MSCPA Update 2018
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Slides from Chapter events spring 2018.
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MSCPA Update 2018
- 1. Update An overview of the Montana Society of CPAs and the accounting profession.
- 2. Allen Lloyd, CAE • “New Jane” • Past 6 years at the Ohio Society of CPAs • Spent 6 years as firm administrator • Married to a CPA with 2 boys • Grew up in a small town • Hated accounting in college • Love finding ways to use technology
- 3. Today’s Topics MSCPA Evolution • Accounting profession • MSCPA • Your professional life
- 4. Mission & Vision • Mission: To inspire, empower and impact members to achieve professional excellence. • Vision: To be the most valued professional resource for our members.
- 5. Strategy 5 Pillars • Membership • Sustainability • Connection • Professional Excellence • Advocacy
- 6. embership Your Professional Home — facilitating member success from student through retirement for all members, including business, industry, nonprofit, government, public practice and educators. M
- 7. ustainability Maintain a dynamic organization and ensure we exist throughout the next 100 years. S
- 8. onnection Connectivity and communications through chapters, community service and public relations. C
- 9. rofessional Excellence Delivering education and resources. P
- 10. Montana Board of Public Accountants CPE Audit results • 838 people audited • 161 failures
- 11. Montana Board of Public Accountants 161 Failures • 86 not enough hours (.5-120) • 65 documentation issues • 7 missed ethics requirement • 2 resolved • 2 waivers by Board
- 12. Montana Board of Public Accountants • Good news, all but 15 fixed their issue • Next Steps • Board looking to allow higher than 50% audit rate if more than 10% are found to be non-compliant with the requirements.
- 13. dvocacy Advance and protect the profession and the people we serve while improving member awareness of the Society’s advocacy role. A
- 14. Federal Issues • Taxes • How does this impact MT state taxes? • This year could be very interesting • Health Care • Potential issues for years to come
- 15. MSCPA Membership (1,800 total) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 Certified-Out-of-Country Non CPA Member-Gov/Ind/Education Non CPA Member-Public Practice Inactive Associate Out-of-State Member Educator Associate-Out-of-Country Retired Member Honorary - Life Student Government/Industry/Education Public Practice
- 16. MSCPA Staff Jean Rieden - Professional Development / Membership Director Molly Holahan – Communications Director Carol Lopuch – Financial & Peer Review Director Heidi Weis – Secretary Allen Lloyd – Executive Director
- 17. MSCPA Legacy Foundation Purpose - to promote and enhance the accounting profession in Montana Scholarships Speaker and presentations Fundraising Give!
- 18. The accounting profession Issues and trends impacting the profession
- 19. Top issues for the profession What’s keeping accounting leaders awake at night? 1. The impact of Blockchain, AI and automation 2. Keeping up with technology in general 3. Adapting to non-stop change 4. The ongoing staff shortage 5. The evolution/revolution of the audit Source: Accounting Today Research
- 20. Technology • Moving fast • Important to be aware • Examples are simple, but other applications can be very very complex
- 21. Kodak • Saw the change from paper to digital • Planned to maximize current investment before switching • Projected 10 years for change • Change happened in 2 years
- 22. Technology
- 23. Cloud (aka someone else's computer) Your data on someone else’s computer Your programs running on someone else’s computer Computers get faster and cheaper it becomes easier to outsource the computing power Web connection becomes critical
- 24. Artificial Intelligence / Machine Learning Given enough examples the computer finds the patterns The computer uses the pattern to do the work We already have the samples (remember the push to paperless?) Garbage in = Garbage out People used to give the computer the rules, now the computers are smart enough to learn the rules
- 25. Artificial Intelligence / Machine Learning Beat worlds best players of: • 1997 Chess • 2011 Jeopardy • 2016 Go • 2017 Poker
- 28. How does Machine Learning work?
