solutions in Dispensing pharmacy ophthalmic solutions otic solutions parenteral solutions nasal solutions

1. OPHTHALMIC SOLUTIONS
PRESENTED BY:
RIMSHA NAEEM

2. • PHARMACEUTICAL SOLUTIONS MAY BE GENERALLY DEFINED
AS LIQUID PREPARATIONS IN WHICH THE THERAPEUTIC AGENT
AND THE VARIOUS EXCIPIENTS ARE DISSOLVED IN THE CHOSEN
SOLVENT SYSTEM.

3. • A STERILE SOLUTION THAT IS FREE FROM FOREIGN PARTICLES AND IS
COMPOUNDED AND DISPENSED FOR EYEDROPS.
• Eye drops are saline-containing drops used as an ocular route to
administer. Depending on the condition being treated, they may
contain steroids, antihistamines, sympathomimetics, beta receptor
blockers, prostaglandins, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
(NSAIDs), antibiotics, antifungal, or topical anesthetics. Eye drops
sometimes do not have medications in them and are only
lubricating and tear-replacing solutions.

4. FORMULATION

9. GENERAL OPHTHALMIC SOLUTIONS
•Edetate Disodium
•MSM
•Mitomycin
•Dexamethasone
ANTIFUNGALS
•Clotrimazole Ophthalmic Solution
•Amphotericin Solution/Ointment
•Fluconazole Ophthalmic Solution
•Voriconazole Ophthalmic Solution.
DILATORS AND TOPICAL
ANESTHETIC
•Tropicamide Ophthalmic Solution
•Phenylephrine Ophthalmic Solution
•Cyclopentolate Ophthalmic Solution
•Tetracaine Ophthalmic Solution
•Atropine Sulfate Ophthalmic
Solution
•Lidocaine with Epinephrine
Ophthalmic Injection Solution

10. DRY EYES
•Albumin 5% Ophthalmic
Solution
•Cyclosporine 0.5-2%
Ophthalmic Solution
•Carosine Ophthalmic
Solution
DIAGNOSTIC AND MISC
•Rose Bengal Ophthalmic
Solution
•Brilliant Blue Ophthalmic
Solution
•Brilliant Green Ophthalmic
Solution
•Lissamine Green
Ophthalmic Solution
•Cocaine 4% Ophthalmic
Solution
ANTIBIOTICS
•Moxifloxacin Ophthalmic
Solution
•Gentamicin Ophthalmic
Solution
•Tobramycin Ophthalmic
Solution
•Vancomycin Ophthalmic
Solution
•Cefazolin Ophthalmic
Solution
•Ceftazidime Ophthalmic
Solution
ANTIBIOTICS
•Amikacin Ophthalmic
Solution
•Tobramycin Forte
Ophthalmic Solution
•Gentamicin Forte
Ophthalmic Solution
•Cefuroxime Ophthalmic
Solution
•Doxycycline Ophthalmic
Solution

12. Active ingredient
dorzolamide
hydrochloride
timolol maleate
BY: Aspire Pharma
Ltd

13. • 1. NAME OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT
• EYLAMDO 20 MG/ML + 5 MG/ML, EYE DROPS
SOLUTION
• 2. QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE
COMPOSITION
• EACH ML CONTAINS 20 MG OF DORZOLAMIDE
(AS HYDROCHLORIDE) AND 5 MG OF TIMOLOL
(AS MALEATE).
• 3. PHARMACEUTICAL FORM
• EYE DROPS, SOLUTION
• CLEAR, COLOURLESS, SLIGHTLY VISCOUS
AQUEOUS SOLUTION, WITH A PH BETWEEN 5.0
AND 6.0, AND AN OSMOLALITY OF 242-323
MOSM/KG.

14. •it acts to stabilize and thicken tears and prolongs the tear film breakup time which is
usually accelerated in patients with dry eye states.
Hydroxyethyl cellulose
•Mannitol is a diuretic that is used to reduce swelling and pressure inside the eye
Mannitol
•It is better if the eye drops contain citrate buffers instead of phosphate buffers. Eye
drops contain a buffer solution which protects the chemical bonds between the
ingredients of the eye drops and which ensures that the eye drops have a tolerable pH
value during the period they are used.
Sodium citrate
•it is used to adjust the pH of the eye drop solution so that it is not too acidic, which
would make the drops irritating to the eye.
Sodium hydroxide
•Water for injection is water of extra high quality without significant contamination.
Water for injections

15. •SHELF LIFE
•3 YEARS.
•AFTER FIRST OPENING, THE PRODUCT
MAY BE STORED FOR A MAXIMUM OF 28
DAYS.
•NATURE AND CONTENTS OF CONTAINER
•5 ML SOLUTION IN A WHITE OPAQUE 11
ML LDPE BOTTLE AND WHITE NOVELIA
NOZZLE (HDPE AND SILICONE) WITH A
WHITE HDPE CAP.

