M7A3 e-portfolio

1
Undergraduate Studies
e-Portfolio
Sara Brzostowicz Gardner
BA Psychology, 2010

Personal Statement
I was a teenager when my mother’s co-worker sent home an article that she thought I may be interested in. It was a
Readers Digest chapter, with pages unevenly torn from its original binding. As I read the excerpt from the upcoming publication,
a sensation stirred in side of me - a light switch snapped on, connecting me to a realm of science that made sense. The articlewas
from John Douglas, one of the creators of the Behavioral Science Unit of the Federal Bureau of Investigations. It traced his
personal and professional journey into the world of deviant behavior; interpreting criminal activities to help solve case and save
lives. It’s been a few years since I first became entrapped by the questions surrounding why people do the violent things they do
to others. While my interest has grown with every case study that I’ve read, my focus has changed. No longer do I desire to be
the one to break down the behavior, dissect the purpose and motives behind heinous acts. Unfortunately, I don’t believe that our
society will ever put an end to the selfishness of crime. In the meantime, there are countless victims, both with a voice to cry out
and those that have been silenced. Each of these people and their families has a right to learn how to cope with their experiences.
I want to help the healing process begin. For me, becoming a Victim Advocacy Counselor is a way for me to provide positive
coping mechanisms to those who have either suffered themselves or have lost loved close loved ones to violent crimes.
While I have yet to begin a professional career in this field, I have had an opportunity to work in a volunteer capacity
with a local rape crisis center. For four years, I assisted with various fundraisers for the non-profit center. Initially, my work was
as a general volunteer, providing assistance wherever was needed. After my second year with the center, I was asked to be a co-
chair volunteer coordinator of the annual 5k race. As the title suggests, I was responsible for all organization of approximately
100 volunteers with full cycle contact four months prior to the event, up until race day distribution of volunteers. The following
year, my responsibility became co-chair of the Hospitality committee. I was responsible for coordinating with vendors for
entertainment, food and drinks for all race participants and spectators. During my time with the rape crisis center, I encountered a
variety of individuals who shared their stories with me. I also became familiar with different counseling techniques used by the
therapists to assist with the healing process of the victims. I began to develop a more comprehensive picture of the needs of those
victimized by crime. For many, it wasn’t just reliving the traumatic again to cleanse themselves – the coping process was about
have a safe place to come to when they needed to feel close to someone else. Finding a trusting face to ease their suffering
became their focus. Having the opportunity to be one of those trusting faces became a very meaningful part of the work that I was
doing and I something that I hope to be able continue as a Victim Advocacy Counselor.
Over the past 12 months of undergraduate courses at Argosy University, I have been successful in maintaining a high
grade point average as a full time student and full time as Recruiter for my company. Many of the courses that I have taken have
fueled my passion for understanding deviant behaviors and emotional wake that criminal actions leave behind. This strong desire
has helped to motivate me to complete my undergraduate work in psychology and move onto a Master’s program in Forensic
Psychology. I know that with this education, I can apply my knowledge and experiences in a field that will fundamentally make a
difference in my community. I am very confident that my dedication and passion for helping others supersedes a role as a
counselor as just a job, but more of a calling.

Resume
Sara Gardner
sarabrz@gmail.com 3044 Lindon Lane, Decatur, GA. 30033 (404) 372-2261
Summary
Outgoing professional with 10 + years of demonstrated increasing responsibility in
client relations, office administration, recruiting and training.
Experience
FINANCIAL ASSET MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS, INC., Tucker, GA. - October 2007 to present
• A leading debt collection agency serving federal, state and major retail clients
Recruiter (Mar 2009- present); Recruiting Assistant (Oct 2007- Mar 2009)
• Responsible for sourcing talent for Atlanta based collection operations through full-cycle recruiting. Duties include:
• Identifying candidates through internet research, employee referrals and networking
• Pre-qualification screening, preparing candidate submittals to directors and managers,
scheduling and conducting all initial interviews, completing background checks, tracking progress up to start date
• Coordinating with Training Department on full and fast-tracked new hire training classes, including
state and federal law certification
• Maintaining staffing communications with departmental heads and potential candidates
• Follow through with all new employee Human Resources and Payroll documentation
• Monthly corporate reporting regarding candidate activity and compatibility
• Assist EA Specialist in all government required security clearance processing for US Department of Education client, including
all staffing updates, initializing EA access and processing of 85P applications
• Quality assurance telephone and account monitoring for US Department of Education contract

Resume
NORTH ROSWELL VETERINARY CLINIC, Roswell, GA. - November 2001 to September 2007
• A full service, small animal veterinary clinic, providing elective and specialty surgeries, behavioral counseling,
as well as routine veterinary care
Clinic Administrator/Assistant Administrator
• Responsible for office administration and client services:
• Office scheduling, billing/payment processing, patient record keeping
• Client education and support during all phases of clinical services and procedures
• Supporting upgrade of office computer systems
• Training and supervising clinic assistants
• Communication and coordination with local animal welfare and government agencies
• Coordination with outsourced collection agency for overdue accounts
• Assisting veterinary technicians with emergency medical treatments and routine care of patients
Education
2009 – Present: Argosy University Sandy Springs, GA.
Completing B.A. in Psychology. Anticipated graduation date October, 2010
2006: Associates of Science – Psychology; Georgia Perimeter College Dunwoody, GA
Dean’s List, Education partially funded by scholarship and employment
1995-2000: University of Georgia Athens, GA
Dean’s List, Earned over 80 hours towards a B.A. Theatre
Extracurricular
2008 – Dekalb Rape Crisis Center Hospitality Co-Chairperson, “Take Back the Night” Race
2007 – Dekalb County Rape Crisis Center Volunteer Coordinator, “Take Back the Night” Race
2005-2007– Dekalb County Rape Crisis Center Volunteer, “Take Back the Night” Race
Proficient in Microsoft Word, working knowledge of Excel and Windows Power Point, Touchstar phone system, Lexus
Nexus

