Arkan Writing.pdf

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24-4-1996
24-4-1996
24-4-1996
24-4-1996
24-4-1996

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zkef;-680672? 681826

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tjrpf r[kwfvm;av/
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a'pmtkyfrSm q&mapwem? q&m ZGJvHkYv? q&m
tm;rmefwdkYudk wGdEdkifyga&/ ,if;apwem? vHkYv? tm;refwd
pGrf;tifa& a'pmtkyfvdkY qdk&ygvdrfhr,f/
,if;wGufeefY &cdkifpmt&D;tom;? &cdkifpmyD wdk;wufjrifh
rm;&D;twGuf a'pmtkyfa& ]vufpGJ} pmtkyfwpftkyfvdkY rqdk
0Hhonfhwdkifatmif &cdkifpmt&D;tom;eefY ywfoufvmau
awmhcg 0Jowfxm;vdkYr&/ rdypfxmvdkY r&a&/ pmtkyfwpftkyf
uawmh jzpfeDvdrfhr,fqdkpGmudk ,HkrSm;p&mrJh ,HkMunfrdyga&/
a'edtcsdeftcgrSm &cdkifpmt&D;tom;jyefvdkY &GufEkjyef
vmcsdef? emvHxvmcsdefrSm q&mhpmtkyf xGufvmjcif;a& ]wdkif;
xm;a&ruúvm rdk;&GmpGmeefY t&Sd&Sd} yg,m/
a,eefY a'pmtkyf xGufvmatmif pDpOfoludkvSjrifh xkwf
cGifhjyKol q&marmifAodef;½dkUudk &cdkifpmt&D;tom; tm;opf
vm&D;twGuf wm0efusDwwfw,f olwdygum;vdkY rk'dwmyGm;rd
yga&/
a,NyD;au a0zef&D;qD;cg;udk rsdKrusjzpfeDa& &cdkifpmyD
Z*gxJrSm a0zef&D;rsdK;pdu BuJcsvdkufw,f/ a,eefY a'pmtkyf
&cdkifpmyD rSwfwdkiftjzpf pdkufxlpGm ZmavmufcdkifrmrI[dvJ
qdkpGmudk tcsdefu tqHk;tjzwfyD;vdrfhr,f&m/
ompGav ---- /
&cdkifpmyD emvHx&D;odkY----/
yef;atmif
yef;atmif
yef;atmif
yef;atmif
yef;atmif
0190943? ZGef? 1998
0190943? ZGef? 1998
0190943? ZGef? 1998
0190943? ZGef? 1998
0190943? ZGef? 1998
1360? ,kefjynfh? 3-*g


&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
11
11
11
11
11
udk,fhpmxJu udk,hfyHk&dyf
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
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OD;vSjrifh(&cdkifom;BuD;pmyD)u ]]&cdkifqdkif&mpmtkyfwdudk
xkwfcsifyga&? pkyD;yg}} qdkvSmvdkY q&mBuD;OD;OD;omxGef; (&cdkif
y@dwf)? q&mOD;bpH ("npH)? ygarmu©csKyf OD;ausmf&if? q&m
OD;pHabmf (armifpHazmf)½dkU pmwdudk pkyD;cyga&? OD;vSjrifhu
wpftkyfNyD;wpftkyf pOfqufrjywf xkwfvdkufaw/ ,if;pmtkyf
wd xkwfvdkYukefa&cg olu ]]q&m&D;pGmwdudk av;aomhpkyD;yg/
pmtkyf xkwfyguwfar}} vdkY qdkjyefyga&/ OD;vSjrifhu apwem
xm;Asm tukeftuscH xkwfyD;arvdkY ajymvSma&cg ]]ighpmwdu
pmtkyfxkwfavmufatmif tqifhrDyg,ifhvm;}} udk,fhpmwdudk
jyefyemoHk;oyfMunfhyga&/ 1961-ck? touf(21)ESpf ausmif;
om;t&G,fuyif t*ktouf(50)ausmf t&G,fxd pm&D;ouf
wrf; (30)ausmfvm,m igZmpmrsdK;udk &D;cav;*k/ Zm&nf&G,f
csufeefY &D;cav;*k/ udk,fhpmwdudk oHk;oyfMunfhyga&/


&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
12
12
12
12
12
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
udk,fhpmwdudk pkMunfha&cg yxrqHk; &D;a&pmudk 1961-
ckESpfu xkwfaw ]]acwfa&SUaqmif}} pmapmifxJrvm;wGd&yg
a&/ touf(21)ESpft&G,f? vrf;avQmufwwfp uavmifaoQ
wpfacsmif;/ ,dkifyD,dkifyg;? r&D;wwf&D;wwf/ t&G,fwl ausmif;
eDbufoli,fcsif; atmifa&TxGef; (Ouúmrif;ndK)u ol OD;aqmif
wwfaw ]acwfa&SUaqmif} vrf;aoQxufrm udk,f&Sdu [efus
yefusvm; jya&cg udk,fuav;aomh tm;usyem avQmuf
Munfhyga&/ &cdkif½dk;&m0w¬KaoQwpfyk'f/ taoQcg tbmESr
t&D;oQif ajymjyzl;a& iysif;axG0w¬K/ &D;a&pm[efuav;
aomh &cdkif[ef/ &cdkifhwefaqmifr*¾Zif;? &cdkifpmyDu@rm&D;
a&[efrsdK/ &cdkifa0g[m&wdudk oHk;xm;a&/ oli,fcsif; atmif
a&TxGef;? ausmfpdk;½dk;eefY tjrifwla&twGuf t&D;tom;pm[ef
av;aomh wluwfaw/ tazmf[dau i&Jjynfudkawmif vm;0Hh
a&vdkY qdkuwfr[kwfygvm;/ &cdkifuavmifoQiftrsm;u rsuf
arSmufacwf jrefrmt&D;tom;udkyif udk,fhpmydkif vufcH&D;om;
eDuwfawcg udk,f½dkUu &cdkif[efyDoatmifvdkY enf;opfwpfck
udk oHk;MunfhuwfpGm jzpfyga&/ &cdkifhwefaqmif r*¾Zif;u
1957-ckrm pwifca& &cdkift&D;tom;aemufodkY vdkufysm&D;
uwfpGm jzpfaw/
acwfa&SUaqmif 'kwd,tkyfrm ]]azmufjyefeDaom &cdkif
pum;wcsdKU}} udk udk,fhbmompum; (? onftqHk;owf)
&cdkift&D;tom;eefYyif &D;vdkufyga&/ bmompum;taMumif;
udk ynm&yfwpfcktjzpf ravhvmzl;oD;/ bmompum;wdudk
odyHÜynm&yfwpfckydkif avhvmoif,l&a&qdkpGmudk Mum;yif
rMum;zl;oD;/ rsufpduef; wpDäraMumufqdkydkifygav;/ tuRef
av;aomh raMumufr&GHU udk,fhodpGmudk &D;csvdkufyga&/ Zm
twGuf &D;0efYav;qdkpGmudk jyefoHk;oyfMunfhyga&/ udk,fht½kyf
udk rSefrmMunfhau jrif&ydkif/ udk,fhyHk&dyfudkxif;vdkY jrif&yga&/
Zmjrif&av;qdkau? trdpum;udk tm;udk;a&tm;rmefaoQudk
jrif&yga&/ tuRefYudk zm;oli,feefY yHkcdkif;au? &Dtdkifudk yif;0g
ol trdajyma&pum; wpfenf; &oHyDoa&-18? 19-&mpk
&ckdifbmompum;tjzpf yHkcdkif;vdkyga&/ zm;oli,fa& &Drm
uRrf;usifyga&/ tuRefav;aomh trdyif;0gol ajyma&pum;
udk uRrf;yga&/ t*kajyma&pum;eefY ppfawGom;wd ajyma&
pum; (ppfawGc½dkif a'od,pum;) ausmufjzLom;wd ajym
a&pum; (ausmufjzL? &rf;NAJc½dkif a'od,pum;)udk EIdif;,SOf
Munfhyga&/ trdpum;oHrm &oHwdcdkifcHheDpGmudk wGd&yga&/
wGdpGmudk wGda&twdkif; &D;a&cg aMumufzdkYu rvdkyg/ jcaoFhrif;
yifjzpfauav;aomh &DtdkifudkrSDvdkY zm;oli,fu tefwkpum;
qdk0vDa&ydkif? tuRefav;aomh trdpum;udkrSDvdkY (bmomaA'
wwfwwf rwwfwwf) &cdkif&oH tNcD,dkifeDpGmudk &J&Jwif;wif;
wifjycpGm jzpfyga&/ atoabmudkyif tus,fcJsUyem &cdkif
r*¾Zif; 1982-rm wifjyzl;ygoD;a&/ a,'gav; taoQcg