16. • THERAPEUTIC INDICATIONS
• INDICATED IN THE TREATMENT OF ELEVATED INTRAOCULAR
PRESSURE (IOP) IN PATIENTS WITH OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA.

17. OTIC
SOLUTIONS

32. PARENTRALS SOLUTIONS
Presented
By: Raheen

33. Parentals preparations or injectables are the sterile solutions or
suspensions of drugs in aqeous or oily vehicles meant for
introduction into the body by means of an injection under one or
more layer of the skin or mucous membrane. They should be
isotonic with body fluids and free from all types of
physical,chemical,microbial contaminations.
There are many routes for administration depend upon vehicle
used.for example, oily preparations are meant for intramuscular
route if it is introduce intravenously it isproved fatal.

34. Advantages
 This route is used when rapid onst of action is required.
 This route is used when the drugs are inactivated in GIT or not well
absorbed by oral administration.
 Prefare when patient is unconscious or non co operative.
 Solution in volumes from Fraction of milliltre to 4v lit can be
introduced by parentral route.
Disadvantages
• This treatment is more expensive.
• Administration from wrong route may be fatal.
• Sterilization is most important.
• Daily or frequent administration may poses difficulty to the patient.

35. FORMULATION OF PARENTRAL
PRODUCTSIn development of parentral products the pharmacist should have
knowledge about the principles involved and care must be taken
regarding accuracy.
Only a small number or absolutely necessary additives should be
added.excessive use of additives may cause problem due to their
metabolism.some of the commonly used additives are as follows.
1.Vehicles
2.Solubilizing agents
3.Stabilizers
4.Buffers
5.Antibacterial agents
6.Isotonicity factors.
7.Wetting ,suspending ,emulsifying agents etc.

37. GENERAL PROCEDURE OF PREPAIRING
INJECTIONS
The general requirements for preparing injections must free from
foreign particles and microorganisms. To achieve sterilization the
area,atmosphere the person involved and the materials should be
cleaned properly.This can be achieved by disinffectants or laminar
flow chamber. The distilled water or any other solvents used for
preparation must be pyrogen free.and the solution thus formed
passed through filter to remove impurities or foreign matter. After
filtration the solutions packed in suitable container like
ampoules,vials,bottles. Before cleaning the container should be clean
and srerilized and the closures used must be off good quality and
sterilized.after filling and sealing thr thermostable aq.solutions
solutions are sterilized under reduce pressure in autoclave atv 121C
for 2o min.whereas solutions of thermolbile products are passed
through bacteria proof filters. After cooling they are labelled and
packed into final containers.

39. It is used to treat wide variety of bacterial infections.and belongs to
class of drugs known as Cephalosporins antibiotics(third generation).
It works by stopping growth of bacteria.
Route of administration; I/V or I/M
Brands;
1.Rocephin
2.Ronil
3.Snare
4.Qzon
Examples of injectable
solutions;Ceftriaxone injection

40. It isrecomended for nutritional parentral supply. Used in case of GI
impairment ,short bowel syndrome,anorexia.
compsition; l-amino acidsa,sorbitol,vitamins,electroytes.
Route; in the form of infusion.
Alternatives;
1.Aminosol
2.Calmin
3.Travasol
4.freamine
NUTRITIONAL SOLUTIONS (Aminovel)

41. RINGERS SOLUTION
It is asolution of several salts dissolved in water in purpose of
creating isotonic solution to the body fluids.
Composition; sodium chloride,potassium chloride,calcium
chloride,sodium bicarbonate.
Route; intravenous administration.
Brand name;
1.Ringers lactate solution

42. GELOFUSIN
It is plasma volume expender,used as bvlood plasma replacent incase
of blood loss due to haemorrhage,trauma dehydration etc.
Route; intravenous colloid
Composition; 4%w/v of succinylated gelatin
Substitute; Haemaccel

43. LIPOFUNDIN
Active; soyabean oil
Uses
Lipofundin Injection is used for the treatment, control, prevention, &
improvement of the following diseases, conditions and symptoms:
•Menopausal symptoms
•Bone health
•High blood pressure
•High cholesterol levels
•Lipofundin Injection may also be used for purposes not listed here
Side effects;
1.Stomach pain
2.diarrhoea
Route of dministration; intravenous

44. Prescrption for injection

49. NASAL
SOLUTION
PRESENTED BY :-
BUSHRA JAVED MALIK

50. NASAL SPRAYS
• Nasal sprays, are used to deliver medications locally in the nasal
cavities or systemically. They are used locally for conditions such as nasal
congestion and allergic rhinitis .
It is an aqueous or alcoholic solution, At one time, oily preparations were used
to prolong drug action but now an aqueous vehicle is considered advisable.
• Nasal route is an alternative to invasive administrations and provides a direct
access to the systemic circulation.
• Intranasal medication administration offers a truly “ NEEDLELESS “ solution to
drug delivery.

