Effects of Malaria on Health, Economies, and Blood

Prevention And Treatment Of Malaria Essay
Malaria adversely affects millions of people around the world, especially in developing countries,
due to the lack of awareness, deficiency of prevention tools, and several other factors. Malaria has
several effects on the people, including increased health costs, a rise in health problems in the
community, adverse effects on blood and blood donors, and loss of life.
Loss of Life
The deterioration of health and development of several serious symptoms, including fever,
headaches, fatigue, and the loss of life are the most prominent effects of malaria. Malaria causes
thousands of preventable deaths each year around the world, including children and pregnant women
despite the prevention and treatment methods. Malaria is prevalent in many regions despite
adequate preventive measures, especially developing countries, including South Asia, South
America, and Africa. Although developed countries also experience outbreaks of malaria, the death
rate relevant to the disease is considerably lower than developing nations due to effective policies
and strategies. Although governments and healthcare professionals can curb or alleviate the
prevalence of the illness in many regions, thousands of people die due to malaria regardless of the
measures. The loss of life stemming from the sickness is a serious issue mainly because the
government, community, and healthcare sector can save lives through prevention, treatment, and
awareness.
Effects on Blood and Blood Donors
Malaria can adversely
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Malaria Research Paper
Defined by Merriam–Webster Dictionary, "Malaria is a kind of intermittent and remittent disease
that spreads into the red blood cells of a human being once coming in contact with the disease."
The parasite is a part and prime focus of the disease, then sets in the red blood cells and damages
the entire human body (Webb 281). Malaria is a disease that was not as common in the old world as
it is in the new world. Due to rampant progression in transport and infrastructure, the threat of
malaria has increased staggeringly. This is because malaria is effective in any given population.
However, it is mostly found when looked after, except in places which are more complex and
sophisticated since barring such locations would cause mass panic in the...show more content...
Insecticide–treated nets have been experimented in Africa and have proved to be successful in
completely cutting the threat of malaria within Africa by 50% (NFL 3). The fact that even a single
percept is dropping in the threat of malaria is reason enough to allow such an innovation to be
implemented against the disease in Africa. However, to implement insecticide–treated nets, it is also
important to ensure that such nets are distributed without corruption or biased opinions within the
region (Jr. 13). Once this method is applied, no matter how costly it may prove to be, it is sure to
cure the repeated and drastic problem of

Malaria In Kenya Essay
In Kenya, an African country that is affected by Plasmodium falciparum, the most aggressive of the
four species of malaria, the negative economic impact of malaria can be clearly seen.
Malaria–related GDP losses reached 2–6% of the total economic output of the country, with 58% of
those losses being in the agricultural sector and 7% in the industrial sector (Chima, 2003). When
workers or their children contract malaria, they are unable to go to work, work effectively, or spend
money on things other than treatment (Chima, 2003). In other words, malaria acts as a drain on
both the productivity of a country, as often there is no other person available to take the place of
the absent worker. Furthermore, the costs of finding alternates to replace workers who have fallen
ill, or must take care of their children is placed squarely on the shoulders of businesses, while the
individual who contracted malaria, or must care for someone who has malaria is unable to both earn
money for their absent days, as well as spend money in areas other than the treatment of malaria, thus
stimulation only a small portion of the economy, and effectively blocking the circulation of funds in
the economy to their fullest extent (Chima, 2003).
Moreover, when examining the intersection between the medical impacts of malaria on the human
and the social consequences, a vicious cycle is revealed in which the body, the community, and the
economy are all similarly impacted by the presence of malaria in a