&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
13
13
13
13
13
&D;cpGmudkyif csJUxGifpGmavmuf&m jzpfyga&/
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
udk,f&D;zl;ca& aqmif;yg;wdxJrm &cdkiftu©&meefYqdkifpGm
wpfyk'fyg0ifyga&/ ]]atacwf &cdkifrm udk,fydkiftu©&mr[d?
udk,fydkifpmr[d? jrefrmpmudkyif &cdkifoHeefYzwfeDuwfpGmjzpf
aw}} vdkY jrefrmynmoQifwpfOD;u &cdkifwefaqmifr*¾Zif;
(1955)rm trSeftwdkif; axmufjyzl;yga&/ [kwfav;[kwf
aw&m tuRef½dkUuav; ,if;twdkif;jzpfeDpGmygudk/ ,if;
aqmif;yg;aMumifh xifyg,ifh/ wuúodkvf&cdkifausmif;om;
avmurm &a&mif;owfvm;yga&/ wuúodkvf &cdkiq&mwd
av;aomh ]tdyfaoma,musfm;? Edk;aomvm;odkY} qdka&ydkif rsuf
vHk;wdudk yGwfyemxygvwfuwfaw/ ]][dkuf--- &cdkifpmyD teD
txm;u aysmuf½kyf&Sifyif jzpfeD,mum;a'}} vdkY tmar'dwf
jyKvdkufuwfyem ]]&cdkifhwefaqmif}} r*¾Zif; qDrD;cGufaoQrm
]]&cdkifpmyDu@}} opfwpfckudk zGifhvdkufuwfyga&/ ,if;u@
rm &cdkiftu©&m &cdkifoifykef;BuD;udk azmfxkwfvdkufuwfaw/
&cdkifrm udk,fydkiftu©&m[daMumif; oufoDxljyuwfaw/ av;
NrdKUacwftu©&m? ajrmufOD;acwftu©&m avmifpmqDwpfpuf?
ESpfpuf? oHk;puf/ 1957-58-59 oHk;ESpfqufyem &cdkiftu©&m
udk yHkazmfuwfaw/ &cdkiftu©&m rD;a&mifvufvufaoQ
vif;vSma& uRJausmif;om;uAsmydkif ta&GUuAsmaoQudk azmf
xkwfyem &cddkifpmyD qDrD;udkn§dvdkufuwfaw/
]&cdkifwefaqmifr*¾Zif;} qdkpGm emrnfeefYvdkufatmifyif
&cdkifurf;ajrmifrm pmyDqDrD;a&mifudk xGef;ajymifpDa& r[kwf
ygvm;/ &cdkifvlrsdK;udk udk,fpm;jyKEdkifpGm ,if;r*¾Zif;wpfapmif
&m [dpGmygudk/ &cddkiftrsdK;om;½dkU OD;aESmufvdkY qdkEdkifygzdkY/
,if;r*¾Zif;xJrm xkwfcgpjrefrmu@? t*Fvdyfu@vdkY&m[dc
yga&/ t*k &cdkifpmyDu@vdkY oD;jcm;wpfckazmfjyNyD;au &cdkif
tu©&m? &cdkifoifykef;BuD;vdkY azmfxkwfvdkufuwfpGm jzpfaw/
,if;*,ufa& &cdkifurf;ajrmifwvsm;aoQrm tifwefavmuf
½dkufcwfvm;yga&/ &cddkiftu©&mqdkpGm ZmydkifpGmav;/ &cdkifpm
yDqdkpGm0g;/ jrefrmtu©&m? jrefrmpmyDeefYum; twlwlvm;/
uGJjym;jcm;em;vm;/ rD;cGef;wd xGufvSmyga&/ ppfawGNrdKUrm
]]"npmapmif}} pmyDvIdif;aoQwpfvHk; xvm;a&/ ,if;aemuf
rm ]]acwfa&SUaqmif}} pmyDvIdif;aoQwpfvHk;av;aomhxyfvdkY
xygoD;a&/ ]]½dk;rawmifndK uAsmwd}} emrnfeefY yg;yg;csyfcsyf
uAsmpmtkyfaoQwpftkyfav;aomh ppfawGNrdKUrmyif xkwfjzpf
uwfaw/ &cdkifpmyDvIyf,Sm;rIvIdif;aoQwdygAsmav/
&cdkifhwefaqmifr*¾Zif;u &cdkifpmyDu@a& &cdkiftu©
&meefYtwl &cdkifpmyDrD;a&mifudk vdyfvufvdyfvuf rIefrSDrIefrTm;
vif;eDa&umvrm EdkifiHa&;tajymif;tvJ vIdif;wHydk;BuD;wpfck
xvSmyga&/ ,if;vIdif;wHydk;atmufrm &cdkifwefaqmif jrKyfyg
vm;yga&/ ,if;eefYtwl &cdkifpmyDu@qdkpGmavh ed*Hk;csKyfvm;
ygESifh&m/


&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
14
14
14
14
14
a,cg pmyDorm;wdMum;rm rD;cGef;wpfckay:vSmyga&/
&cdkifwefaqmif xrf;ca& pmyDwm0efwpf&yfudk Zmolxrf;zdkY
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tm;xkwfuwfawcg ]]&cdkifñGefYzl;}} emrnfeefY tñTefYaoQ
wpfñTefY? tzl;aoQwpfzl; xGufvSmygaxm/ &cdkifñGefYzl; pmyD
,Ofaus;rI aqmif;yg;pmtkyfxkwfzdkYtwGuf taygif;toif;wd
eefY vufwGJyem tuRefav;aomh tm;oGefcGefpdkuf yg0ifcyg
a&/ &cdkifhwefaqmif? &cdkifpmyDu@rm wifjyca& &cdkiftu©
&m azmfxkwfrIordkif;rSwfwdkifBuD;udk tuRefu pkpnf;yem rSwf
wrf;wifvdkufpGm jzpfyga&/ &cdkiftu©&m azmfxkwfca& yk*d¾Kvf
taygif;½dkU *kPfyk'fudk csD;ajr§mufcsifa&qE´aMumifhvdkY qdkcsifyg
a&/
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cg &D;a&pm[efu ]acwfa&SUaqmif} rm &D;ca& pm[efrsdK;jzpf
yga&/ ? onf-aemufquf oHk;a& pm[efrsdK;/ ,if;pm[ef
eefY wpfNydKifwnf;rmyif/ aw? a&-aemufquf oHk;a& aqmif;
yg;wpfckudkav;aomh uavmifcGJoHk;Asm &cdkifñGefYzl; &D;vdkufyg
a&/ ]]&cdkifjynfu jynfolUuAsm}} emrnfwyfxm;a& pmyDa0
zefa&;aqmif;yg;/ &cddkifñGefYzl;xGufvSma&cg oli,fcsif;udkapm
armif (uAsmq&m ppfawGapmaemif)u rD;yga&/ ]]vlwpf
a,mufwnf;? &D;[efu ESpfck? ZmrsdK;udk ydkBudKuf,Sif;}} tuRefu
ajzzdkYusygESifh&m/ ]]aw? a&}} udk ydkBudKufawvdkY ajzvdkufyga&/
aw? a& aemufqufoHk;&D;[efudk 1961-ckuyif q&m
OD;atmifpHa&T (rSJUeDaoQ)u acwfa&SUaqmifrm &D;zl;cygAsm/
q&mOD;bpH ("npH)av;awmh &cdkifhwefaqmif (1963)rm
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pGm jzpfaw/ &cdkifñGefYzl;xkwfuwfawcg rEÅav;om;wdu
&D;[efopfwpfckudk wifjyeDuwfqJ jzpfyga&/ ,if;udpöeefY
ywfoufvdkY jrefrmpmayavmurm &D;om;[efqdkif&m
uavmifppfyGJBuD;wpfck jzpfeDa&umvjzpfyga&/ tuRef½dkU
av;aomh ,if;*,uf t½dkufcH&a&vdkY qdk&zdkY/ rEÅav;om;wd
u acwfopfArmtajymudk tNcDcHvdkY pm&D;Edkufau? ig½dkUav;
aomh acwfopf&cdkiftajymudk tNcDcHvdkY &D;Edkifa&y/ r[kwf
vm;/ pmqdkpGm pum;udk tNcDcH&a& r[kwfygvm;/ ig½dkUtxJ
rm tajymudk tNcDcHvdkY &D;eDuwfaw q&mOD;bpHydkif yk*d¾Kvf
BuD;wd [deDAsmaxm/ igav;aomh vdkuf&D;&zdkY acwfa[mif;pm
xJrm pmqdkawmfBuD; OuúmysHzGJUca& ]]atmuftmumAGD}} &wk
eefY q,fhESpf&moD&wkBuD;rsdK;? taoQrdwdoDusL;a& ,dkif;
omjcif; (ta&GUuAsm)trsdK;rsdK;? wefcdk;q&mxGef;eefY q&m
atmifxGef;½dkU zGJUqka&omjcif;rsdK;wdudk erlemMunfh/ tm;vHk;
tajymudk tajccHxm;a& uAsmwdcsnf;Asm r[kwfvm;/ ig½dkU