- 29. What is Blockchain? 1 A shared ledger maintained by an algorithm •Could be public •Could be private 2 To update the ledger a transaction is created 3 The transaction is validated and added as a block on the chain 4 Blockchain users can then see the entire chain
- 34. Smart Contracts
- 35. Blockchain uses Health care records • Estonia has a system that saves medical data to a blockchain Land titles • Honduras and Sweden are already doing this for land rights Audits • Permanent and complete transactions are easier to audit
- 36. Blockchain A top 10 US Bank • Expect by end of 2018 require small / medium sized lending to submit using blockchain 01 AICPA wall street blockchain alliance • Lead vertical tax & accounting looking at applications • Rivio looking at plugging into blockchain 02 Regulation needs to catch up 03
- 37. Blockchain issues • What does Blockchain fraud look like? • Is Bitcoin a currency or an investment? • IRS considers it an investment • How do you recognize it as payment? • How many currencies will there be? • How do you advise customers on selecting a currency? • Bitcoin recently split due to a change in the tech
- 38. Learn more
- 39. Learn more
- 40. Talent Issues Supply of talent and improving the talent pool.
- 44. Accounting
- 45. The new shape of accounting CPAs Data Analytics Industry Experts Outsourced Automation
- 46. The new shape of accounting Large Organizations • Hire different staff • Develop new tools Small Organizations • Develop new skills • Evaluate new software
- 47. Do we need to worry in Montana? Yes
- 48. New Competition / Co-workers 1. App Developer 2. Market Research Data Miner 3. Admissions Consultants 4. Millennial Generational Expert 5. Social Media Manager 6. Chief Listening Officer 7. Cloud Computing Services 8. Elder Care 9. Sustainability Expert 10.User Experience Designer Source: Forbes 10 jobs that didn’t exist 10 years ago
- 49. Good News! Technology is a threat to some of what we do today, BUT... Taking away the routine work frees up time If we use that time to be proactive we can have a bigger impact Customers of CPA services want proactive advice NOT compliance Allowing the computers to do the compliance allows us to provide better service
- 50. Skills for the future Communication Leadership Critical thinking and problem solving Anticipating and serving evolving needs Synthesizing intelligence to insight, or providing the insight to the numbers Integration and collaboration Tech savvy and the ability to analyze data Functional and domain expertise
- 51. So what do we do? Work is going to change, even if we fight it. How we prepare will be critical. MSCPA will start the conversations… BUT you need to be engaged!
- 52. MSCPA Evolution How will we change to meet these new challenges?
- 53. MSCPA Evolution • To inspire, empower and impact members to achieve professional excellence. Still committed to the same Mission • Membership • Sustainability • Connection • Professional Excellence • Advocacy Still organized under the same pillars
- 54. MSCPA Evolution More trials and errors • Small firms to multiple locations 01 More coverage of new technology and changes in the profession 02
- 55. MSCPA Evolution • More video in our communications • More telling YOUR story • More stories about the profession • We need you to be involved • We need you to spread the stories
- 56. MSCPA Evolution • More niche / specialty focused events • HR Roundtable was a huge hit • Small Firm group • Managing Partners • Educators • BING • Others?
- 57. MSCPA Evolution • More stuff from other places • MSCPA is 5 people • AICPA and other states are doing some great stuff • We will bring it to you / rather than trying to recreate it
- 58. Peer Review changes coming soon Ended the MSCPA Peer Review Program Everybody now part of the AICPA Peer Review Program Shift in administration
- 59. Why change peer review • Enhanced oversights grown from 90 – 190 – 200 over past 3 years • 55% found to be materially non- conforming in 2016 AICPA Enhancing Audit Quality initiative • Inadequate or nonexistent documentation • No testing of internal controls in single audits • No testing of one or more compliance requirements in single audits • No evidence of SOC 1 report evaluation in employee benefit plan audits Causes for non-conformity
- 62. Learn more
- 63. Your Evolution How do CPAs adapt to this rapidly changing environment? Info from Business Learning Institute
- 64. Switch reactionary becomes anticipatory 5 Step Process: 1. Context 2. Certainty 3. Capacity 4. Competencies 5. Core purpose and values
- 65. Context Being aware of what’s going on around you Knowing that cloud, AI, and Blockchain are out there Taking time to look around at the current trends
- 66. Certainty There are things we know There will be sales on the Friday following Thanksgiving Government regulations will ebb and flow Technology will continue exponential growth Demographics boomers will continue to retire
- 67. Capacity • We need to find the time to adapt to the rapid change • But we are busier than we have ever been • We need to: • Use the latest technology • Maximize these new tools • Focus on most important clients • Engage our people
- 68. Competencies • We need to shift our skills to things that humans do best and leave the computer work to the computers
- 69. Core purpose and values • Purpose: making sense of a changing and complex world. • Core Values: • Trust • Integrity • Objectivity • Excellence • Lifelong learning
- 70. How do we start? • Take a small step • Read an article • Think about how tech might impact your organization • Talk to others about changes that could be made • Ask younger staff to learn then teach
- 71. Think about working ON your business • Too often we get caught up in doing the work in our business • Those things that need to happen • Doing the actual work • We need to spend time working ON the business • How do we do our work • Are there better ways?