Essay on Malaria and DDT
Malaria and DDT
Malaria has been a huge problem among many developing nations over the past century. The
amount of people in the entire world that die from malaria each year is between 700,000 and 2.7
million. 75% of these deaths are African children (Med. Letter on CDC & FDA, 2001). 90% of the
malaria cases in the world are located in Sub–Saharan Africa. Once again, the majority of these
deaths are of children (Randerson, 2002). The numbers speak for themselves. Malaria is a huge
problem and needs to be dealt with immediately.
There have been many attempts at preventing malaria, none of which have been very successful.
These have usually involved protecting human beings from mosquitoes, the dreaded carriers...show
more content...
Even more time may pass before the drug is widely available throughout the world.
With all this focus on the development of new drugs to combat malaria, an old effective method
has been forgotten. The chemical DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) has proven effective in
reducing malaria cases. Popularly used as a pesticide in the middle of the twentieth century, killed
the mosquito population that was responsible for malaria related deaths. The number of people in
India that contracted malaria in the 1940's was approximately 75 million a year with 800,000
dying as a result. With the introduction of DDT, the number of cases dropped to 50,000 by 1961.
Similar cases have been documented in Sri Lanka, where the number of cases dropped in 18 years
from 3 million to 29 after the introduction of DDT ("DDT Delirium," 2002). The difference in
numbers is staggering.
It would appear that DDT would be the obvious choice to prevent cases of malaria in developing
nations and all over the world. However, DDT is not without its potential hazards. DDT was used
as a pesticide in the United States until it was banned in 1972. First employed as an insecticide in
1939, the white powder would kill massive amounts of mosquito larvae. Paul MГјller actually won
the Nobel Prize for first using the chemical on insects. The pesticide was used throughout the United
States to combat more kinds of insect–pests such as gypsy moths. It was not

Sample Research Questions For Malaria Essay
3.4. Study 1 Discussion
Aim 1 of this dissertation was, "To investigate and prioritize the health information needs
for malaria management in the Millennium Villages Project in Bonsaaso, Ghana". Study
1 provided answers to research questions in Aim 1. Research questions were guided by
Sittig and Singh's 8–dimension STM framework and classified under the model's
dimensions.
People dimension research questions helped understand who where the stakeholders that
should be included in the study and their challenges to perform malaria related tasks. One
of the research questions classified under the People Dimension was, "Who are the
stakeholders that directly influence the halt of malaria and reduction of its prevalence?"
To answer...show more content...
Health workers in the community
reported problems diagnosing malaria patients and managing prescriptions. These
problems can affect malaria health care delivery in the communities. Drugs and RDT test
shortages were reported at different levels of supply, this represents a barrier to effective
manage malaria disease. There were also challenges in coordinating referrals and follow–
ups between the hospital, clinics and communities. These care coordination problems
make more challenging to monitor the effectiveness of malaria treatment. Monitoring of
malaria treatment is important to ensure recovery of patients and to detect any potential
cases of resistance to antimalarial drugs. Another challenge reported was monitoring and
educating communities on the importance of utilization of bed nets. Solving this problem

can help improve the effectiveness of malaria prevention. Data quality problems were
reported at district, clinics and communities. There were different types of data quality
errors such as: incomplete data, illegible forms, poor reports timeliness, and errors in
aggregated data. Technical problems included difficulties with connectivity to the server
and cell phone network. Workforce problems stemmed

Malaria Research Paper
Malaria is a serious disease caused by a parasite. Infected mosquitoes spread it. Malaria is very
common throughout the world. In the United States, the main risk is to persons traveling to tropical
and subtropical countries where malaria is a problem. There are four different types of malaria
caused by four related parasites. The most deadly type occurs in Africa south of the Sahara Desert.
The symptoms characteristic of malaria include fever, chills, muscle aches, and headache. Cycles
of chills, fever, and sweating that recur every 1, 2 or 3 days are typical. There can sometimes be
vomiting, diarrhoea, coughing and yellowing (jaundice) of the skin and whites of the eyes. The
treatment for malaria depends upon the geographic area where a person has been infected with the
disease. Different areas of the world have malaria types that are resistant to certain medications.
Malaria is a disease which can be transmitted to people of all ages. It is caused by parasites of the
species Plasmodium that are spread from person to person through the bites of infected mosquitoes.
Malaria is a parasitic disease that involves infection of the red blood cells. Of the four types of
malaria, the most serious type is falciparum malaria, which can be life–threatening. The other three
types of malaria (vivax, malariae, and ovale) are generally less serious and are not life–threatening.
The scientific name of...show more content...
Jaundice.
3. Stools, bloody.
4. Muscle pain.
5. Anemia.
6. Headache.
7. Nausea and vomiting.
Treatment of Malaria
Prevention of malaria what is practiced in epidemic areas is by spraying insecticides like DDT.
Many new drugs are available for malaria, however most of the drugs are derived from Quinine
derivatives. Malaria often requires treatment with medicine (antimalarial medications). Most of the
time antimalarial medications effectively treat the infection; however, some malaria parasites may
survive because they are in the liver or are resistant to the