&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
15
15
15
15
15
pum; touf&SifzdkYtwGuf pmyDt&D;tzGJUwdeefY rSwfwrf;wif
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BudK;pm;pm; avhvm,lyga&/ ,if;avhvmcsufu tod(5)ck
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av;aomh [dca&/ (3) emrfeefYBud,m trsm;pkwla&/ (4)
toHrsm;pkuGJjym;a&;/ (5) o'´gudpörm ta&;yga& ypönf;
oHk;yHkuGJjym;a&;/ attodwdukd tNcDcHyem aqmif;yg;udpörm
ta&;yga& ypönf;oHk;yHkuGJjym;a&/ attodwdudk tNcDcHyem
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em/ (3) ataqmif;yg;ESpfckrm bmomaA'twwfynmydkif;
tm;enf;csufwdygeDpGmudk rdwfaqGwpfa,mufu axmufjyzl;
yga&/
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udk atpmtkyfrm azmfjyvdkufyg,ifh/ wHkYjyefpm a,bk,s
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(5)
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(5) ½dk;&m"avh (6) EdkifiHa&;½dkU jzpfyga&/
taMumif;t&m (6)rsdK;ygeDauav;aomh pmtkyfemrnf
udkuscg ]]&cdkift&D;tom;ESifh jyóemrsm;}} vdkY&m xkwf0Dol
OD;vSjrifhu yD;vdkufyga&/ pmtkyfemrnfeefY vdkufzufaw
aqmif;yg;u wpfckwnf;yg&m/ ]]&cdkifpm t&D;tom; jyóem}}
qdka& aqmif;yg;jzpfyga&/ a,auav;aomh ]]jyóem}} qdka&
pum;vHk;eefY vdkufzufaw aqmif;yg;(4)ck yg0ifeDyga&/ (1)
avmuom&ysdKUqdkif&m jyóem? (2) '*Fg;ordkif;jyóem? (3)
a0omvDordkif;jyóem? (4) udkvdkeD0g' qdk;arG(e,fpyfa'o


&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
16
16
16
16
16
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awmh ]]Zmjyóemav;*k}} vdkY pl;prf;csifvmvdrfharvdkY arQmfvifh
&yga&/
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udk;uG,frI/ / udk;uG,frItwGuf udk,fzefwD;vdkufaw
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wGd&a& pwlygausmufwHk;apwDaoQ qDrD;wdkifudk tuRefu
xGef;n§dyD;EdkifcvdkY udk,fhpGmudk,f usDeyfrdyg,ifh/
pmyD/ &cdkifrm pmyD[d,ifhvm;/ &cdkifpmqdkpGm jrefrm
pmyDeefY wlvm;? uGJvm; qdkpGmwdudk avhvmpDppfMunfhvSmpGm
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a&/ qGJMunfhauav;aomh yDyDooyHkray:yg/ tpdwfpdwftrTm
rTm uGJvm;a&NrD tdk;wpfvHk;udk rlvtdk;yHkay:atmif qufpyf
MunfhpGmeefY wleDa&vm;vdkY wcgw&H cHpm;rdyga&/ &cdkifpmyD
ordkif;wpfapmif&D;csifa&qE´ [dauav;aomh 0r[dyJ 0dvkyf
csifa& vlydkif jzpfeDa&um;vdkY udk,fhudk,fudk oHk;oyfysm xdef;
csKyfxm;yga&/ Zmydkifyifjzpfjzpf &cdkifpmyDeefYywfoufvdkY udk,f
odpGmaoQwdudk BudK;pm;wifjycyga&/ trsm;tm;jzifh pmyD
ordkif;twGuf toHk;0ifEdkifa& rSwfwrf;qefqef t&D;tom;
tcsdKUeJY pmyDa0zefa&; r[kwfw[kwf wpfyk'fESpfyk'fudk BudK;
pm;wifjyzl;cyga&/
bmompum;/ &cdkifbmompum;udk wdAufvlrsdK;½dk;
jrefrm bmompum;tkyfpk0if a'od,pum; (a'ouGJjrefrm
pum;) jzpfawvdkY ynmoQifwdu qdkuwfyga&/ ,if;tqdkxJ
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&m jzpfawvdkY aumufcsufcspGmudkawmhcg vufrcHcsifvdkY
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atjynfaxmifpkrm &cdkifa& vlrsdK;wpfrsdK;jzpfawtwGuf udk,f
ydkifpum; udk,fydkifpm[daMumif; BudK;pm;oufoDxla& pmrsdK;udk
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yga&/ &cddkifordkif;udk topfzefwD;EdkifzdkYtwGuf okawoee,f
y,foHk;ck (pmtkyfpmwrf;? uGif;qif;? wl;azmf)rm usifvnfzl;
&ygzdkY/ tuRefu pmtkyfpmwrf;xJu okawoeudk&m r[kwf
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usrff;udk;jyKyem ordkif;a0zefpm r[kwfw[kwf wpfyk'fESpfyk'f
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udk topfzwf& rSwf&a& pmwdeefY csdefxdk;oHk;oyfMunfha&cg
udk,fhpmwd rjynfhpHk rcdkifvHkaMumif; wGd&yga&axm/ udk,fhudk,f
udk a0zefa&;pmrsdK;udkawmif &D;csifa&qE´ rMumrMum ay:rd


&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
17
17
17
17
17
yga&/
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oduwfauav;aomh azmfxkwfzdkY usefeDpGmaoQwpfckudk wifjy
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taemufbufe,fpyfa'o vl0ifrIjyóemwpfckudkav;aomh
a0zefoHk;oyf wifjyzl;yga&/ ,if;qdk;rGDudpö acsycsuf
aqmif;yg;wpfckudk uvsmr*¾Zif;odkY ydkYa&cg zl;puwfpmrsuf
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OD;pHazmf (armifpHazmf)udk ]]wpfcsufaoQulygq&m}} vdkY awmif;
yefa&cg q&mu zl;puwf (6)rsufESmjzpfatmif tmabmf
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aqmif;yg;udk uvsmr*¾Zif;y&dowfwd zwf&pGm jzpfyga&/
xnfhoGif;azmfjyyD;a& uvsmpmwnf;tzGifhudkav;aomh aus;
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ca& pmwdudk &cdkifqdkif&m pmwdcsnf;jzpfaMumif; wGd&yga&/
armifAodef;
armifAodef;
armifAodef;
armifAodef;
armifAodef;
25-5-98
25-5-98
25-5-98
25-5-98
25-5-98


&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
18
18
18
18
18
armifbodef; (1940- )
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ausmif;u atmifjrif cyga&/ ausmufjzL Oypmaumvdyf?
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pwifpm&D;cyga&/ ]]&cdkifñGefYzl;}} (1968)xkwfuwfawcg
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avhvmrSwfom; qnf;yl;vmyga&/ ausmif;q&mb0eefY
&efukefNrdKUrm wm0efxrf;eDa&cg &cdkifordkif;? &cdkifpmyD½dkUudk
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wdkY 1968-ckrm ausmif;q&mb0eefY ajymif;vmNyD;au &cdkif
qdkif&m pmyD? bmompum;? ordkif;½dkUudk taygif;toif;wdeefY
qufyem avhvmqnf;yl; azmfxkwfyga&/ udk,fha'oxkwf
pmapmif? r*¾Zif;½dkUrm yg0if&D;om;yga&/ trsm;tm;jzifh
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atmifjr? armifjrodef;? armifvS&SD? armif&cdkif)emrnfwdeefY
av;aomh &D;yga&/
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ynma&;u@udk jyKpk&yga&/ &cddkifa0g[m&tbd"mef jyKpkcg
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a&/ ynma&;Xme wm0efudkxrff;&if;yif &cdkifpmyD? bmom


&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
19
19
19
19
19
pum;? ordkif;½dkUudk wpfoufwm vkyfief;tjzpf taygif;toif;
wdeefY vufwGJAsm qufvufavhvmqnf;yl;azmfxkwf &D;om;eD
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yga&/
uRefawmfwifjyvdka& pwlygapwDaoQrsdK; trSwfrxif


