8. Antibiotics
A chemical material produced by a microorganism, which is harmful to other
microorganisms. Antibiotics are typically developed by soil microorganisms and are
likely to be a means by which organisms regulate the growth of competing
microorganisms in complex environments, such as soil.
10. Antibiotics
Penicillin
• Inhibits cell wall mucopeptide
biosynthesis
• Not active against penicillinase-producing
bacteria containing several staphylococcal
strains
Cephalosporins
• used to manage a wide range of
infections from gram-positive and
gram-negative bacteria.
• The five generations of
cephalosporins are useful against
skin infection, resistant bacteria,
meningitis, and other infections.
Fluoroquinolone
• The fluoroquinolones are indicated for the treatment of several bacterial infections, including bacterial
bronchitis, pneumonia, sinusitis, urinary tract infections, septicemia, and intraabdominal infections,
joint and bone infections, soft tissue, and skin infections, typhoid fever, anthrax, bacterial
gastroenteritis
11. Fluoroquinolone
• The fluoroquinolones are indicated for the
treatment of several bacterial infections,
including bacterial bronchitis, pneumonia,
sinusitis, urinary tract infections,
septicemia, and intraabdominal infections,
joint and bone infections, soft tissue and
skin infections, typhoid fever, bacterial
gastroenteritis
Antibiotics
Macroloides
• Indicated for treating community acquired
bacterial pneumonia because of their action
against numerous causative organisms.
• Also used for the treatment of sexually
transmitted infections caused by Chlamydia
trachomatis. Macrolides are also used for skin
and soft tissue infections caused by
staphylococci, and Propionobacter acnes.
Tetracyclines
• Commonly been used to treat acne and lots of infection in the skin and also respiratory tract
infections, it is also known to be effective in the treatment of urinary infections.
• Since the 1950s, tetracyclines have been used in the treatment of a large spectrum of gram-positive
and gram-negative bacterial infections.
12. Indication
Alternative medication for the treatment of acute otitis media caused by H. influenzae, or S. pneumoniae in
patients with a history of type I penicillin hypersensitivity. Also for the treatment of pharyngitis and
tonsillitis caused by susceptible Streptococcus pyogenes, as well as respiratory tract infections including
acute maxillary sinusitis, acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis, mild to moderate
community-acquired pneumonia, Legionnaires' disease, and pertussis.
Other indications :
1. include treatment of uncomplicated skin or skin structure infections, helicobacter pylori infection,
duodenal ulcer disease.
2. Clarithromycin may also decrease the incidence of cryptosporidiosis, prevent the occurence of α-
hemolytic (viridans group) streptococcal endocarditis, as well as serve as a primary prevention
for Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) bacteremia or disseminated infections.
3. Clarithromycin is indicated in combination with vonoprazan and amoxicillin as co-packaged triple therapy
to treat Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection in adults.
Clarithromycin
13. Mechanism of Action
• Inhibits the production of Glycolax by binding to 50 s unit, which helps penetrate the bacterial
cell.
• Increases activities of concomitantly used other bacterial agents.
• Stimulates phagocytic activity of leucocytes.
• Inhibits the expression of cytokines.