Reflection
My educational path has certainly not been a straight line. As my life has taken various turns,
my college career has moved with it. After graduating high school, I set out to pursue my dream to
become an FBI agent. Passionate about deviant behavior, I was convinced that I would eventually
enter into the Investigative Support Unit, conducting criminal profiles on serial killers. This wasn’t
some sort of pipe dream that developed after watching a Hollywood movie, it was a sincere desire to
understand the motivation of the maladaptive behavior that impacted so much of our society. As
many do while in college, I was side tracked. For me, the dream faded and the narrative moved
towards the world of acting and theatre. While I convinced myself that I would become a movie star,
there was always the interest and extracurricular passion for understanding the “why’s” of crime.
Like a some sort of safety blanket, I seemed to fall back on a love of what makes us tick. Eventually,
I recognized that a career in acting was not for me. Broke and without a college education, I relocated
to try to find where my path had taken me.
Years later, I worked again on a BA Psychology degree. Life being somewhat uncooperative
of my best laid plans, I settled to work towards my Associates degree. I figured that I would at least
obtain some degree in my life, even if it wasn’t what I truly wanted! This completed, part of me felt
satiated. However, the safety blanket still surrounding me, I decided three years later to apply to
Argosy. I knew that if I really wanted to pursue my professional dream, I needed to complete my
education. Additionally, after growing up somewhat since I started college, I knew that I had to finish
what I’d started. I created a personal goal to finish before my 34th birthday – that’s only 15 years for
a Bachelors degree!

Reflection
After acceptance in Argosy University, I set out to achieve my educational goal. However, instead of
getting side tracked like before, I developed a strong understanding of my future goals - a Masters degree! I’ll
never forget the first time that I reviewed the required and elective course list for the Forensic Psychology program.
I think I actually become teary eyed! I couldn’t believe that program existed that incorporated all of the interests I
had been exploring since I was a teenager. Not a single class was less exciting than the last. I knew that my path
had finally come full circle. I was back to basics; learning about what I’ve always loved. I knew I had found my
opportunity to live my dreams.
The FBI doesn’t call to me in the same way it did as an 18 year old. Instead of focusing on the
“why’s” of criminal behavior, I want to be part of helping those who have been victimized. Finally obtaining my
BA Psychology through this school has put me on the track to a future I didn’t think would exist. I am confident
that upon acceptance into the MA Forensic Program at Argosy, I will obtain the necessary skills to become a
successful Victim Advocacy Counselor. I feel that this program will help me to strengthen several skills that are
lacking – even though I feel that my communication skills are one of my strong points, I feel that I need to work on
my ability to actively listen. I find myself not always absorbing what others are saying, but instead being focused
too much on the concepts that are being discussed. Learning how to really tune into others will only help me with
my successfulness in my future career.

Cognitive Abilities
Cognitive Abilities: Critical Thinking and
Information Literacy
Research Skills
Communication Skills: Oral and Written
Ethics and Diversity Awareness
Foundations of Psychology
Applied Psychology
Interpersonal Effectiveness
**Include work samples and projects with a Title Page and
organized accordingly to demonstrate each of the Program
Outcomes above

Cognitive Abilities
Running Head: Consultative Report
Consultative Report for Oregon Department of Corrections: Kip Kinkel
Argosy University
Forensic Psychology

Cognitive Abilities
Consultative Report
For
Oregon Department of Corrections
Kip Kinkel confessed to the killing of his parents, two classmates and the wounding of 25 others at his high school. While he has
acknowledged his responsibility for these crimes, his mental state prior to and during the time of the shootings should be heavily
weighed. There is strong evidence to show that not only was Kip very seriously mentally ill at the time of the shootings, but that
his overall mental health is questionable.
Determining the validity of his psychological claims will be a strong mitigating factor in this case. His mental health needs to be closely
evaluated to determine his competency to stand trial.
Initially, I think that a determination needs to be made in regards to his competence to proceed and as well as his decisional
competence. Kinkel needs to be capable of not only understanding the proceedings, but aiding in his own defense. In addition, if
any decisions need to be made for his defense, he needs to have a clear understanding of the ramifications of these decisions. If
he is not aware or does not comprehend these aspects, he should not be declared competent to stand trial (Bartol and Bartol,
2008). We must not forget that not only does Kip Kinkel have a serious mental disorder, but he is only fifteen years old. His
understanding of his circumstances is crucial.
After the violent events of May 20, 1998, Kinkel was evaluated by several different medical experts. It seems that the fifteen year old is
suffering from schizophrenia. Kip appears to have done whatever he could to hide the symptoms of this mental disorder because
he claims that he was afraid to be labeled as abnormal or mentally retarded.
He insists that since the age of twelve, he had been experiencing auditory hallucinations, instructing him on how to act.
Kinkel also suffered from delusions, believing that the Walt Disney Co. was trying to control the United States and that the
government had previously implanted a computer chip in his head (ABC News, 2007).

