruson, J.K.,
Anderson, M., Sears, J., & Barnett, A. (2016). Length of stay and mortality associated with
healthcare-associated urinary tract infections: a multi-state model. Journal of Hospital
Infection , 93(1 ), 92 – 99. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2016.01.012Saint, S., Rogers,
M. A., Ratz, D., Fowler, K. E., Edson, B. S., Watson, S. R., & … Fakih, M. G. (2016). A program to
prevent catheter-associated urinary tract infection in acute care. The New England Journal
Of Medicine, (22), 2111. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1504906Scott, R. D. (2009). The direct
medical costs of healthcare-associated infections in U.S. hospitals and the benefits of
prevention. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/hai/pdfs/hai/ scott_costpaper.pdfORDER
NOW FOR COMPREHENSIVE SOLUTION PAPERSEXEMPLAR Clinical Problem / Significance.
Peri Operative Prophylactic Treatment to Prevent the Risk of Patients Research EssayName:
________________________________________________________________ Clinical Problem (75 to MAX 150
words):_ Hospital Acquired Infections (HAI) including catheter-associated urinary tract
infections (CAUTI) are preventable. The unit manager reported an increase of CAUTIs on
the unit for the past consecutive three months. The CDC recommends early removal of
catheters. The CDC’s recommendations include the use of urinary catheters for critically ill
patients only during the time when accurate output measurements are necessary, removal
of catheters in most post-operative patients within 24 hours, and avoiding the use of
catheters to manage incontinence (except in the case of serious incontinence-related
pressure injuries or end of life care) (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,
2017).WOW Statement: (stats statement with NUMBERS – prevalence, percentages, and/or
rates – cite i.e. CDC, CMS, Hospital Compare, DOH)Among infections acquired in acute care
hospitals, 32% are urinary tract infections, and 75% of these urinary infections are
associated with an indwelling urinary catheter (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,
2017).(Problem) is a significant/important for reasons (i.e. Cost, Mortality, LOS)1_______Cost
of treatment and cost to hospital_______,2___increased risk of sepsis and death___,

6. and3______---------------Increased Length of Stay ______. What do you want to know that you do
not already know?Whether a nurse-driven protocol for catheter removal is associated with
a reduction in catheter days and a concomitant reduction in urinary tract infections among
adult intensive care patients.