Literature Review On Malaria
Introduction
Malaria is caused by the bite of a mosquito. I was born in west Africa Ghana and most of the
sicken in my country is mostly malaria. I choose this topic because it is a very sensitive subject
due to the fact that I have been affected by this sickness. I remember when I was a little girl I lived
in a neighborhood that has a lot of bushes and whenever it rains there is always stagnant water
which attract a lot of insert and I will sit out till it was time for bed in that moment I will get bit
which always make me sick and the doctors will always diagnose me with malaria and even
suggested that I sleep with a mosquito net. Is estimates 216 million cases of malaria occurred in
2010, 81% in the African region. estimates there were 655,000 malaria deaths in 2010, 91% in the
African Region, and 86% were children under 5 years of age. Malaria is the 3rd leading cause of
death for children under five years worldwide, after pneumonia and diarrheal disease. Some
treatment available for malaria is to use the insect ide mosquito net and also the mosquito spray
which have special chemical in them are very harmless you humans but very harmful to insert. This
are some measures use for pregnant woman and kids.
Literature Review
In this paper I looked up a lot of website and I was not seeing what I looking for so I had to go to a
lot of Africans website since we are the once that get affected by it by most of the time so these are
some of the website I looked at Blood

Infectious Disease: Malaria Essay
Section 1
Malaria
General Information
Malaria is a common infectious disease found mainly in the tropics but in rare circumstances can be
found in temperate areas. Depending on the circumstances malaria can be either life threatening
cause serious illness.
It is caused by parasites of the Plasmodium species(in text reference). These parasites are carried by
mosquitoes which become infected after biting someone who has malaria. Malaria is then passed on
to others when the infected mosquito bites another person. In rare cases malaria can be passed to
another person through blood transfusions, organ donations or shared needles.
On average there are around 300–500 million people who become infected with malaria every year,
with most of the...show more content...
Signs and Symptoms
Symptoms that are usually associated with yellow fever include fever, poor appetite, nausea, chills,
muscle pains in the back and headaches abdominal back pain. These symptoms usually subside after
five days. These symptoms sometimes reoccur. Abdominal pain and liver damage starts causing
yellow skin. There also is a higher chance of kidney problems. About 15–15% then proceed to the
'toxic' stage of which around 50% then die around 14 days after catching yellow fever.
Dengue Fever
General Information
Dengue fever is a mosquito–transmitted virus, it is a Flavivirus which is the same genus as yellow
fever. There are five different varieties of the virus and being infected usually gives lifelong
immunity to that particular variety and short–term immunity to the other varieties. However this also
increases the risk of having a severe reaction to the other types, this risk rises with exposure to
another type and so on.
Symptoms and Treatment
Symptoms from the virus include headaches, back pain, joint pains, fever and a skin rash, which is
similar in appearance to measles. A small percentage of infections the disease develops into a life
threatening dengue haemorrhagic fever, which results in bleeding, low levels of blood platelets and
blood plasma leakage. The other life threatening possibility is dengue shock syndrome; this