- 72. Learn More
- 73. Thank You! Allen Lloyd, CAE allen@mscpa.org Slides at slideshare.net Search for MSCPA @allenslloyd
- 74. Overtime Welcome to some crazy ideas!
- 75. Podcasts • Data Made to Matter • Freakonomics Radio • HBR Ideacast • Hidden Brain • Improv is no joke • Planet Money
- 77. How vulnerable are you to disruption?
- 78. When will disruption impact your finances?
- 80. Tax reform 60/40 it will pass • No conference in process • Pass budget on Thursday see tax bill on Monday • Bill not public yet • Retroactivity? • Pass through entities
- 81. Tax reform budget issues • State and local tax deduction • Move away from cash basis for prof services • Business interest deduction • Grandfather current • Exempt small biz
- 82. Which tech will disrupt your business?
- 83. Attributes clients value in their auditors
- 84. The auditor of the future should have
- 85. Human Revolutions • 70,000 BC Cognitive Revolution (learn to talk / plan) • 10,000 BC Agricultural Revolution (learn to make food) • 1712 Industrial Revolution (learn to make goods) • 1960’s Information Revolution (learn to make answers)
- 88. Technology is replacing jobs 2004 $1 Billion Revenue 2017 $1 Billion Revenue Source: Hackett Group
- 89. Technology is replacing ACCOUNTING jobs How likely is this profession to be replaced in next 20 years? • Tax Preparers – 99% • Bookkeeping, Accounting, and Auditing Clerks – 98% • Models – 98% • Accountants and Auditors – 94%
- 90. When will these jobs disappear?
- 96. • Flatter top as different skills needed • Broad middle with many different skills • Narrow bottom less entry level work The new shape of accounting
- 97. 3:00 Left What gets you out of bed?
- 98. 2:30 Left What gets you out of bed?
- 99. 2:00 Left What gets you out of bed?
- 100. 1:30 Left What gets you out of bed?
- 101. 1:00 Left What gets you out of bed?
- 102. :30 Left What gets you out of bed?
- 103. :15 Left What gets you out of bed?
- 104. 6 Words What gets you out of bed?
- 105. Thank YOU! Allen Lloyd, CAE allen@mscpa.org @allenslloyd Molly Holahan molly@mscpa.org Slides at slideshare.net Search for MSCPA
Editor's Notes
- Grew up in a small town on the Ohio river. Worked in banking for a few years after college and then discovered accounting. The funny part of this is I took 2 accounting classes in college and hated both of them. Working at the accounting firm I fell in love with the profession and the business of running a firm and being able to invest in our people to improve our product. While at OSCPA I worked with our board and across the organization to make sure that we acted on our strategic plan. What I love doing most of all is helping people solve their problems so they can focus on what is important. I am a strong believer in leveraging technology so we can do what we as people are good at doing.
- I am going to talk about the structure of MSCPA, then about how the profession we serve where you work is evolving. From there I will talk a little about how MSCPA is evolving to meet your needs in this new environment. We will finish talking about how you can evolve your professional life to meet this new challenge.
- The Mission is what we do. The Vision is where we want go or what we aspire to be.
- The strategy is how we do what we do and become what we see in our vision.