&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
20
20
20
20
20
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ajriluRef;
ajriluRef;
ajriluRef;
ajriluRef;
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od&yga&/ b½kupäu b½HkumodkY tac:ajymif;&Gda& qdkyga&/


&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
21
21
21
21
21
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NcDusifvm&yga&/


&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
22
22
22
22
22
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[deDuwfpGm r[kwfyg/ xdkrm wpfvHk;? a'rmwpfjcrf;? z½dk;z&m
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yHk½dkufuGuf&atmif awm,Sif;uwfyga&/ tm;vHk;teDusNyD;r


&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
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23
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xdkuwqifh uRefawmf½dkUa& 'dkif;csyfodkY c&D;qufuwfyg
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csuf atmifjrifa&;twGuf? yifyef;pGmudk uRefawmf½dkU
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q&mBuD;OD;omvS? bBuD;OD;pHa&T? armifausmfat;½dkUudk
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½dkUudk apmifhvdkY? apmifhvdkY wufyga&/ uRefawmf½dkUu wqwf
qwf aemufuvdkufuwfaw/ awmifxdyfodkYa&mufawcg
uRefawmf½dkUu awmif;yefa&twGuf tyif&dyfwpfckyrm
tanmif;ajzzdkY watmifhaoQem;uwfyga&/


&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
24
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uRefawmf½dkUc&D;pOfeefY &nf&G,fcsufudk bBuD;urD;vdkY
ajymjy&yga&/ a,cg bBuD;u odrfawmf&mrm[da& ausmuf
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vm;uwfyga&/ uRefawmfu q&mOD;pHomatmif ]Ak'¨tEk
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pwlygwpfqleefY ausmufqpfvuf&mtcsdKUudkav; uRefawmf
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uRefawmf½dkU avhvmrSwfwrf;wifEdkifca& pwlygwd?
wjcm;ausmufqpf vuf&mwdudk pkaygif;pm&if;csMunfhau?


&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
25
25
25
25
25
ajriluRef;rm pwlyg (7)ql[dNyD;au/ uRef;taemufbufjcrf;
rm pwlyg (22)qleefY xlygaoQ(2)ql [dyga&/ att&DtwGuf
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vm;? trsm;BuD;vm;qdkpGmudk&m uRefawmf½dkU qifjcifMunfh&zdkY
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qlwnf[da& uRef;zsm;t&Sdbufurf;rm atedvlreDEdkifyg/ pwl
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
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
26
26
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26
26
rdom;pk? orufOD;armifpHom rdom;pkeefY? crD;trsdK;om; OD;a&T
pdef rdom;pk½dkU jzpfyga&/
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atausmufpmudk avhvmqifjcifMunfhau? a0omvD
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ausmufqpfynmonfwd ajriluRef;odkYvmAsm pwlygxkqpfvD


&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
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&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
27
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27
uwfzdkYqdka& ,lqcsufjzpfyga&/ ajriluRef; taemufbufurf;
a& yifv,furf; jzpfyga&/ ausmufaqmifausmufwHk;wd
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uRef;odkY &Gwfysm? vdka&qD xkqpfpDzdkY/ xkqpfNyD;pGmwdudk avmif;
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jzpfzdkYu ydkrsm;yga&/ ausmufwdkifusdK;wpfck av;axmifhwpf
rsufESmrm wGd&a& jAm[D®yGm;ausmufpmav;vHk;uav;? atwdkif
wda& a0omvDacwfrm xkqpfca&wdkifwdjzpfawvdkY oufoD
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at,lqcefYrSef;csufwdrSefa&? rSm;a&qdkpGmudk &Sda[mif;okaw
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wdtaMumif;udk tOD;tzsm; owdjyKavhvmwifjyoluawmh
cg q&mOD;pHomatmif jzpfyga&/ q&m okawoejyKcsufwd
udk rSDcdktm;xm;NyD;au? uRefawmf½dkUu tyifyef;cHAsm? okaw
oequfvkyfuwfawtwGuf? pwlygapwDaoQwdudk wGdvmpGm
jzpfca&/ q&m pwlygokawoevkyfief;udk uRefawmf½dkUu
tcsufopfacswdeefY wpfpGef;wpfp tm;jznfhyD;EdkifcvdkY 0rf;om
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t<uDapmrIudk ESajrmwrf;w jzpf&yga&/ wrvGefaumif;&m
ok*wd&m? uRefawmf½dkU tm;xkwfcsufudk q&m0rf;ajrmufom"k
ac:EdkifygpDvdkY qkawmif;&yga&/


&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
28
28
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* pHomatmif? tmeE´pjE´&Spf&mpk &cdkifa0omvDrif;
(1974)yHk3-½I/
1/ ,if;pm? pm(8)½I/
* xHk;ó
1/ OD;pHomatmif? at'Dajcmuf&mpkESifh ,if;rwdkifrD &cdkif
jynfoHk; tu©&mudk yPmravhvmcsuf? Z,m;-4
(1973)
2/ ,if;pm pm-13
(ataqmif;yg;eefY q&mOD;pHomatmifudk OD;ñGwfyga&/)
(&cdkifr*¾Zif; trSwf-8? arv? 1984-ck)
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taxmuftxm;rsm;
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rsm; wnf&SdcJhaom NrdKUe,fwpfck r[kwfacs/ odkYaomf a0omvD
acwf xGef;um;cJhpOfu Ak'¨bmomudk;uG,frItavhtxwpfck
jzpfaom pwlygausmufapwDi,f xkqpfudk;uG,frI taxmuf
txm;rsm;udk awGU&ygonf/ a,"r®m*gxm ouú#bmom
ausmufpmi,fwpfcsyfESifh wjcm;ausmufqpfvuf&m tusdK;
tyJhrsm;udkvnf; awGU&ygonf/ ,if;ausmufqpfvuf&m
taxmuftxm;rsm;udk rwifjyrD a0omvDacwftaMumif;udk
tenf;i,f&Sif;vif;zdkY vdkygrnf/


&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
29
29
29
29
29
&cdkifordkif;ü a0omvDacwfESifhywfoufí &cdkif&mZ0if
tqdkESifh acwfopfokawoDwdkYtjrif rwlnDMuacs/ &cdkif&mZ
0ifrsm;rSm ajrmufOD;acwfa&; rSwfwrf;rSwf&mrsm;udk tajccH
í a&;om;Mujcif;jzpfonf/ acwfopfokawoDwdkYurl a0om
vDacwfü oufqdkif&mrif;rsm; a&SUarSmufwGif a&;xdk;cJhMuaom
ausmufpm? '*Fg;pm? aMu;acgif;avmif;pm? aMu;eDjym;pmrsm;udk
zwf½Ií azmfxkwfwifjyMujcif; jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh acwfopf
okawoDwdkY wifjy,lqcsufu ydkícdkifvHkonf/
acwfopfokawoD t*FvdyfvlrsdK; a'gufwm*Refpwef?
tdEd´,vlrsdK; a'gufwmqm;um;wkdYu a0omvDacwfonf bDpD
(638)rS pwifcJhNyD; at'D(721)xd rif;(3)quf? rif;aygif;
(37)yg; tkyfcsKyfcJhonf[k qdkcJhMuygonf/ ajrmufOD;NrdKU oQpf
aomif;bk&m;0if0ü pdkufxlxm;aom tmeE´pjE´rif; a&;xdk;
cJhonfh ouú#bmomausmufpmwdkifudk tajccHí ,if;odkYqdkcJh
Mujcif; jzpfygonf/
aygufawmNrdKUe,fonf a0omvDNrdKUawmfa[mif;ESifh rdkif
(40)cefYom uGma0;onf/ aygufawmNrdKUe,fü a0omvDrif;
rsm; tkyfpdk;cJhpOfu xkqpfcJhonf[k ,lq&aom ausmufqpf
vuf&mrsm;udk awGU&ygonf/ awGU&Sd&aom ae&mrsm;rSm ydEJé
acsmif;uRef;ac: tv,fz½HkumuRef;? ajriluRef;ac: taemuf
z½HkumuRef;ESifh awmif&if;uRef;wdkY jzpfygonf/
ydEJéacsmif;uRef;rS vuf&mrsm;
ydEJéacsmif;uRef;onf 28rdkif&Snfí tus,fqHk;ae&mrSm
(3.2)rdkif? tusOf;qHk;ae&mrSm (.2)rdkif &Sdonf/ þuRef;wGif
awmifwef;ESpfck &Sdonf/ awmifwef;ESpfckMum;vGifjyifonf
uRef;tus,fqHk;ae&m jzpfonf/ a0omvDacwfESifh ajrmuf
OD;acwf ausmufqpfvuf&mrsm;udk þvGifjyifwGif awGU&onf/
a&S;a[mif;vuf&mrsm; awGU&aom ae&mrsm;rSm oQif&Gm
ajrmufbufESifh ta&SUbufwdkYü jzpfonf/ &Gmajrmufbuf
udkufig;&mcefYtuGm pm;usufuGif;&Sd apwDysufteD;ü &Gmom;
vli,f OD;pHausmf (24)ESpfu 1982-ckESpfwGif ausmufpmwpf
csyfawGUí aus;&GmaumifpDtzGJU Ouú|OD;pHxGef;vS (42-ESpf)
u aygufawmodkY vma&mufowif;ay;ojzifh oGm;a&mufavh
vmNyD; riful;,lcJhMuonf/ ¤if;riful;rludk a&S;a[mif;okaw
oeXme y@dwfq&mBuD;OD;omxGef;tm; zwfap&m NAJ[D®yGm;
tu©&m? ouú#bmomjzifh a&;xdk;xm;aom a,"r®m*gxm
awmfjzpfaMumif; od&onf/
ausmufpmrSm pmvHk;tcsdKU ysufaeí tjynfhtpHk zwf
r&awmhacs/ a,"r®m*gxmawmfudk atmufygtwdkif; pmoHk;
aMumif;jzifh a&;xdk;xm;onf/ ("mwfyHkrsm;udkvnf; ½Iyg/)
1/ --- --- --- --- --- a[wkjy