Malaria Essay
Malaria
There are a great number of diseases that are endemic in many of the poorer, developing nations
due to the lack of sanitation and disease prevention programs in these areas. The steady increase of
malaria epidemics in many of the African countries is a point of great concern, because this
continent is home to 90% of the world's total cases of this particular disease.
Malaria gets its name from "mal aria," meaning bad air, because patients used to blame the sudden
illness on the poor air quality of the nearby swamps. Scientists now know that malaria is a parasitic
infection caused by a single–celled protozoan, Plasmodium. Of the four types of this parasite,
Plasmodium falciparum is recognized as the most...show more content...
This is largely due to the misuse of the prescription antibiotic and a lack of education on how to
properly take the medication. The symptoms of malaria will sometimes be alleviated in a very short
time of taking the antibiotic and patients will stop refilling their prescription, assuming that they
have been cured. The medication should still be taken, however, to insure that the infection has been
eliminated from the body completely, not to return again with an increased severity as happens in
some patients. The misuse of antibiotic drugs contributes to the growing number of resistant
populations of Plasmodium, a chief concern in the care of malarial patients, because these patients
do not respond to the DDT antibiotics and, therefore, must seek alternative methods of treatment.
Unlike that of many other diseases that, unfortunately, plague the world's population today, the
technology exists for the prevention, treatment, and cure of malaria and it is widely used. The
prevalence of the disease in many of the tropical regions is due to the harsh reality that many of
these people cannot afford the antibiotics or mosquito repellents that could easily save their lives.
The absence of effective sanitation programs is also a leading cause of uncontrolled disease
outbreaks because the bacteria or parasite has an increased available breeding ground. The only
method of decreasing

Causes Of Malaria In Africa
1.Why is malaria becoming more prevalent in Nairobi and in the Amazonian Indian villages? (4
points) Malaria is becoming more prevalent in Nairobi and Indian villages in the Amazon because
the of the human changes to ecosystems. In Kenya, malaria is spreading from the countryside to
its major cities from citizens making the move from rural to urban areas. This is occurring because
rural areas are becoming more polluted and less profitable for its inhabitants. These people moving
from rural areas bring with them malaria carrying mosquitos to the shanty towns that surround the
city. These shanty towns contain many gardens that provide the perfect breeding ground for the
infected mosquitos. The introduction of these mosquitos into cities like Nairobi has drastically
increased malaria prevalence in Africa. In South America, the spread of malaria has been linked to
the rapid deforestation that is occurring in the Amazon. Scientist have studied water samples
throughout the malaria hot zones and have found mosquito larvae only in waters that are located
in deforested area. The shift in the ecosystem from rainforest to clear cut cow pasture has allowed
for better breeding condition for mosquitos. These conditions in deforested areas have caused a
massive up rise in the number of malaria cases in the region. 2.What is the cause of diseases like
diarrhea and cholera? What can people do to reduce water–borne diseases? (4 points) The main
cause of the diseases of

Essay On Malaria
Several species can cause human malaria and most of these species have drug resistant making
treatment approach highly dependable on the species that caused it. Multi–drug resistant
Plasmodium falciparum malaria had been treated with many different, both single and combinations
of drugs. The most common type that is known to be effective is the artemisinin–based combination
therapy also known as ACT; a combination of artermisinin and its derivatives and longer–acting
antimalarial drugs. Studies conducted by Pousibet–Puerto et al. shows the effectiveness of ACT
treatment to those with uncomplicated malaria from Plasmodium falciparum compared to those
getting the classic treatment, comparing the length of their hospital stays and their...show more
content...
The average hospital stay and parasite clearance period for those treated with the ACT treatments
were 2.67 days and 24 hours, respectively. While the other group treated with quinine had an
average hospital stay of 3.96 days and a parasite clearance period of 48 hours. Uncomplicated P.
falciparum malaria can be effectively and safely managed with ACT. ACT treatment reduces hospital
stays and produces a more rapid parasite clearance than the classic treatments, resulting in overall
healthcare saving. In addition, various articles that have been published regarding the use of
artemisinin derivatives have shown superior results compared to other treatments resulting in as the
first–line drug recommended in the main national and international guidelines. Quinine is now
relegated as the second–line treatment in case ACT is unavailable or in cases where
contraindications exist.
Combining two different drugs with different mechanisms of actions makes ACTs the most effective
antimalarial medicines available today. It has been adopted by World Health Organization as the
first–line treatment for uncomplicated malaria such as P. falciparum. Brunetti (2016) suggested that
the ACT treatment dosages for uncomplicated P. falciparum are as follows:
Artemether plus lumefantrine: Doses are given twice daily for 3 days depending on body weight, as
follows: o 5 to <15kg: 20 + 120 mg o 15 to <25kg: 40 + 240 mg o 25 to <35kg: 60 + 360 mg
o