Cognitive Abilities
Both of these behaviors are symptoms of schizophrenia. Delusions, as well as the commanding voices that Kip heard
most likely had an impact on his homicidal actions. This lack of mental health care undoubtedly led to Kinkel committing these
heinous crimes. Additionally, while he does have a history of treatment for depression, he did not exhibit signs of violence prior
to the events. Journals found hidden in his room had writings indicating his suicidal depression (Seattle Times, 1999). However,
considering the age of the defendant, submitting these entries may be leading – many adolescents suffer from depression, but this
is not always an indicator of future behavior.
In regards to the prescribed medication that the defendant is taking, I would advise that the treatment should continue.
While it may appear beneficial to show the judge how serious Kinkel’s mental health issues are by stopping his medication,
ultimately, it is in his best interest to follow the prescribed plan. Previously, he has complained about auditory hallucinations. In
the absence of medication, your defendant may become incapable of making decisions regarding his own life The voices that he
hears may become more commanding and louder, rendering him helpless to understand the situation at hand. Keep in mind, if he
discontinues the use of anti-psychotic medications only to then start the dosing again, the effects of the drugs may take
weeks. During this time, he can still suffer from his mental malaise. If he is shown competent during pre-trial evaluations, in the
absence of medication, he may effectively become incompetent. While Kinkel’s mental state at the time of the shootings is an
important factor in this case, it is crucial to keep some semblance of control over what competency he does currently have.
Juveniles who are transferred to an adult criminal court from juvenile court system experience differences in
convictions and sentences. Juvenile justice studies indicate that those who are tried in criminal court tend to receive similar
harshness of punishment and sentencing as adults. Additionally, juveniles tired in a criminal court are more likely to recidivate
than those who convicted in juvenile court (Argosy Online, 2010). Although the confessed crimes of Kip Kinkel are serious in
nature, due to his questionable mental health and his age, it is my belief that the defendant should be tried in a juvenile court.
Serious consideration should be taken regarding treatment of his apparent schizophrenia.

Cognitive Abilities
Insanity is a difficult route to take in a murder trial. However, I believe that the defense team should encourage Kinkel
to plead guilty, but mentally ill. In a juvenile court system, a judge may be more lenient in criminal sentencing. Ideally, Kip will
be sentenced to mental treatment in a state run facility.
I do not believe that Kinkel shows promise to commit future violent crimes. Investigation into this case shows that
while he most likely had been suffering from delusions and hallucinations for the past three years, these symptoms went
untreated. He should continue his treatment of prescription medication to ensure his effectiveness during the trial. It is my belief
that a push for a guilty, but mentally ill plea will give him an opportunity to receive the necessary continuous treatment for his
mental disorder and still serve punishment for his criminal activity.

Cognitive Abilities
References
Argosy Online Lecture (2010). Module 6. Retrieved on February 17, 2010 from
http://myeclassonline.com/re/DotNextLaunch.asp?courseid=3860303
Bacon, B. (2007). School shooter Kip Kinkel was his day in court. ABC News. Retrieved on February 17, 2010 from
http://abcnews.go.com/print?id=3293169
Bartol, C. R., & Bartol, A. M. (2008). Criminal a psychological approach (9th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.
Barnard, J. (1999). Mental illness set Kip Kinkel’s case apart from others like it. The Seattle Times. Retrieved on February 17, 2010
from http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=19991115&slug=2995403

Research Skills
RUNNING HEAD: EMPLOYMENT TENURE AND INSOMNIA
Cross Sectional Survey Study on Employment Tenure and Levels of Insomnia
Argosy University/PSY 302
6/28/2010

Research Skills
Abstract
The study objective was to determine if there is any link or relationship between the length of employment and levels
of insomnia in workers. As a cross-sectional survey research study set in a large, North American metropolitan city,
the sample population was made up of 286 males and 241 females. The sample was given three different surveys; two
sleep questionnaires (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and Epworth Sleepiness Questionnaire) and a single survey to
collect information about lengths of employment. On average, women scored higher on the insomnia questionnaire
than the males. On the other hand, males had overall longer employment tenure. However, upon comparison, the
collected data indicated that there was a positive correlation, across gender lines, between the length of employment
and levels of insomnia. To conclude, while there was no determination of causation, the results did indicate a
relationship between how long an individual worked at a job and the level of sleep disturbances. The overall results
warrant further investigation.

Research Skills
Sleep disturbances are a common factor in cultures worldwide and there are a variety of repercussions in the
workplace that come along with those who lack good sleep. The costs are quite considerable who those who suffer
from sleep disturbances, especially in relation to the workplace. While the reasons for these disturbances vary, there is
no arguing that the underlying costs for employers are considerable. Since sleep disturbances are prevalent across the
industrial world, it is important to understand the research that displays exactly how employers are impacted.
Additionally, organizations have a need to learn how to overcome or compensate for lost production from workers
who have difficulties sleeping. Studies have reported that there is a range of culprits for the onset of insomnia: work
hours and shift work, emotional support at work and occupational stress (Akerstedt, Knutsson, Westerholm, Theorell,
Alfredsson, Kecklund, 2001). In addition, multiple studies have shown that some of the issues that companies deal
with when it comes to workers with sleep disturbances range from increased mental disorders such as depression and
anxiety, decreased levels of production and attendance and increased chance of work related absences (Metlaine,
Leger & Choudat, 2004). Based on the empirical research as well as review articles published over the past decade,
understanding the predictors of insomnia is an important aspect for the working world. Therefore, the present study
was intended to analyze the relationship between length or tenure of employment and the occurrence of insomnia in
employees.