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&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
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2/ --- --- --- --- --- aw oÍöa,med --- --- ---
3/ {0H 0g --- r[moQrP/
ygVdbmomjzifh þ*gxmawmf tjynfhtpkHrSm atmuf
ygtwdkif; jzpfygonf/
a,"r®m a[wkyÜb0g
awoHa[wk wxmuawmtm[m
awoÍöa,meda&m"m
{0H 0g'dr[moraPm/
þ*gxmawmf t"dyÜm,fudk q&mOD;pHomatmifu þ
odkY zGifhqdkxm;ygonf/
jrwfpGmbk&m;onf a&S;ujyKcJhaomtaMumif;w&m;
aMumifh jzpfay:vmukefaom tusdK;w&m;wdkYudk a[mawmfrl
/ xdktaMumif;tusdK;w&m;wdkY csKyfNidrf;&m w&m;wdkYudk
vnf; a[mawmfrl/ &[ef;Bud;jzpfaom jrwfpGmbk&m;onf
þodkY t,l&Sdawmfrl/ (pHomatmif at'Dajcmuf&mpkESifh
,if;rwdkifrD &cdkifjynfoHk; tu©&m? pm-183)
þa'oemawmfonf t&SiftóZdrax&fu t&Sifom
&dykwå&mavmif; Oywdótm; Am&mPoDNrdKUwGif;odkY qGrf;cH
0if&mü awGUqHkpOf a[mMum;awmfrlaom a'oemawmfjzpf
onf/ a&S;a[mif;&cdkifNrdKUawmfa[mif;rsm; jzpfaom "n0wD?
a0omvDwdkYüvnf;aumif; &cdkifjynftESHYüvnf;aumif; þ
*gxma&;xdk;xm;aom ouú#ESifhygVdbmomausmufpmrsm;?
pwlygausmufapwDi,frsm;udk awGU&ygonf/
txufoQif&Gm ausmufpmonfvnf; a0omvDacwf
xGef;um;pOf at'D(6)&mpkcefYu a&;xdk;cJhaom ausmufpm
jzpfonf[k qdkEdkifygonf/ þausmufpmaMumifh ydEJéacsmif;
uRef; (tv,fz½HkumuRef;) ü a0omvDacwfuyif vGefcJh
aomESpf(1400)cefYuyif vlaerI&SdcJhaMumif;? Ak'¨bmomudk;
uG,fMuaMumif; tcdkiftrmajymEdkifygonf/
þausmufpmtjyif oQif&Gmta&SUbuf udkufoHk;&mcefY
tuGm bk&m;ukef;[kac:aom ae&müvnf; a0omvDacwf
qif,ifxHk;zGJUrIESifh xkvkyfxm;aom ewf½kyfwpfck awGU&onf/
þewf½kyfuvnf; ydEJéacsmif;uRef;ü a0omvDacwf ,Ofaus;
rIxGef;um;cJhaMumif; axmufcHaeygonf/
ydEJéacsmif;uRef;ü aemufxyfawGU&aom a0omvDacwf
vuf&mrsm;rSm o&zlaqmif; aMu;qif;wkbk&m;rsm; jzpfonf/
carmif;acsmif;vGrf;OD;&Gm bkef;BuD;ausmif;ü ESpfql? ausmuf
awmif&Gm bkef;BuD;ausmif;ü wpfqljzpfygonf/ ¤if;aMu;vuf
&mrsm;rSm o,ful&vG,fulojzifh rlvuyif ,ckae&mrsm;ü

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&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
31
31
31
31
31
oGef;vkyfudk;uG,fcJhMuonf[kqdk&ef cufcJygonf/
ajriluRef;rS vuf&mrsm;
ajriluRef;onf rdkif(20)&Snfí tus,fqHk;ae&monf
(ESpfav;ydkif;wpfydkif;rdkif) tusOf;qHk;ae&monf (ig;ydkif;wpfydkif;
rdkif)om &Sdonf/ tv,fwGif awmifwef;u ae&m,lxm;onf/
þuRef;wGif a0omvDacwfvuf&m[lí ,lq&aom
pwlygausmufapwDi,f (29)ql awGU&onf/ uRef;ta&SUbuf
jcrf;&Sd NydKif;awmif&Gm? ukvm;odef? 'dkif;csyfwdkYü (7)ql? taemuf
bufjcrf; <uDjyif&Gm? jyifbkwf&Gm? qHawmf&SifapwDawmf awmif
bufodrfawmf&mESifh ,if;wdkYteD;ü (22)ql jzpfygonf/ odrf
awmf&mteD;awGU&aom pwlygwpfqlü ouú#ausmufpmysuf
tenf;i,f a&;xdk;xm;ygonf/
pwlygausmufapwDi,frsm;ESifh ywfoufí q&mBuD;
OD;pHomatmifu jznfh½HkpGm wifjyzl;ygonf/ OD;pHomatmif
azmfxkwfwifjyzl;aom pwlygausmufapwDi,f (tcsdKUü
ouú#bmom a,"r®m*gxmygonfwdkYonf ajriluRef;ü awGU
&aom pwlygrsm;ESifh wpfyHkpHwnf;jzpfygonf/ xdkYaMumifh ajril
uRef;üawGU&aom pwlygapwDi,frsm;onf a0omvDacwf
vuf&mrsm; jzpfonf[k ,lqEdkifygonf/ þ,lqcsufudk ydEJé
acsmif;uRef;rS a,"r®m*gxmxdk; ouú#ausmufpmu axmufcH
aeygonf/ taMumif;rSm ydEJéacsmif;uRef; (tv,fz½Hkum
uRef;)onf ajriluRef; (taemufz½HkumuRef;)ESifh jrpfwpfck
om uGmjcm;aomaMumifh jzpfygonf/
odkYaomf ajriluRef;onf ydEJéacsmif;uRef;uJhodkY r[kwfbJ
ajrjyefYvGifjyifenf;aomaMumifh vlaerIvnf; enf;cJhvdrfhrnf
[k ,lqoihfygonf/ pwlygapwDi,f trsm;tjym;awGU&jcif;
rSm ¤if;uRef;onf yifv,fuRef;jzpfí ausmufwHk;ausmuf
aqmifrsm;aomaMumifh ukodkvf&SifwdkYu wpfuGuf ausmufqpf
orm;wdkYu wpfuGuf apwDi,ftrsm;tjym; xkqpfay;cJhMu
jcif; jzpfEdkifonf/ ajriluRef;rSwpfqifh rdrdwdkYvdk&modkY avSrsm;
jzifh o,f,lydkYaqmifay;Mujcif; jzpfayvdrfhrnf/ ,ckawGU&
aom pwlygtcsdKUrSm ro,faqmifEdkifaom pwlygrsm;jzpfEdkif
ygonf/
awmif&if;uRef;rS vuf&mrsm;
awmif&if;uRef;um; aygufawmNrdKUe,f tcsuftcsm
usaom uRef;jzpfonf/ awmifajrmuf q,frdkifceYf&Snfí ta&SU
taemuf &SpfrdkifcefY&Sdonf/ tv,fwGif wef;wifawmifwef;
u awmifajrmufoG,fwef; wnf&Sdonf/