Malaria Is A Threat Of Malaria
Malaria, just the very name rings with menace. It is a life threatening disease cause by parasites
transmitted from infected bites of female mosquitoes. Now if you live in any area that is humid,
hot, and prone to rain or near water and has mosquitos you are at risk for contracting this parasite.
Normally Africa, South America, Middle East, rarely developed countries. About 3.2 billion people,
almost half of the world's population, are at risk of malaria. Granted we live in a time where in the
United States malaria is rare to hear about these days but in developing and undeveloped
countries, Malaria is a very real threat. Malaria has been plaguing societies for years. Only
recently has the Unites States and other countries been able to make it a rare instance due to
control of mosquitos. The symptoms of malaria was first described in Chinese writings, the Nei
Ching (2700 BC). It became widely known in Greece, Hippocrates noted the principle symptoms. In
the Susruta, a Sanskrit medical treatise, the symptoms of malaria were described and attributed to
certain bites of insects. Some Roman writers thought the diseases were attributed to swampy areas.
In the New World, Indians told Spanish missionaries of the medical bark they used to treat the
fevers of those infected with malaria. With the bark it actually cured the wife of the Viceroy of Peru.
After this the bark from that tree was called Cinchona after the countess. The antimalarial, quinine,
derives from this bark and

Essay Malaria
Malaria (also called biduoterian fever, blackwater fever, falciparum malaria, plasmodium, Quartan
malaria, and tertian malaria) is one of the most infectious and most common diseases in the world.
This serious, sometimes–fatal disease is caused by a parasite that is carried by a certain species of
mosquito called the Anopheles. It claims more lives every year than any other transmissible disease
except tuberculosis. Every year, five hundred million adults and children (around nine percent of the
world's population) contract the disease and of these, one hundred million people die. Children are
more susceptible to the disease than adults, and in Africa, where ninety percent of the world's cases
occur and where eighty percent of the...show more content...
To contract malaria, a mosquito, but not just any mosquito must bite a human. The only type of
mosquito that can infect humans with the malaria virus is the Anopheles mosquito. While there are
around three hundred eighty species of the Anopheline mosquito, only about sixty are actually able
to spread the disease to humans. Also, only female mosquitoes can distribute the disease, as male
mosquitoes do not feed on humans.
Mosquitoes pass malaria to humans through their salivary glands. Once the parasites have entered
the blood stream, they go to the liver. In the liver they mature and undergo reproduction, forming
merozoites. These merozoites enter the blood stream and inject themselves into red blood cells.
Once inside the blood cells, they reproduce rapidly and within forty–eight to seventy–two hours, the
blood cell bursts, releasing hemoglobin into the blood stream. It is the destruction of these blood
cells and the hemoglobin released into the blood stream that actually causes most of the symptoms.
While the most common way malaria is transmitted is from mosquitoes to humans, there are other
ways of catching the disease. One way is from mother to her unborn child. When a disease is
contracted this way it is said to have been transmitted congenitally. Another way is during blood
transfusions. This is why it is important to be tested for