- Work to provide you with the tools you need to move to the next stage of your career / life. Engagement of Members Communicating the benefits and services
- We are making sure the MSCPA has the resources needed to continue to develop our members, tomorrow, next week, and for years to come. Align committees with Board goals Business continuity and succession plan Ensure financial viability Leadership Development among staff and leadership Legacy Foundation/Community Foundation Governing documents
- We are connecting you with each other and the world around us. You do great things and we want to tell people about those things. It could be telling a peer how you solve a problem or it could be telling the public about how CPAs impact the world around them. Chapter relations — working together College relations — advance relationships with Montana schools Student relations — create and communicate value Public Relations — respond to public and media — positioned as a resource to improve awareness Member visits by MSCPA Board — grassroots effort to listen to member concerns Community Service – recognition for member efforts
- We are committed to helping you learn and be the best CPA possible. Part of this is CPE and part is our work helping you self regulate the profession. We also believe the best judge of how well CPAs are doing are other CPAs. Our Peer Review program is evolving in part because of rule changes at the national level. Professional Development Opportunities Salary Survey Self monitoring Monitor national trends in the regulation of CGMA
- Together we have a powerful voice, but we need to make sure we are telling our story and making an impact. A big part of our advocacy work is in Helena working to make sure Montana is competitive, but we also need to help people understand what CPAs do and the value we add to the world. Lobbying — maintain a strong representation of the interests of the profession State Issues — monitor all the legislation that affects the profession at the state level legislation and recruit bill sponsors Federal Issues — monitor all the issues that affect the profession at the federal level AICPA Council State Collaboration Help people understand CPAs
- The Society has one of the highest penetration rates of any state. This is because we have been relevant and provided value to our members. You can see we have a large student population, this is critical to filling the talent pipeline for the future. Currently our bridge population (those graduated, but not yet CPAs) is small. We want to grow this population so we can help those people continue on their path to becoming CPAs.
- Everybody’s email address is their first name @ mscpa.org
- The purpose is to promote the accounting profession and the focus is on 2 areas Student outreach Scholarships to help pay for school. Scholarships to send students and educators to our annual conference This year has been great for fundraising with 100 people giving for the first time. Jane’s retirement will leave a lasting impact on the foundation.
- This is from a survey of all accountants, not just firms. The two major categories are technology and talent, we will talk a little more about each of those.
- Talk about not needing to be an expert, but need to know how it works at a basic level. Need to be thinking about how the simple example can apply to more complex things you do.
- I know many of you are expecting to win the race or retirement vs. technology. I wish you the best of luck. If you are older than 55 you have a chance, it will be difficult but your skills SHOULD get you to retirement. If you are 45-55 you are going to need to get up to speed ASAP. Your current skills will give you an advantage today, but quickly the expectations of you will shift. If you are under 45 you have a great opportunity to shift today and get ahead of those more experienced than you.
- We are at the intersection of 3 innovations: Cloud Artificial Intelligence / Machine Learning Blockchain
- Is anybody not using some cloud service?
- Think about most tax forms the numbers are in the same place and are used in the same calculations. Fairly easy for a computer. Invoices are similar if you pay the same thing every year and the invoice looks the same a computer can code it to where it was coded in the past. New invoices will need some help, but the initial work can still be done by computers. Example of Google giving its AI access to data on the energy usage at their server farm then asked AI to reduce one number using the other data. It was able to reduce costs by 15% saving hundreds of millions of dollars a year. https://www.theverge.com/2016/7/21/12246258/google-deepmind-ai-data-center-cooling
- Go is a similar to Othello with a larger board. 10 with 123 zeros potential states for a game of chess. Go has 10 with 360 zeros potential states. Poker was huge because people lie so computers had to learn how to deal with dirty data. Switch from people giving the rules to computer learning the rules through repetition. Narrow AI only good at one thing.
- If you like party tricks this site is great.
- In this example you give the computer examples then tell it what to do when it sees each example. Lets watch an example.
- In 3 minutes I was able to teach my computer the difference between different tax forms using the camera on my computer. The Big 4 are taking all the documents they have and asking more powerful computers to learn how to prepare more complex returns, and audit workpapers. Many of the tax prep software providers have tools that will fill in information for you. If you are already scanning documents it is simply a matter of asking your computer to take the next steps. One sole practitioner was able to save a half hour each day by not typing information from W-2’s and K1’s. The added benefit for him was he didn’t have to review his own data entry so his work product also improved.
- Like Oprah only with copies of the ledger instead of cars!
- This is Bob (not his real name) he is a Malaysian fisherman. He catches fish in a responsible way and wants to be compensated appropriately for fishing in a socially responsible way. So he uses Blockchain to document his process. When he catches a fish he takes a picture of it with his phone creating a new Blockchain for that fish. That picture includes data on exactly where and when it was caught.
- Bob brings his fish to shore and when the fish are transferred to the processing plant they add a block to the chain for each fish he sells to them. Since it is documented it earns a higher price.
- The processed fish is sold and the buyers use the Blockchain to verify that is was responsibly caught. The customer can see exactly where the fish was caught and its entire journey to their plate. And it is all verified.
- Loan covenants become based on blocks being added to the chain. As a CPA you could add the audited financials to the chain and the chain would look at measures and automatically adjust the funds available to the business.