Research Skills
Method
Participants: While the overall study is to understand the effects of employment tenure on insomnia,
there is a need to control extraneous variables. For this reason, the survey research was within a
particular demographic subgroup with in my population – gender. A stratified random sample was
conducted on males and females within one government agency and a transit company. 300 males
and 250 females participated in the survey study. A total of 23 participants were excluded from the
study due to incomplete surveys reporting. Therefore, 286 males and 241 females comprised of the
total sample population. The subjects were volunteers who were administered the surveys from
trained interviewers.
Materials: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and Epworth Sleepiness Questionnaire. Both tests have been
shown to have high reliability, as well as both high internal and external validity (Knutson, K.,
Rathouz, P.,Lijing, Y.,Kiang, L, Lauderdale, D., 2006). The PSQI is a ten part questionnaire relating
to the sleep habits of the participant. The ESQ is an eight question inventory designed to rate daytime
sleepiness of the participant.
Design: Cross-sectional survey. The independent variables are the length of employment or tenure, as
well as the gender of the participant. The dependent variable is the level of sleep disturbances.
Procedure: Multiple survey interviewers were used to avoid a mono-operation bias. The interviewers
were trained on how to use the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, as well as the Epworth Sleepiness
Questionnaire. The sample was recruited from a government agency and a nearby transit company.
The sample was offered compensation of the rate of $5.00 per completed survey. The sample was
given the necessary informed consent. They were also given

Research Skills
instructions on the length of the testing, an overall briefing on the surveys that they will complete, as
well as information on who to contact if problems or questions were to arise during or after the
procedures. Since the interviewers were asking questions related to insomnia and employment, there
was very limited chance of physical injury to each participant. The survey was conducted voluntarily
and each subject was told that he or she can leave the project at any time. Since this was a cross-
sectional survey to determine any relationship between length of employment and levels of insomnia,
there was no manipulation of variables, no test or control group. Therefore, there were no foreseeable
risks or harm to discuss prior to the survey. The participants were then asked by interviewers to rate
their levels of day time sleepiness and sleep habits based on the above tests. Additionally, the sample
completed surveys regarding aspects of the length of current employment. They were asked about
overall length of employment, as well as tenure in his or her current position. This was done to
establish the stability of employment. After all of the surveys were collected, the data was compared
between the sample’s levels of insomnia and the individual rates of employment tenure. This
information was also compared across gender lines.

Research Skills
Results
The data was collected to determine if there is a correlation between the length of subject’s
employment and his or her levels of insomnia. The research data is collected and a linear regression
scale is used to process the data (see Table 3). The alpha level is set to .05. The data was collected
and separated into two groups – based on gender. Based on the survey questioning subject’s length of
employment, the sample population has a range of employment tenure from 1 to 10 years.
Additionally the levels of insomnia rated between 1 and 9 (10 is the highest on the Pittsburgh Sleep
Quality Index and the Epworth Sleepiness Questionnaire). The subjects were given both instrument
indexes and then the mean score was taken and plotted for each participant. All of the complied data
is then charted into a scatter plot design (see Tables 1 & 2). The data collected did support the
hypothesis be indicating a positive linear correlation between length of employment and levels of
insomnia.

Research Skills
References
Akerstedt T, Knutsson A, Westerholm P, Theorell T, Alfredsson L, Kecklund G., (2002).
Sleep disturbances, work stress and work hours: a cross-sectional study. Journal of Psychosomatic
Research. September 2002, 53(3): 741-748. Retrieved on June 3, 2010 from
http://www.jpsychores.com/article/S0022-3999(02)00333-1/pdf
Chen, Y., Kawachi, I., Subramanian, S.V., Acevedo-Garcia, D., Lee, Y., (2000) Can social
factors explain sex differences in insomnia? Findings from a national survey in Taiwan. Journal of
Epidemiol and Community Health 2005; 59:488-494. Retrieved on June 10, 2010 from
http://jech.bmj.com/content/59/6/488.full
Knuntson, K., Rathouz, P., Yan, L., Liu., Lauderdale, D. (2006). Stability of the Pittsburgh Sleep
Quality Index and the Epworth Sleepiness Questionnaires over 1 year in early middle-aged adults:
The CARDIA study. Journal of Sleep, 29(11). Retrieved on June 10, 2010 from
http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:OUbKcNK413IJ:www.journalsleep.org/Articles/291116.pd
f+insomnia+and+employment+stabilty+journal&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESjq7I9Yeuei
wf-
TnNTR5YalKC8ltyLYwl5TwcvLQBEr9J8F_tJ1R9_fMQka1PAMQgJCHKvVOswjPnHd8H0SkW4
oSBJwwYUZuychXUfPas58S1MWxast7om8QRLoEKrLD69rtvv3&sig=AHIEtbQGy89MqQuMlNe
PHmWEblZqX2b-gQ

Communication Skills
Running Head: CONSULTATION FOR JURY SELECTION
Consultation for Jury Selection: Michael Jackson Child Molestation Case
Argosy University
Forensic Psychology

Case Details
Thursday, November
20, 2003
– Michael Jackson is
booked on suspicion of
child molestation
– Jackson is released on
$3 million dollar bond
(Fox News, 2003)

Accuser’s Legal Team Release Allegations:
– Details of accused are
revealed:
– 12 year old boy
allegedly confesses
to his psychiatrist
that Michael
Jackson supplied
him with wine and
sleeping pills and
sexually molested
him
– Search warrant is
issued for
Neverland Ranch
and two film
studios
Pictures are found of Jackson
with children (Fox News, 2003)

Michael Jackson’s Defense Speaks Out to
Media:
Jackson’s lawyer, Mark Geragos counters the
accusers claim (CNN.com, n.d):
• Contends that his client was financially assisting
cancer stricken child and family
• Jackson decided to end financial relationship
with family
• After learning of Jackson’s intentions, family
concocted the molestation story

Jackson is formally charged in
molestation case: 10 felony counts
(USA Today, n.d)
Counts 1-4: Child
Molestation (Jackson
allegedly engaged in 4 lewd acts
with a child under the age of 14)
Count 5: Attempted Child
Molestation (Accuser alleges
that Jackson, while wearing
clothes, asked the boy to touch his
genitals)
Counts 6-9: Administering
alcohol to a child to assist
molestation (Beverages
included wine, vodka, bourbon
and tequila)
Count 10: Conspiracy to
commit child abduction
(Jackson allegedly conspired to
imprison accuser and is family
with the intention to force a video-
taped confession indicating no
wrong doing on his part