Malaria Essay
Malaria is regarded as one of the world's deadliest tropical parasitic diseases. It claims more lives
than any other communicable disease except tuberculosis. In Africa and other developing countries,
it also accounts for millions of dollars in medical costs. Malaria, however, is a curable disease if
promptly diagnosed and adequately treated.
Malaria is a mosquito–borne disease caused by the parasite plasmodium. In recent years, most cases
in the U.S. have been in people who have acquired the disease after travelling to tropical and
sub–tropical areas. Over 200 million cases worldwide are reported each year.
Estimates of deaths caused by malaria exceed 1 million each year, with the majority being African
children. Other groups at risk...show more content...
Areas Stricken with the Disease
Malaria strikes poverty–stricken with the hardest blow. Malaria prevalent areas include some of the
world's poorest nations. In Africa, medical costs and related expenses have been estimated at 1–5%
gross domestic product.
Farming communities are particularly affected as well. In rural areas, the rainy season is a time of
intense agricultural activity, when poor families earn most of their income. When malaria strikes at
this time, these families are unable to make a living.
Malaria and Children
Malaria claims the life of a child every 30 seconds. This disease has reached epidemic proportions
in many regions of the world, and continues to grow unchecked. Malaria kills 3,000 children under
five years of age every day. This rate exceeds the mortality toll from AIDS.
Young African are chronic victims of malaria, suffering an average of six bouts a year. Too often,
severely afflicted children die less than 72 hours after developing the symptoms. Of the children who
survive, malaria also drains vital nutrients, impairing their physical and intellectual development.
Malaria is also particularly dangerous pregnant women. It causes severe anemia, and is a major
factor contributing to maternal deaths in malaria infected areas. Pregnant mothers who have malaria
and are HIV–positive are more likely to pass on their HIV status to the unborn child.
Economic Costs
The estimated economic costs of malaria are enormous.

Malaria Essay
Malaria (also called biduoterian fever, blackwater fever, falciparum malaria, plasmodium, Quartan
malaria, and tertian malaria) is one of the most infectious and most common diseases in the world.
This serious, sometimes–fatal disease is caused by a parasite that is carried by a certain species of
mosquito called the Anopheles. It claims more lives every year than any other transmissible disease
except tuberculosis. Every year, five hundred million adults and children (around nine percent of the
world's population) contract the disease and of these, one hundred million people die. Children are
more susceptible to the disease than adults, and in Africa, where ninety percent of the world's cases
occur and where eighty percent of the cases...show more content...
Also, only female mosquitoes can distribute the disease, as male mosquitoes do not feed on humans.
Mosquitoes pass malaria to humans through their salivary glands. Once the parasites have entered
the blood stream, they go to the liver. In the liver they mature and undergo reproduction, forming
merozoites. These merozoites enter the blood stream and inject themselves into red blood cells. Once
inside the blood cells, they reproduce rapidly and within forty–eight to seventy–two hours, the blood
cell bursts, releasing hemoglobin into the blood stream. It is the destruction of these blood cells and
the hemoglobin released into the blood stream that actually causes most of the symptoms.
While the most common way malaria is transmitted is from mosquitoes to humans, there are other
ways of catching the disease. One way is from mother to her unborn child. When a disease is
contracted this way it is said to have been transmitted congenitally. Another way is during blood
transfusions. This is why it is important to be tested for diseases such as malaria before you give
blood.
Malaria is diagnosed in two different ways. The most exact way is by an examination of the blood.
To do this, a doctor would take a drop of blood, stain it, and look at it under a microscope to see if
there were any parasites in it. Diagnosing malaria by the symptoms it causes is not as exact as
blood examination, but is used a lot in Africa, where most cases are treated at

Causes And Effects Of Malaria
of larval development sites, and limited means of treating wastewater and waste, this kind of
disease happens. As a result, the spread of malaria in rural areas has dropped sharply without
corresponding decline in urban areas. For example, the proportion of malaria cases in urban areas
has increased in many parts of India.The proportion of people living in urban areas are increasing
every year, which becomes the main reason.In addition, the social and economic factors that
contribute to urban malaria are similar to those that cause malaria among countryside people.
Malaria is one of the main causes of Africa's economic crisis. In countries with severe malaria
transmission, it is averaging 1.3% of annual economic growth losses. It has plunged families and
communities into a worsening trend of poverty, severely affecting marginalized and impoverished
populations who cannot afford treatment and have limited access to health care. At the same time, it
lowers the attendance of schools and workplaces by exacerbating poverty and damaging learning in
order has a lifelong impact.
The DDT is a medical tool used to eliminate the pesticides and against the Malaria. First, The use of
toxic pesticides in insects management has become a widely adopted practice in all countries of the
world. It is hard to find where pesticides are not used. However, it can harm farmland and reduce the
concentration of nutrients in the soil, such as nitrogen and phosphorus. It only damages beneficial
insect