51. NASAL SPRAYS :-
both solution and suspensions formulations can be
formulataed into nasal sprays.
• by using metered pumps and actuators a nasal spray can deliver
an exact from 25 to 200 micrometer.

52. TYPES OF NASAL SPRAYS :-
• Decongestants sprays : ( they get rid of your stuffiness by narrowing blood
vessels in the lining of your nose, which shrinks swollen tissues ,with or without
prescription from your doctor, more than 3 days, Dr. call this rebound effect).
• Salt-water solutions : (also called saline solution, without prescription, they
loosen up your mucus and keep it from getting crusty. Since they don’t contain
any medications feel free to use them as often you like ).
• Steroid nasal sprays : (OTC or prescription , to relieve allergy symptoms,
but sometimes used to help clear a stuffed-up-nose that comes from a sinus
infection).

55. NASAL DROPS :-
 Nasal drops are one of the most convenient and simple systems for nasal
delivery. These are instilled into the nose by droppers.
Aqueous or oily solutions , since the later inhibit the movement of cilia in the
nasal mucosal . If used for longer periods , may reach the lungs and cause
lipoid pneumonia.
E.G :-
ephedrine nasal drops B.P.C , Otrivine nasal drops.

58.  FACTORS INFLUENCING NASAL DRUG ABSORPTION :-
• Drug concentration : (absorption depends on the initial conc. Of the drug ).
• Degree of drug ionization : (lipid soluble drugs are absorbed more rapidly than
water soluble drugs).
• Ph at absorption site : (nasal absorption is PH dependent. Nasal PH in nasal
secretion of adult (5.5-6.5). Infants and children (5-6.7).
It becomes Alkaline in conditions such as Acute rhinitis , Acute sinusitis.
• Molecular weight of the drug ; (higher the molecular size , lower the nasal
absorption).

59. NASAL PREPARATION :-
 BENEFITS OF NASAL ADMINISTRATION :-
• Convenient.
• avoid first pass metabolism.
• Useful area for absorbing drugs.
• Good systemic blood supply.
• Effective.
• Acceptable to patient ---- ensure compliance.
• Acceptable safety and stability (chemical and microbiological)

61.  DRUGS
 Drugs commonly used are :
B2-adrenergic agonist : Terbutaline sulphate.
Corticosteroids : Budesonide.
Anti-cholinergic : Ipratropium bromide.
Mast cell stabilizer : Sodium Chromogylate.

62.  VISCOSIFYING AGENTS :
These agents increase the viscosity of the solution.
E.g :- hydroxypropyl cellulose.
SOLUBILIZERS :-
Aqueous solubilty of the drug always a limitation for nasal drugs delivery.
E.g :- glycol , alcohol , labrasol , transcutol.
SURFACTANTS :-
Modify the permeability of nasal mucosa and facilitate the nasal absorption of
drugs.
E.g :- polyacrylic acid, sodium glycocholate.

63.  BIO-ADHESIVE POLYMERS :-
E.g :- methylcellulose, carboxymethycellulose,hydroxyl
proply cellulose.
PRESERVATIVES :-
are used to prevent the growth of micro-organisms.
E.g :- parabens , benzalkonium chloride , phenyl ethyl alcohol, EDTA etc.
ANTIOXIDANTS :-
are used to prevent drug oxidation.
E.g :- sodium meta bisulphite , sodium bisulfite , tocopherol etc.

64. ACTIVE PHARMACEUTICAL INGREDIENT :-
 An ideal nasal drug candidate should possess the following attributes :-
• Appropriate aqueous solubility to provide the desired dose in a 25–150 ml volume
of formulation.
• Appropriate nasal absorption properties.
• No nasal irritation from the drug.
• A suitable clinical rationale for nasal dosage forms, e.g. rapid onset of action.
• low dose , generally, below 25 mg per dose.
• No toxic nasal metabolites.
• Suitable stability characteristics.

65. Nitrofurazone nasal solution has been
used in the treatment of nasal infections.
Rifampin nasal drops are used in the
treatment of susceptible infections in the
nasal cavity.

70. • PACKAGING : package in nasal-drop containers . Amber, ribbed hexagonal
glass bottle fitted with rubber treat and dropper.
For Nasal solutions : flexible plastic bottles , which deliver a fine spray when
squeezed . Plain glass bottles with pump spray or droper.
• LABELING : keep out of reach of children. keep refrigerated. shake gently.
discard after [time period]. for the nose.
• STABILITY: Beyond-use dates of 30 days at room temperature and 76 days at
refrigerated temperature have been used.