Characteristics of jury members for
defense (Robinson, 2005):
Look for men who do not
have or like kids
– Less likely to see alleged
sexual behavior as
unorthodox because they
cannot relate
Women with kids
– May be more skeptical of
prosecution’s case
– Understand that kids can
be imaginative and make
things up
– Suspicious of accuser’s
mother
– Why would a mother
allow her child to spend
great lengths of time at
Neverland Ranch,
especially with Jackson’s
previous molestation
accusation

Defense Team Tactics
– Has been charity proponent for 20 years
• Millennium-Issue of “Guinness Book of Records”
names Michael Jackson as the “Pop Star who
supports the most charity organizations”
– Founded Michael Jackson Burn Center for Children
– Michael Jackson United Negro College Fund Endowed
Scholarship Fund
– Michael Jackson International Institute for Research On
Child Abuse
– Worked with countless other charities including AIDS
research, education, environmental concerns, ending
hunger, at risk/disadvantaged youths and various
health issues (“Michael Jackson,” n.d)
What are characteristics of Michael
Jackson that can sway the jury
in his favor?

More Ideal Defense Jury Members:
Jurors who do not have
details about 1993
molestation
accusations
– Less likely to have
previous judgment of
singer to bring with
them into this new
case

Jurors who may hinder Jackson’s defense:
Stay away from jurors
who are “Uber-fans”
– While choosing the
singers biggest fans may
seem like a good idea,
consider this: according
to Martin H. Williams,
forensic psychologist and
jury consultant, if there is
compelling evidence
against Jackson, his fans
may quickly turn on him
(Robinson, 2005)

Prosecution Team Tactics
o Jackson was previously accused of child
molestation in 1993
– Although charges were never filed against the singer,
the stigma from the accusations never disappeared
– Singer reportedly settled case out of court with the
family of the accuser for $20 million dollars (“Michael
Jackson, 2003)
What are the characteristic s of
Michael Jackson that could
turn jury against him?

Prosecution Team Tactics: Jackson’s “odd”
behavior
Michael Jackson has a history
of “bizarre” behavior
– November 2002 incident with
baby “Blanket” being dangled
over a Berlin balcony
– Seemingly obsessed with child-
like behavior illustrated by his
creation of the Neverland Ranch
– Jackson admission for Martin
Bashir’s documentary that he
thought sleeping with young
children was normal and “very
loving”

Prosecution Techniques for
Jury Selection
Pick jurors who are media
savvy
– Those jurors who have
followed his odd behavior
for years are more likely to
have pre-conceived notion
of defendant
– Jurors who are news
junkies and have been
following progression of
case so far are more likely
to have already developed
an opinion of the case
Avoid picking super fans of
singer
– Prosecution will have a
hard enough time
prosecuting the celebrity
without having to convince
“uber” fans that Jackson is
even capable of any type of
wrong-doing, specifically
child molestation (Connell,
2005)

Prosecution Jury Picks
Pick men who have
children
– These men are more
likely to have a strong
emotional bond
regarding kids. The
allegation of child
molestation can be
intolerable and vile to
them and they may have
a pre-conceived notion
regarding those accused
of this crime

Prosecution Jury Picks
Pick jurors who
ultimately do not
agree with Michael
Jackson’s lifestyle
– Lean towards those
who have more
conservative values
and are not as open-
minded towards
alternative lifestyles

Pros and Cons of Using Expert
BENEFITS OF USING
PSYCHOLOGIST
DRAWBACKS OF USING A
PSYCHOLOGIST
Can interpret any
psychological analysis
submitted by the
prosecution on behalf of the
accuser
Can potentially counter any of
that analysis and point out
holes in the prosecution’s
case
Michael Jackson is a very
unique individual. While he
may not have any
diagnosable mental
disabilities, using a
psychological assessment
may allow beneficial
opportunities for the
prosecution - this defense
may backfire

Defense Techniques
Should the defense utilize an expert to testify on their behalf and if
so, which type of expert?

Forensic Psychologist
Overall, the best expert witness that the defense
team can bring in is a forensic psychologist
• Important to have an expert who can have an
understanding and have scientific background
regarding the behavior of those who abuse:
» “To defend against charges of child molestation, it
is necessary to understand and deal with a wide
range of human motivation from why people “do it”
“ (Joel Erik Thompson, 1992)

Forensic Psychologist
A forensic psychologist can also (Argosy, 2010):
• Help to determine if the psychology of accuser and
family
» Expert can assess if there is any evidence of
maliciousness on the part of the accuser and his
family
» Psychologist can help others to understand “why”
someone would fabricate such allegations
» Assist with assessment of the accusing child

One last thought:
A Forensic psychologist is very important
to assist the defense team with all of the
previously mentioned considerations
during the selection and elimination
during the voir dire process (Argosy, 2010)
– For a case of this magnitude, hiring a forensic
psychologist can assist in virtually every aspect of
the pre-trial, trial and the resulting sentencing

References:
Argosy University. (2010). PSY422:Forensic Psychology: module three.
Retrieved on January 26, 2010 from www.myeclassonline.com
Arrigo, B., a. Shipley, S., L. (2004). Introduction to Forensic Psychology: I
ssues and controversies in crime and justice. Academic Press.
Burlington, MA.
Connell, S. & Slater, E. (2005). 250 picked for Jackson jury pool. Los
Angeles Times. Retrieved on January 26, 2010 from
http://articles.latimes.com/2005/feb/02/local/me-jackson2
Fox News (2003). Michael Jackson booked for child molestation. Retrieved
on January 26, 2010 from
http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,103659,00.html