- In industry entries could require documentation based on the type of transaction. If the requirements are not met the block won’t add to the chain.
- Banks are going to be the pressure to get accountants using blockchain. Big banks are already building the software. Will quickly move down market. AICPA is involved in a group looking at how to implement the technology Rivio is their secure portal to share financial statements, it could move to blockchain technology in the future. The holdup will be updating regulations to allow the new technology. It will be important that we are involved in this and to be involved we need to understand the technology.
- Big 4 have great articles on how they are using the tech.
- To learn about the intersection of cloud, AI, and Blockchain this is a great podcast.
- The number of accounting students has been flat for the past 5 years. The number of CPA exam candidates (people taking the exam for the first time each year) has been going up slightly.
- There are more people available and the Big 4 have slowed their hiring so the talent is out there. Big firms are now hiring more people with other majors. More tech people, and health care experts, and engineers.
- The big firms are innovating to gain a future advantage. Here in Montana we may need to innovate because we don’t have access to the people we need to do it the way we have been doing it. What does that change lookmlike? From the Chamber Labor Day report.
- Adapted this slide from accounting firm to organizational models, because it is NOT just the firm that is evolving. Hourglass shape is what most firms feel like today, lack of talent at the middle. Part of this is from Sarbanes Oxley which drove more talent to audit and has created our current tax manager issues.
- The base is narrow because much of that work will be automated. The middle is wide due to a broader skill set being needed to do the work. Think data scientists and technology people as well as industry experts.
- This is an automated tractor that is being developed. Unlike autonomous cars these can learn their environment fairly quickly. Over time farming becomes a data analytics job to maximize land use. The computers will harvest both data and crops.
- https://www.forbes.com/sites/meghancasserly/2012/05/11/10-jobs-that-didnt-exist-10-years-ago/#11ed253457ba Getting students to consider accounting continues to be difficult with STEM and other new jobs coming to market. We also need to be able to work with these people as more companies add staff to fill these roles. App Developer – make things like Candy Crush or Waze for mobile devices Market Research Data Miner – data analysts who use all the data marketing companies are gathering to help inform companies decisions Admissions Consultant – someone to help you get your kids into a top notch college Millennial Generational Expert – someone to help us understand the Millennials and work better with them Social Media Manager – remember being mad at staff for being on Facebook? Now there are people paid to be on social media. Chief Listening Officer – much like the social media manager they are monitoring social media to protect he brand Cloud Computing Services – people to manage how a companies data and software are managed online Elder Care – take care of the boomers Sustainability Expert – as more people become concerned with the environment expert need to provide data to them User Experience Designer – people who make sure those apps and programs can be used by actual humans.
- If computers take over that work what skills will CPAs need?
- Full list comes from Maryland. Bold are also on Horizons 2025 report.
- I don’t have all the answers. BUT I love to learn so you will see us try some things that might not work. Need you to be involved. Thank you to those who participated in the survey on potential evolution of the CPE schedule. Feedback we received helped us refine our proposal and the Board will be making a final decision in the next couple days.
- We need to do a better job of promoting the CPA credential and the accounting profession. Accounting is becoming a family profession where most new accountants come from families where there was an accountant. This is because students don’t hear stories about accounting. MSCPA can help but we need you out telling your story.
- MSCPA has a great Peer Review program, our administration is highly rated and our reviewers are outstanding. AICPA recently changed their rules to allow non member organizations to use their program. The MSCPA program was the same as the AICPA only for those who were not members. Administration rules have changed and many states (including Montana) will not be able to adapt to the new rules. We will be transitioning to another state, but are not currently sure which state that will be.
- Simply put the quality isn’t there. In 2017 the early indications are the peer reviewers are doing a better job.
- These numbers come from the count of audits done by the firm
- These numbers come from the count of audits done by the firm
- http://www.aicpa.org/InterestAreas/PeerReview/DownloadableDocuments/EAQ-Hlt-Rpt.pdf
- Context – being aware of what’s going on around you. Certainty – death, taxes, more regulations, faster technology, and boomers retiring we know these things are going to happen Capacity – need to be able to find time to do the important. If lack of time is our biggest challenge then anything that gives us time back is a huge opportunity! Competencies – Computers will do more of the work, we need to focus on doing what humans do best. Let the computers do the repetitive work we will do the deeper analysis and explain the results to our internal and external customers. From AICPA’s Horizons 2025 Project Core Purpose – CPAs making sense of a changing and complex world Core Values – Trust, Integrity, Objectivity, Excellence, Lifelong learning
- We need to take time to look around at what is going on around us. Specifically in the accounting industry. Instead of being busy entering numbers from forms we need to let computers do this so we can read articles about how others are leveraging technology.