&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
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&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
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awmif&if;uRef;ü a0omvDacwfvuf&m pwlygausmuf
apwDi,f oHk;qlawGU&onf/ ¤if;uRef;rS BudrrfacGarmf&Gmom;
rlvwef;ausmif;tkyfq&mBuD; OD;atmifomxGef; (uG,fvGef)
u 1983-ckESpfwGif owif;ay;í oGm;a&mufrSwfwrf;wifEdkif
cJhjcif; jzpfygonf/ pwlygrsm;udk &Gmta&SUbufwpfrdkifcefYtuGm
wef;wifawmifwef; awmifpG,fusm;MuKwfawmifajc&if;ü
awGU&jcif; jzpfygonf/
pwlygoHk;qlteuf ESpfqlrSm ajriluRef;rS pwlygrsm;uJhodkY
tajymuftrGrf;rygacs/ usefwpfqlrSm awGU&orQpwlygrsm;
teuf vHk;ywfa&mtjrifhyg tBuD;qHk;jzpfonf/ ÓPfawmf
tjrifh ig;aywpfvufr &Sdonf/ av;axmifhrsufESmESpfbuf
ü vdkPfwGif;rkcfwpfckpDudk vHk;ywfausmufom;a&SUodkY xk ESpf
vufrcefY<uí xkqpfxm;cJh[ef wlygonf/ ,ckusdK;yJhaeygNyD/
("mwfyHk½I)
a0omvDacwf ausmufqpfvuf&mrsm;awGU&aom ydEJé
acsmif;uRef;? ajriluRef;? aomif&if;uRef;wdkYESifhywfoufí
tcsKyfoabm oHk;oyfwifjy&vQif ¤if;uRef;wdkYonf wpfckESifh
wpfck eD;eD;uyfuyf wnf&SdMuonf/ jrpfwpfjrpfom jcm;onf/
xdkYaMumifh tkyfcsKyfa&;? vlrIa&;? ,Ofaus;rIwdkY qufEG,frI
&Sdvdrfhrnf[k qdkEdkifonf/ awGU&Sd&aom ausmufqpfvuf&m
rsm; (pwlygausmufapwDi,f? ewf½kyf? ausmufpm)udkMunfhí
ajym&vQif aygufawmNrdKUe,fonf vGefcJhaomESpfaygif; 1400
cefYuyif ,Ofaus;rItqifh jrifhvmaom &cdkifvlUtzGJUtpnf;
&SdcJhNyD; yef;csD? yef;yk twwfynm xGef;um;cJhNyD; ausmufudk
Edkifeif;pGm xkqpfEdkifaom oHtrsdK;tpm;udk xkwfvkyfoHk;pGJwwf
NyD; jzpfygonf/ xdkoHql;rfsm;jzifh qif,ifxHk;zGJUrIygaom vl½kyf
wdkYudkvnf; ususee xkqpfzefwD;EdkifcJhMuNyD[k qdkEdkifygonf/
tcsKyfajym&vQif aygufawmNrdKUe,fonf a&S;&cdkifNrdKU
awmfa[mif;rsm;ESifh reD;aomfvnf; vGefcJhaomESpf (1600)cefY
uyif vlaerI&SdcJhNyD; Ak'¨bmomxGef;um;cJhaMumif; oufaocH
aeaom ouú#ausmufpmESifh pwlygausmufapwDi,frsm;
awGU&Sd&aom NrdKUe,fwpfck jzpfayonf/
&cdkifñGefYzl; trSwf(2)rS
1994-ck? {NyDv
1994-ck? {NyDv
1994-ck? {NyDv
1994-ck? {NyDv
1994-ck? {NyDv
ppfawGNrdKU/
ppfawGNrdKU/
ppfawGNrdKU/
ppfawGNrdKU/
ppfawGNrdKU/
armifAodef;
armifAodef;
armifAodef;
armifAodef;
armifAodef;

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&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
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33
rdk;a0odkY tdwfzGifhay;pm
t,f'DwmcifAsm;/
1971-ck? Mo*kwfv rdk;a0r*¾Zif;wGif ]jrefrmpmay tbd
"mef} tcef;ü ]uefawmfrif;ausmif;q&mawmf} taMumif;udk
zwf½I&ygonf/ rdk;a0u ]q&mawmfa&;om;aom pmrsm;rSm
a&Teef;aMumh&SifxHoGif; arwåmpmESifh avmuom&ysdKUqHk;rpm
wdkY jzpfonf/ tcsdKUu avmuom&ysdKUudk &cdkifq&mawmfa&;
onf[k rSwf,lMuonf/ odkYaomf ysdKUed*Hk;wGif ]usifhxHk;rSwf&m?
oifhvSpGmudk? ynm&Sdol? rSwfpdrfh[lí? qk,lyw¬em? BudKuf&m&Sm
onf? xifpGmtausmf? uefawmfrif;ausmif;? jrwfeHavSmif;
om;? pkaygif;r[m? okynmvQif} [k qdkxm;ojzifh avmuom
&ysdKUudk uefawmfrif;ausmif; q&mawmfyif a&;aMumif;odom
xif&Sm;onf} [k taxmuftxm; wpfrsdK;wnf;udkjyí tqHk;
tjzwfay;xm;onfudk zwf½I&ygonf/
rdk;a0wifjyouJhodkY jrefrmpmayavmuwGif avmuom
&ysdKUESifhywfoufí t,ltqESpfrsdK; jzpfaeygonf/ uefawmf
rif;ausmif;q&mawmf a&;onf[laom t,ltqESifh &cdkif
q&mawmfa&;onf[laom t,ltqwdkY jzpfygonf/ olUt,l
tqESifhol taxmuftxm;tcdkiftvHkESifh wifjycsufrsm; &Sd
Muygonf/
t*¾r[my@dw q&mBuD; OD;vif;u ]]þavmuom&
ysdKUudk uefawmfrif;ausmif;q&mawmf a&;om;onf[lívnf;
aumif;? &wemyl& tif;0NrdKUrif;acgifBuD;q&m ]&Sif£E´*kwå}
bGJUcH &cdkifq&mawmfwpfyg; a&;om;onf[lívnf;aumif;
trSwftom;uGJjym;Mu&mrSmum; a&S;a&S;q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;
rsm;vufxufuyif pwifuGJjym;vmcJhaom t&mjzpfí rnf
onfhtrSwftom;u rSefonf[k twnfqHk;jzwf&ef cJ,Of;vS
/ tcsdKUaom avmuom&ysdKUrlrsm;rSm uefawmfrif;ausmif;
q&mawmfa&;aMumif; jyqdkonfh ed*Hk;yifyg&Sdae/ odkY&mwGif
xdked*Hk;vuFmudk Munfhaomtcg ysdKUpmom;vuFm? pmom;
toGm;tvmESifh ed*Hk;vuFmpmom;tajctae uGmjcm;vsuf
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cJ,Of;}} [lívnf;aumif;/
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ygonf[laom trSwftom;udk twnfjyKvQifvnf; avmu

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om&ysdKUrSm w&m;awmfESifh rqdkifvSonfhavmutaMumif;
tqDtESpfwdkYudkom jyonf[kqdk&rnfjzpf/ pifppfrSm avm
uom&ysdKU trSwf1 rSpí trSwf 10xd tydk'fwdkYrSm ukodkvf
w&m; tqDtESpfwdkYudkyg jyxm;/ txl;tm;jzifh trSwf
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q&mawmfudk,fwdkifuvnf; trSwf 47tydk'fwGif ]]avmuom
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tvuFmjzifh? wefqmvnf;qif? zGJUpD&ifvsuf}} [k a&;om;xm;
awmfrl/ trSwf 12 tydk'frSpíom v,fvkyfukefoG,fjcif;
ponfh ]]uRJ EGm; qdwf 0uf? 0rf;bJiSufESifh? Muufur<uif;?
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taotcsmqHk;jzwfEdkifcGifh r&Sdaom usrf;jyKq&mawmfudk qHk;
jzwfEdkif&ef MuHpnftm;xkwfjcif;rjyKbJ ysdKUpmxJwGifygonfh
Mo0g'taMumif;t&mwdkYudkom aumif;pGmem;vnfod&Sd tjcm;
usrf;*efwdkYESifhvnf; n§dum oifhjrwf&m vdkufemEdkifatmifom
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q&mrif;ok0Pfurl ]]rif;jzpfí wpfq,fhajcmufESpf&Sd
aomtcg rif;BuD;(rif;BuD;pGmapmfuJ)onf rdrdi,fq&m &cdkif
oljrwfudk owd&í aejynfawmfodkYyifhac:um r[moCF&mZm
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onf rif;om;oHk;yg;udk pmaycspOftcgu avmuom&ysdKUudk
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tw¬KyÜwdåaywnf;}} [lí usrf;*efvm tqdkwdkYudk okawoejyK
wifjyxm;ygonf/
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om;csufrsm;rSm ]]avmuom&ysdKUESifh ywfoufaom ESpfzuf
t,ltqtcsdKU jzpfygonf/ rdk;a0onf ESpfzuft,ltqtudk;
tum;rsm;udk ]]tbd"mefwm0efwpf&yf}} tjzpf pmzwfolwdkY
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rSom rdrdudk,fydkift,ltqudk azmfjyvdkygu azmfjyoifhyg
onf/ tqHk;tjzwfay;vdkuvnf; ay;Edkifygonf/ jyóem&Sd
aeygvsuf ESpfzuft,ltqtudk;tum;udk razmfjybJ rdrdESpf
ouf&m tudk;tum;udkom qGJxkwfazmfjyjcif;onf rvdkvm;
tyfaom azmfjyjcif;rsdK; jzpfygonf/ yk*d¾KvfpGJbufvdkufonf[k
qdkEdkifygonf/