References
Michael Jackson’s charity work, events and causes (n.d) Retrieved on
January 26, 2010 from
http://www.looktothestars.org/celebrity/113-michael-jackson
Michael Jackson trial facts: Key players in the courtroom. (n.d.) USA Today
Retrieved on January 26, 2010 from
http://www.usatoday.com/life/people/2005-02-28-jackson-trial-
facts_x.htm
Robinson, B. (2005) Finding the ‘ideal’ Michael Jackson trial juror: Can a
fair jury be impaneled to decide the world’s most infamous child
molestation case? ABCnews.com. Retrieved on January 26, 2010
from http://abcnews.go.com/print?id=438095
Thompson, J.E. (1992). Defense of Child Molestation. Institute for
Psychological Therapies .4. Retrieved on January 27, 2010 from
http://www.ipt-forensics.com/journal/volume4/j4_3_4.htm

Running Head: Ethical Considerations
Ethical Considerations in Counseling
Argosy University

Due to the serious nature of the betrayal in her marriage, Donna may be going through a variety of emotional
turmoil. She may be depressed, experience anxiety and have an overall negative perspective on the marriage bond.
Her own personal struggles may cause her to appear less convicted in her encouragements to her client regarding their
own commitment. The couples that she counsels may recognize the hesitation on her part or pick up on her non-verbal
cues. Donna needs to be careful that any inappropriate professional distance is felt – the counseling relationship must
say strong regardless of her own personal conflicts.
Our lecture discusses that effective counselors are those who are psychologically healthy – they have make
sure that all of their needs are met outside of the counseling session. In addition, effective counselors are those who
do not let their past or present personal life have an impact on their clients. They acknowledge what their weaknesses
are and are able to draw the line between what they’d like to see for their clients and what is actually the best for that
couple or person (Argosy Online, 2010). To ensure that Donna does not let her personal life affect her profession, she
needs to take a step back and begin to assess her own situation. By no means should she try to work out her own
internal conflict vicariously through her couples’ therapy sessions. She needs to make sure that she does not displace
any of her own feels of disappointment and betrayal onto the men and women that she is counseling – she should
focus only of the issues of her client. In addition, Donna does not want to try and play sides in the couples’ therapy.
While she may now empathize with the spouse or partner who has been betrayed, she still needs to maintain a sense
of fairness during her sessions. According to the ACA, during sessions with multiple individuals, Donna would need
to declare exactly who her clients are, as well as the nature of her professional relationship with each (ACA, 2005).
She would need to treat each of these individuals in the same manner, without playing favorites. In order to eliminate
the possibility of her personal life spilling into her professional life, Donna may want to consider speaking with a
fellow counselor about her personal problems.

Regardless of her own life, Donna needs to make sure that she is upholding both virtue and principle ethics.
Our online lecture describes virtue ethics as the highest standards in which a professional can strive for (Argosy
Online, 2010). Donna needs to ensure that all of her behavior maintains the most proper professionalism. On the other
hand, principle ethics are those that are set out by a governing body to ensure certain professional obligations are met
(Argosy Online, 2010). According to the APA conduct guidelines, if Donna truly feels that she is encountering a
personal conflict regarding her counseling there are two ways in which she can handle the situation. The first is to
cease from participating in any activity where she feels that her own issues will have an effect on her ability to do her
job. If she truly feels that her perspective on marriage has changed to the point of becoming ineffective, then she
needs to take a break from counseling. The second option for Donna would be to receive proper assistance from
another professional regarding her situation. This second opinion can help to determine if she needs to limit or
terminate her work efforts (APA, 2010). Donna ultimately wants to minimize the potential for any of her own
personal conflicts interacting with her professional environment.
One aspect of Donnas’ counseling that has awarded her pride is her ability to share in the importance of
communication in marriages, as well as helping women deal with abuse and infidelity. Since she is now learning how
to cope with similar issues, it will probably be very important for Donna to see the results of her guidance. For
example, if a couple comes to her with an incidence of infidelity, she will most likely pay close attention to the
outcome of her counseling techniques and exercises. If by chance this couple does not maintain their relationship or
are unsuccessful in resolving their own issues, Donna may begin to doubt that her previously utilized techniques are
effective. She may attempt a different series of exercises or approach to trust and infidelity issues. On the other hand,
a client’s resistance to Donnas’ typically successful techniques may provide her with a broader perspective on how to
encourage healing from difficult marital issues.

References
America Counseling Association (2005). ACA code of ethics. Retrieved on July 30, 2010 from
http://www.counseling.org/Resources/CodeOfEthics/TP/Home/CT2.aspx
American Psychological Association. (2010). American Psychological Association ethical principles of psychologists and
code of conduct. Retrieved on July 30, 2010, from http://www.apa.org/ethics/code/index.aspx
Argosy Online Lecture (2010). Module 1 and 5. Retrieved on July 30, 2010 from http://myeclassonline.com

Running Head: MIGRAINES AND CONTRALATERAL NEGLECT
Migraine Headaches and Contralateral Neglect
Argosy University