- We see these issues and know that they will continue. It is easy to complain and continue to be impacted. BUT why are we not changing how we do things to better adjust to what we all know is going to happen? In times of stability the cost of not innovating is very small. We are not in that time right now and the cost of not innovating will have a huge cost.
- Learning these new tools will take some time, but that investment will be repaid many times over. Spending time on things that are not most important is a waste of time. Studies show 70% of workers are disengaged we need to get all our people working on these issues. Invest it learning a more efficient way to do things, build in capacity.
- By letting computers crunch the numbers we can focus on explaining the results to our customers. Thinking back to the skills needed for the future we need to make this evolution. Need to learn to anticipate see the trends before they happen and apply that to get ahead.
- As much change is happening the value of the CPA remains. Much like MSCPA is chasing the same goals but applied to different issues you need to take the values of the CPA and apply them in new ways.
- We get to the top one step at a time. Easy to think just wait it out or race innovation vs. retirement. Not going to learn everything in an afternoon. Schedule time to learn these things continuously. Leverage younger staff’s ability to figure out new tech. Allow them time to learn and train others on how it might be used.
- If you have processes that you do on a regular basis make sure you do those things as efficient as possible. Important to know what is happening so you know what tools are available. Learn to use those tools so you can apply the technology and talk the language. Concept of Lifehacks leverage the tech, invest in learning knowing there is a long term payoff.
- These 2 reports do a great job laying out where the profession is headed.
- Autonomous car impact.
- Not just a big firm thing, the pressure is moving down to the middle market. Capital One 2017 report disruption in the middle market https://www.capitalone.com/media/doc/commercial/disruption-report.pdf
- Not just a big firm thing, the pressure is moving down to the middle market. Capital One 2017 report disruption in the middle market https://www.capitalone.com/media/doc/commercial/disruption-report.pdf
- Conference change saves 12 days Parts of bill are slipping out, but nothing complete Likely retroactive so people get benefit before election Reasonable comp could be 60/40 deal like in Germany
- Not just a big firm thing, the pressure is moving down to the middle market. Capital One 2017 report disruption in the middle market https://www.capitalone.com/media/doc/commercial/disruption-report.pdf
- Forbes Audit of the future report https://assets.kpmg.com/content/dam/kpmg/us/pdf/2017/03/us-audit-2025-final-report.pdf
- Forbes Audit of the future report https://assets.kpmg.com/content/dam/kpmg/us/pdf/2017/03/us-audit-2025-final-report.pdf
- Cognitive allowed us to organize Agricultural allowed us to eat Industrial allowed us to consume Informational will allow us to ???
- https://www2.deloitte.com/uk/en/pages/innovation/solutions/deloitte-blockchain-practice.html
- 119 people per billion vs. 71 in 2017 As we talk about these technology changes the bottom line is jobs are going to be replaced or substantially changed. Hackett Group study shows the number of employees per $1B in revenue
- As we look to the future many of the roles we see today will be automated away or reduced greatly. For those counting on making the transition to modeling sorry but that profession is in jeopardy as well. http://www.oxfordmartin.ox.ac.uk/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf Study looks at Assisting and caring for others Social perceptiveness Manual dexterity
- Likely in future recessions. This article looked at the help wanted ads before during and after the last recession and found that cities hardest hit saw a drop in mid level skills. Companies looked to see where they could save and automated or eliminated many jobs. Even after the economy came back these jobs were gone. Each of the past 3 recessions have been followed by largely jobless recoveries, a trend likely to continue.
- https://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/Publications/Files/WUP2014-Report.pdf
- https://www.citylab.com/equity/2012/03/us-urban-population-what-does-urban-really-mean/1589/ https://www2.census.gov/geo/pdfs/maps-data/maps/thematic/2010ua/UA2010_UAs_and_UCs_Map.pdf
- 1970 2 2017 23 2030 41 In the US we have New York and LA
- The base is narrow because much of that work will be automated. The middle is wide due to a broader skill set being needed to do the work. Think data scientists and technology people as well as industry experts.