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35
35
35
35
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vdkufjcif;rsdK; (t&if;rJhbufom;? t&if;&Sifbufom; ponfjzifh)
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jrefrmpmaytqifhjrifhatmif tm;xkwfaeonf[k jrifygonf/
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onf/ owdvpf[if;í rjzpfyg/ tao;tzGJrSpí rwdrf;r
apmif;&atmif owd&Sd&rnf jzpfygonf/ ]]avmuom&ysdKU}}
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odkY pdwf0ifpm;pGm zwf½INyD; apwemjzifh axmufjya0zefonf
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rsm; enf;yg;jcif;? tcsuftvufrluGJrsm;? taumuft,lrluGJ
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qHk;oGm;aomtcgwGif udk;um;csuf &nfñTef;csufESifh aumuf
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ygonf/
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aom (a&;onf[k avmuom&ysdKUacgif;pOfwGif taxmuf
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onf/ ]]avmuom&ysdKUacgif;pOf}} wGifrl þysdKUESifhywfouf
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(yk*d¾Kvf vlrsdK;pGJ? a'opGJudk rdk;a0u rESpfouf rusifh,l
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
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
36
36
36
36
36
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jyKcJhMu/
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vnf;aumif;? tdrfausmif;üvnf;aumif; oifcJhMuygonf/
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onf bkef;awmfBuD;ausmif;ü oif&í rdef;uav;wdkYrSm tdrf
ausmif;üoifMu&onf[k tbdk;tbGm;wdkYxHrS Mum;emcJhzl;yg
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pmydk'ftcsdKUudkvnf; uRefawmfwdkYtm; &GwfqdkjycJhzl;/ bGm;bGm;
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tbdk;onf rdrdajr;ESifh upm;azmfrdef;uav;wdkYudk pmoifay;
aomtcg OD;pGm oifykef;BuD;udk oifonf/ oifykef;BuD;ukefaom
tcg avmuom&ysdKUudk EIwfiHkcsay;onf/ xdkYaemuf r*Fvokwf
ESifh bk&m;&Sdcdk;wdkYudkcsay;onf[k tbGm;xHrS odcJh&ygonf/
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ausmif;xGuf jzpf/ q&mbkef;awmfBuD;xHrS &cdkifoifykef;BuD;
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ysdKU? twGuftcsuf? o'´goN*ØK[fpaom Ak'¨pmaywdkYudk tqifh
qifhoif,l&cJhonf[k ajymjycJhzl;ygonf/


&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
37
37
37
37
37
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uom&apmifudkcs? zwfMucg? rvdr®moli,fwdkY? ydk'f&if;v,fzsm;?
rSwfom;rodayaMumifh/ t&if;0,fvQif tp[defY? Mum;ydrfhol
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tvdkudk jznfhqnf;ray;EdkifcJh&Smay/
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uRefawmfwdkY rdwfaqGwpfpkonf q&mBuD;xH jyu©'defwGufcsuf
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taMumif;udk rqDrqdkifar;Munfhzl;ygonf/ tbdk;xHü
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cg}} tp&Sdaom &wkudkum; rdrdrarhao;aMumif; ajymjyygonf/
uRefawmfu ]]a&;ay;yg}} [k twefwefawmif;yefav&m
atmufygtwdkif; a&;ay;zl;ygonf/
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ydk'f&if;v,fzsm;? rSwfom;rodayaMumifh/ t&if;0,fvQif? tp
[defY? Mum;ydrfholjrwf(1)? ouf&Snfvwf(2)? oufBuD;vQiftdkrd
bwnf; (3)? qE´vQifa'go[d (4)? udk,fEIwfESvHk;? apmifhoHk;
NrJpGm? owå0gudk (5)? ynmvQifrsufpdESifh (6)? ygPmwdygwf
tedpö(7) (8)? avmbeyif (9)? tdkrdcif (10)? vsifvsifpwk
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þ&wkudk rnfonfhyk*d¾Kvf pDuHk;cJhaMumif;udkum; trSwf
tom;r&Sdí rod&ay/ rnfonfhacwfu
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taemufjynf yif;0gZmwd jzpfygonf/ yif;0g (yef;0g)a'o
um; t*Fvdyfjrefrm yxrppfyGJrwdkifrDu ppfolBuD;r[mAE¨Kv
ppfcsDwufcJhzl;aom &mrl;ac: yef;0ga'o (,cifta&SU


&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
38
38
38
38
38
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csif;ysHta&;tcif;aMumifh &cdkifjynfrS taemufjynfodkY (ta&SU
b*Fvm;odkY) 1784-ESifh 1824-Mum;umvü xGufajy;cJhMu
aom ppfab;'ku©onfrS qif;oufaygufzGm;vmol jzpfonf/
aESmif;ajrmufOD;acwf (1784-rwdkifrDumv) bkef;BuD;ausmif;
ynma&;udk qufcHcJhaom bkef;BuD;ausmif;xGufwpfOD; jzpf
onf/ txufyg&wkESifh avmuom&ysdKUwdkYudk oif,lcJhzl;ol
jzpfonf/
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cdkifvnf; OD;&TDomatmifuJhodkYyif bkef;BuD;ausmif;xGufwpfOD;
jzpf/ avmuom&ysdKUudk oifzl;/ txufyg&wkudk aumif;
pGmrSwfrdol jzpf/
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í a&;&rnfqdkvQif avmuom&ysdKUESifh azmfjyyg&wkwdkYonf
&cdkifjynfüvnf;aumif;? taemufjynfüvnf;aumif; 1784-
rwdkifrDuyif &cdkifbkef;awmfBuD;ausmif;ü oif,lcJhMuaom
pmrsm;jzpfonf[k qdk&rnf jzpfygonf/ xdktpOftvmonf
'kwd,urÇmppf rjzpfrDumvxd &SdcJhao;aMumif; xdkyk*d¾KvfESpfOD;
u oufaocHaeMuayonf/
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tjzpfum; todtrSwfjyKMuygonf/ xdkYaMumifh txufazmfjy
yg &wkudkvnf; EIwfxGufrSwfwrf;jzpfí rcdkifvHk[k qdkcsifvQif
qdkEdkifrnf xifygonf/ xdkEIwfxGufrSwfwrf; cddkifvHkaMumif;
oG,f0dkufaxmufcHrnfh oufaowpfckudk wifjyygrnf/
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olrSm a*sav'ef (J. Leyden) jzpfygonf/ ¤if;onf umv
uwåm;NrdKUrS (1811)ckwGif xkwfa0aom tm&Swpf*sme,f
twGJ 10ü ]]tif'dkcsdKif;em;EdkifiHwdkY bmompum;ESifh pmay
ta&;tom;rsm;}} pmwrf;wpfapmifudk a&;om;cJhygonf/ xdk
pmwrf;ü &cdkifbmompum;ESifh pmaywdkYudk oHk;oyfxm;&m
olawGU&Sd&aom &cdkifpmayusrf;pmtkyfaygif; (79)udk azmfjy
xm;ygonf/ ,if;usrf;wdkYteuf trSwf(29)ü ]]avmuom&}}
(Logasava) udkvnf; azmfjyxm;ygonf/
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onf &cdkifudk 1784-ckrS 1824ckxd tkyfpdk;cJhMu&m 1811-
ck rwdkifrDumv &cdkifjynfonf jrefrmbk&ifwdkY vufatmuf