While not all migraines are the same, there are fundamental differences that distinguish this type of headache from others. Unlike
cluster, sinus or tension headaches, the pain associated with a migraine often increases alongside the amount of physical activity exerted from
the sufferer. Additionally, the occurrence of migraines is different from that of other headaches. For example, a cluster headache can occur 1
to 3 days, where a migraine can impact an individual every 1 to 8 months. A migraine, sometimes caused by both genetics and environmental
factors, is an extremely painful headache, lasting from 4 to 72 hours. Symptoms include throbbing or pulsing unilateral pain, feelings of
nausea with or without vomiting and overall sensitivity to light and sound (“Migraines”, 2010). Most other types of headaches do not have
accompanying symptoms of nausea and are called by environmental factors. Tension headaches are often triggered by fatigue, caffeine or
alcohol use and sinus infections (“Tension Headache”, 2008). In addition, those with suffering from migraines can experience fortification
illusions. Sometimes known as auras, these visual hallucinations often occur prior to or during the actual migraine. Research indicates that of
the less than 8% of the population who experience migraines, auras occur in 99% of these patients (Schott, G., 2006).Varying in size, most of
these illusions are created in a similar shimmering zigzag pattern, expanding and becoming brighter until it disappears into the periphery
(Schott, 2006).
In regards to treatment possibilities for Sarah, there are two routes that she can consider: preventive medication and pain
management. While the triggers for migraines can be as individual as the patient, Sarah can try a treatment program involving medications to
help prevent the onset, regularity and intensity of new migraines. Using cardio-vascular drugs, anti-depressants, as well as anti-seizure
medications have had a successful history of benefiting patients with particularly severe migraines. When she does have the headaches,
NSAID’s, Triptans and anti-nausea medication can assist with the painful symptoms (“Migraines”, 2010)
Contralateral neglect is the inability for an individual to perceive and acknowledge objects or even ones’ own body in a specific
plane of space without sensation, motor and visual ability hindered. This means that for Kim, he will likely not respond to stimuli on a certain
side of his body (or visual space). This syndrome typically occurs when there has been some sort of damage or lesion to the parietal cortex.
For example, during his stroke, if the right side of his parietal cortex was damaged, he is likely to neglect and ignore the space on the left side
of his body (Enne, 2009).
Kim’s condition was likely due to his stroke and not through hospital malpractice. To understand the physiological foundations of
a stroke can help them to realize that Kim’s current behaviors are a reaction to damage in his brain, not improper from the staff. When a
stroke occurs, the blood vessels responsible for oxygen transport to the brain become either blocked or they burst. The ensuing damage can
affect the four different portions of the brain: the frontal, parietal, occipital or temporal lobe. During a stroke, not every one of these lobes is
damaged. However, it is the part of the brain in which the bursting or blocking of the blood vessel occurred, in addition to the amount of time
the brain was without oxygen that determines which lobe is most affected (Enne, 2009). As mentioned previously, contralateral neglect
typically occurs when there was been damage to the parietal lobe. Research has indicated that this syndrome most likely occurs when there
has been damage to the right side of the parietal cortex – this side translates cognitive function across both hemispheres, whereas the left
parietal cortex directs attention only to the right. Communication across both hemispheres mediates direction to both sides of the body and
planes of space (“Lesions of the Parietal”, 2001). Additionally, Kim’s family should anticipate that he may also experience
problems with numbness, directional confusion, and issues with completion of basic tasks, especially involving numbers (Enne,
2009). He may need to have daily care to assist him with basic functions such as washing and dressing himself. Through
sessions with occupational, physical and speech therapists, hopefully Kim can regain some of his perceptions and independence.

References
Enne, V. (2009) How a stroke damages the four lobes. Retrieved on October 1, 2010 from http://www.ehow.com/how-
does_5493865_stroke-damages-four-lobes.html
Lesions of the parietal association cortex: Deficits of attention (2001). Retrieved on October 1, 2010 from
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=neurosci&part=A1804
Migraines (2010). Retrieved on September 30, 2010 from http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/migraine-headache/DS00120
Schott, G. (2006) Exploring the visual hallucinations of migraine aura: the tacit contribution of illustration. Oxford
Journals. 130(6). 1690-1703. Retrieved on September 30, 2010 from
http://brain.oxfordjournals.org/content/130/6/1690.full#sec-5
Tension Headaches (2008). Retrieved on September 30, 2010 from http://health.nytimes.com/health/guides/disease/tension-
headache/overview.html

Running Head: Menedez Trial
Forensic Psychological Recommendations for Menedez Trial
Argosy/PSY 422
2/4/2010

Applied Psychology
Forensic Consultants, Inc.
Forensic Psychological Recommendations for:
State of California
Vs.
Eric Menendez & Lyle Menendez
Created for Prosecution Team:
Pamela Bozanich
Lester Kuriyama
Slightly before midnight on August 20, 1989, a call came through to the Beverly Hill Police Department. The man on the phone was
panicked as he relayed to dispatch that he and his younger brother had arrived at their parent’s home only to find both dead.
When police arrived on the scene, they found Jose Menendez and his wife, Kitty, violently murdered. The autopsy report
concluded the following:

Applied Psychology
• Jose was fatally shot in the head with a shotgun. The wound was described as a “gaping laceration”, four to five inches long
• He also suffered from multiple facial fractures, along with five other gunshots that would most likely not have been fatal
• Kitty had been shot multiple times, once in the left cheek along with another that lacerated her brain.
• Kitty also had 6 other shots to various body parts – right forearm, left breast and left leg
• It appeared that the killer or killers had reloaded their weapons during Kitty’s attack – some of the wounds were from a shotgun,
while others were determined to be birdshot
While the crime scene was messy, it did not appear that anything was stolen. When police spoke with the couple’s
sons, Lyle and Eric, they were both cooperative – Eric was noticeably distraught and his older brother was seen comforting him.
Initially, the boys were not considered suspects and therefore, neither one had gunshot residue tests administered (Trutv.com,
n.a.).
After two memorial services for their parents, Eric and Lyle appeared to go on a spending spree with their new
inheritance. By the end of 1989, after a few botched investment and business attempts, the brother’s has spent a combined $1
million dollars. It was towards the later part of this year that the case started to unravel around the brothers. In October, during a
session with psychotherapist Dr. Jerome Oziel, Eric reportedly confessed that both he and his brother had killed their parents.
About a month later, the brothers allegedly returned to the doctor’s office and proceeded to threaten to kill Oziel if revealed the
truth to anyone. Although the doctor did not immediately go to the police and continued to counsel the brothers, eventually, the
police were informed of their confession. Oziel’s notes and taped sessions were later submitted as evidence.
By March of the following year, both Eric and Lyle were in police custody. More than three years after the crime, in
December 1992, both were indicted on charges of murdering their parents, with special circumstances – (1) Committing
multiple murder and (2) “Lying in wait”. If convicted, the brothers could face the gas chamber.
Since both Lyle and Eric Menendez have confessed responsibility for the murders, there is little that the defense team
can suggest that their memories of the night in question may be faulty. Studies show a strong positive correlation between length
of time at a crime scene and detailed recollection of memory of an eye witness (Argosy Online, 2010). However, since Eric and
Lyle are on trial for perpetrating the crime, as opposed to being an eye witness as they originally claimed, these standards will
most likely not come into play for the defense. From my perspective, the only aspect of the suspect’s psychology that may have
been affected is through strong emotional triggers from the crime itself. For example, police reported that Eric was extremely
distraught when they arrived on the scene, whereas Lyle remained more calm, even trying to soothe his younger brother. Due to
his more fragile mental state, Eric’s memories of the crime maybe more distorted than Lyle’s.
While there has been a confession, the brother’s maintain that the reason for murdering their parents was due to years of suffering
both mental and sexual abuse from Jose. They claim that Jose ran a very tight and strict household, telling his family what to eat
and even who to associate with.

Applied Psychology
While their father may have been controlling, the prosecution needs to be aware of a few aspects of previous deceptive behavior from
Eric and Lyle (Crime File, n.a):
1982 – Diane van der Molen, cousin to the brothers, reports multiple sexually motivated, and violent behaviors towards her (removing
her clothes, tying her up, fondling her breasts)
1987 – Lyle accused of plagiarism at Princeton University
1988 – Lyle and Eric are suspected of robbing friends of their parents (estimated worth of stolen articles - $100,000
– Eric is stopped by police in California where stolen goods were found in car
– Eric is sentenced to community services, Lyle is absolved, but both brothers are assigned to psychological counseling
The above prior criminal and potentially violent behaviors from both Eric and Lyle are evidence that they are capable
of deviance. While these instances are not necessarily a predictor for homicidal tendencies, they do support that the brothers have
a history of deception that should be explored by the prosecution.
One tool that can be utilized to determine deception is a polygraph test. While these tests may not be considered admissible in
court, they can be helpful in determining a productive line of questioning for the prosecution. However, please be aware that
there are both pro’s and con’s to the use of this test:
Pro’s to polygraph test:
Conducting the test for both Eric and Lyle Menendez can lock in their statements. If evidence arises after the testing is completed,
the prosecution can poke holes in their previously recorded polygraph statements
Conducting a test for Eric may be more effective than for Lyle: Eric seems to be more emotionally unstable than his brother,
based on his initial reaction to the police. In addition, Eric shows a history of idolizing Lyle – he may be the weaker of the two
brothers (ex. Confessing to Jerome Oziel about the crime)
Cons of polygraph test (Argosy Online, 2010):
The polygraph tests cannot determine if someone is telling the truth vs. a lie: only indicate deception based on physiological
reactions to the questions asked
Test can be skewed by the administrator
Test can be “passed” if tester has physical or mental ability to alter physiological responses (i.e.: biting lip during all questions to
inflict physical pain – skews results) While either one of the brothers may not have had previous experience with a polygraph,
evidence of Lyle’s methodical and calm nature during initial interrogation by police show that he may be inclined to control his
reactions during this test

Applied Psychology
References
Argosy Online Lecture (2010). Module 4. Retrieved on February 4, 2010 from
http://myeclassonline.com/re/DotNextLaunch.asp?courseid=3860303
Crime file – Famous criminal: The Menendez brothers (n.d.) Retrieved on February 4, 2010
from http://www.crimeandinvestigation.co.uk/crime-files/menendez-brothers/biography.html?
Pergament, R. (n.d.) The Menendez brothers. Retrieved on February 4, 2010 from
http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/notorious_murders/famous/menendez/index_1.html

My Future in Learning
Since I’ve found my educational path a bit later in life than most, I do anticipate that I will be
in school for a while longer. I am hoping to complete a Masters in Forensic Psychology and then
move onto a Doctorate degree in Clinical Psychology. Outside of the classroom, I hope to spend a
professional career as a Victim Advocacy Counselor and eventually, work to complete evaluations
and treatment recommendations for sex offenders. I know that no matter how much material that an
individual absorbs from a classroom setting, there is infinite more information that can be picked up
in the environment around us. From a professional prospective, I believe that every day will provide
me with a new avenue to learn about our society, our justice system and the overall conviction of the
human spirit. Human behavior is facinating to me, especially the deviant actions of those who choose
a criminal life. The everlasting effect that crime can have on both an individual and the community
will provide me with an opportunity to learn from every person I meet within the court system. I am
excited about the prospect of delving into the mind of a criminal and their victims. While I do
understand that the emotional repercussions will be extensive, I am happy to take on the challenge
associated with the examination of a darker side of life. Unfortunately, crime is an issue that will
never be extinguished. Learning from those who have experienced the traumatic realities of
victimization can only further my passion to be one to offer support and assistance.

Contact Me
Thank you for viewing my
ePortfolio.
For further information, please
contact me at the e-mail address
below.
sarabrz@gmail.com

M7A3 e-portfolio

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