&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
39
39
39
39
39
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¤if;azmfjyaom ]]avmuom&}} usrf;onf ta&SUb*Fvm;
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uRef;NrdKUe,f wef;pG,f&GmZmwd OD;xGef;vScdkifwdkY pmoifonfh
umvxd avmuom&ysdKUudk oif,lcJhvdrfhrnf[k aMumif;usdK;
qufpyf qifjcif,lEdkifygonf/
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om&ysdKUonf &cdkifü oli,fwdkYudk tpOftvmoifMum;ydkYcs
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'ku©onfrsm; cdkvIH&m? taemufjynfac: ta&SUb*Fvm;a'o
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onf/
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0wDta&;awmfyHkomoemvuFm&pmwrf;wdkYESifh n§dumwifjy
Muygonf/ ]]Mum;ydrfholjrwf}} [laom rlvuAsmpmudk,füyg0if
onfh ]]oljrwf}} onf ]]&cdkifoljrwf}} jzpfaMumif; OD;ukvm;
r[m&mZ0ifu rnfuJhodkY axmufcHxm;ygoenf;/ OD;ukvm;
r[m&mZ0ifBuD; yxrwGJ ([Hom0wDrl)/ pm 348ü


&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
40
40
40
40
40
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awmfwdkYESifh ,laví? &cdkifodkYa&mufvQif aumif;rGefpGmae&/
rif;vsifapmvnf; &cdkifodkYa&mufvQif om;awmfoHk;yg;wdkYudk
yd#uwfaA'ifwwfaom oljrwf0,f tyfav/ rif;om;oHk;
yg;vnf; yd#uwfaA'ifoifí wwfavaomf q&moljrwftdyf
rufjrifrufawmfrl}} [lívnf;aumif;/
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ta&SUjynfodkYa&mufaomf yef;,bpD;&Sif OZemxHae&m
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1970)
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twdkif; wifjyoHk;oyfcJhMuygNyD/ ,ckwpfzef omoemvuFm&
pmwrf;tqdkudk pm½IolwdkY avhvmEdkifatmif olUrl&if;twdkif;
qufvufwifjyygrnf/
bBuD;awmfbk&m;vufxuf rif;wdkifyiftrwfBuD; r[m
"r®oMuð ajzqdkawmfrlaom omoemvuFm&pmwrf;wGif


&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
41
41
41
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atmufygtwdkif; azmfjyxm;ygonf/
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awmfrl/ xdktcg txuf&cdkifrSmaepOf nDaemifoHk;yg; rif;
jzpfrnfudk tdyfrufjrifaom q&mbkef;BuD;u rif;jzpfvQifyif
ighudkarhavonf[k ESvHk;rom&Sdojzifh bkef;awmfBuD;í ouf
awmf&Snfvdkaomf taemufawmifaxmifhü pnf;cHkwnfav[k
rSmvdkuf/
a&Tpnf;cHkwnfrdwGifyif t0NrdKUvHk; xdwfxdwfvefYvefY
&Sdacs/ taMumif;udk &cdkifq&mMum;avaomf ig&[ef;om;
jzpfonf/ roifhacs[k t0odkYvmí ukudúKyif? qifusHK;armfuGef?
o&ygwHcg;? &wem*lwnfí a&Tpnf;cHkESifh NydKifonfwGifrS
txdwfwvefYr&Sd ajyNidrf;/
rif;BuD;pGmvnf; q&mawmftm; rsm;pGmylaZmfouúm jyK
awmfrl/ ]]r[moCF&mZm}} [laom wHqdyfawmfudkvnf;
vSLawmfrl/
&cdkifrSm rif;oHk;yg;udk pmaycspOfuyif avmuom&
qHk;rpmudk &cdkifq&mawmf jyKonf/ &cdkifujyKcJhí t0odkY
vm&mwGif qufonfvnf; qdkMuonf/ (omoemvuFm&
pmwrf;? pm 136-137 [Hom0wDyHkESdyfwdkuf? &efukef 1956-
ck)
þaumufEkwfcsuft&qdkvQif avmuom&ysdKUudk a&;
zGJUawmfrlaom q&mawmfrSm &cdkifq&mawmfjzpfaMumif;
xif&Sm;aeygonf/ ]]Mum;ydrfholjrwf? trsm;rSwfpdrfh}} qdkaom
rlvpmudk,fyg ]]oljrwf}} rSmvnf; tjcm;r[kwf/ ]]&cdkifoljrwf}}
yifjzpfaMumif; odomonf/ OD;ukvm;r[m&mZ0ifBuD;ü azmf
jyaom ]]oljrwf}} rSmvnf; avmuom&ysdKUudk pDuHk;awmfrl
aom rif;BuD;pGmapmfuJ i,fq&mawmf ]]oljrwf}} yifjzpf
aMumif;udk aMumif;usdK;qufpyf qifjcifod&SdEdkifygonf/
xdkYaMumifh q&mrif;ok0Pfu ]]avmuom&ysdKUESifh ysdKU
q&m &cdkifoljrwfwdkY tw¬KyÜwdå}}udk a&;aomtcg (1) OD;uk
vm; r[m&mZ0if? (2) "n0wDta&;awmfyHk? (3) omoem
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vufvSrf;rDorQ ar;jref;&SmazGMunfh&m ]]&mZom&}} udk awGU
ygonf/
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t&SifpudúE´xHrS &mZó&
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jzpfaom ]]rif;qHk;rcef;}} udk ay;xm;onfh trnfjzpfygonf/

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avmuom&ysdKUESifhywfoufí &cdkif&mZ0ifESifh pmayokaw
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jynfr½dk;om;&Gm bkef;BuD;ausmif;rS &&SdcJhonf[k qdkygonf/
u-tpum; tqHk;wpft*Fg&Sdaom ayrlrSul;,l&&SdcJhonf[k
rdefYygonf/
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xufatmufpDwef;í a&;xm;aMumif; awGU&ygonf/ q&m
awmfu aypmrSm rpHkvifojzifh ayul;pfouú&mZfudk rawGU&
aMumif; rdefYygonf/ ay u-pmcsyf0rf;ü -----
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[k tpcsDNyD;---
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aytqHk;um;csyfaMumü-
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jyif;pGmrsuf[def? tok&drfudk? a'0defouú? pD;csif;&í}} ponf
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aompm[k vufcHxm;aMumif; odomygonf/ þtrSwftom;
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tjyif &cdkiftoHk;tEIef;[k ,lq&aom a0g[m&tcsdKUudkvnf;
pdppfawGU&Sd&ygonf/ ,if;wdkYudkatmufwGif qufvufwifjy
oGm;ygrnf/
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a0g[m&taxmuftxm;rsm;udk rwifjyrD jrefrmESifh
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rnf/
bmompum; ynm&SifwdkY tqdkt& jrefrmESifh&cdkif
wdkYonf wdAufw½kwfpum;yifrrS jzmxGufvmaom wdAuf
jrefrmrsdK;½dk;0if bmompum;rsm;jzpfonf[k qdkygonf/*
jrefrm bmompum;tkyfpkxJü jrefrm? &cdkif? tif;om;? "Ek?


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u wifjyzl;ygonf/ ¤if;uyif+
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jrefrmESifh&cdkif wdkYonf ESpfaygif;wpfaxmifausmfESpfaxmifcefY
u vrf;cGJcJhMuvdrfhrnf}} [k aumufcsufcszl;ygonf/
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twdkif; tDo&rsm;udk oHk;xm;aMumif; awGU&ygonf/ þtcsuf
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pD oHk;aeMuonf/ o'´gudpöü ta&;ygaom ypönf; (Particle)
oHk;EIef;yHküvnf; ae&mrsm;pGmwGif rwlnDMuacs/
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onf/
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[efES,frjym;}} [lí ]]um? jzm? aomf}} wdkYudk ]]tm}} um&ef
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udk ]]tD}} um&eftjzpf jrefrmoHESifh uGJjym;jcm;em;pGm a&;zGJU
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oabmrwl? &cdkifrlum; * [lí jrefrmESifh&cdkifwdkY bmompum;
rwlaMumif; rSwfwrf;wifzl;ygonf/
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pum;? pmaywdkYü a,bk,stm;jzifh wlnDcJhMuonf[k ajymEdkif
apumrl uGJjym;jcm;em;rIrsm;vnf; tif;0acwfuyif &SdcJh
aMumif; xif&Sm;aeygonf/ þtcsufudk oufaoxlNyD; uREkfyf
wdkY rlvwifjyvdk&if;jzpfaom avmuom&ysdKU pum;pOfudk
jyefaumufygrnf/ tu,fí avmuom&ysdKUpmqdkonf

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