There are currently five distinct protozoan vertebrate Plasmodium species identified as causal
agents of malaria in humans: P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovalae, P. malariae, and P. knowlesi, with
the most common, P. falciparum, accounting for approximately seventy percent of all cases. The
female Anopheles gambiae is a vector for all plasmodia of malaria, as observed by Ronald Ross in
1897 (Nobel Media, 2014) , and acquires the Plasmodium by feeding on the blood of an already
infected human. Subsequently, the Plasmodium multiplies, and migrates from the midgut of the
insect to the oesophagus, ready to be regurgitated into the bloodstream when the mosquito obtains a
blood meal from a human (NIH, 2017) . Ultimately, once inoculated by the...show more content...
Alternatively, in the P. vivax and P. ovale species, it is possible that the disease will prove
asymptomatic, though not benign, for many months (Chen et al, 2016) , as the sporozoites are able
to remain 'dormant' in the liver as hypnozoites. However, it is more common that symptoms will
appear within one month of being bitten by a carrier mosquito (Herchline, 2017) .
The life cycle of the malaria plasmodia once inside the body is both complex and systematic (see
Figure 1). For example, in the case of P. falciparum, the parasite adheres to the vascular endothelium
of the vital organs of its host, such as the liver, as well as subcutaneous adipose tissues, in a process
of cytoadherence. In the hepatic stage, the Plasmodium enters hepatocytes as a sporozoite, and
multiplies, forming a schizont, which will rupture and invade surrounding erythrocytes. The
Plasmodium, in the form of a merozoite, then replicates by asexual intraerythrocytic reproduction,
and changes the antigenicity of an erythrocyte, causing it to adhere to neighbouring cells.
Sequestration of erythrocytes in this manner can cause blockages within the blood vessels; in the
brain, this can lead to cerebral malaria– a fatal complication of malaria. Additionally, the
congregation of erythrocytes facilitates the movement of the Plasmodium from one cell to the next,
encouraging the rapid replication of the parasite within cells.

Essay on malaria
It is one of the ten deadliest diseases of all time. It effects men, women, children, and animals. It is
in full force in Africa, India, Asia, China, South America, and the Caribbean. This disease is
malaria. Nearly 40 percent of the world's population lives in areas that are effected by the disease.
Malaria is a serious, infectious disease spread by certain mosquitoes. It is caused by infection with
the Plasmodium genus of the protozoan parasite. More than one hundred species of this parasite
exist. It is capable of infecting reptiles, birds, rodents, and primates. Four species infect human
beings, the most common being P.vivax and P. falciparum.
...show more content...
The period between the two is usually 8 and 12 days for falciparum malaria, and up to a month for
other types. Symptoms from some strains of P.Vivax may not be seen for up to 8–10 months.
The primary symptom of all types of malaria is the "malaria ague" (chills and fever). In most
cases the fever has three stages. Uncontrollable shivering for an hour or two, followed by a rapid
rise in temperature as high as (106 degrees) which lasts for three hours. Then just as suddenly the
patient begins to sweat profusely. Other symptoms may include fatigue, severe headache, or
nausea and vomiting. As the sweat goes away the patient feels weak and falls asleep. In many
cases this cycle of chills, fever, and sweating occurs every other day, or they may last for between
a week and a month. Those with the chronic form of malaria may have a relapse as long as 50 years
after the initial infection.
Falciparum malaria is far more severe than other types of malaria because the parasite attacks all
red blood cells, not just the young or old cells, as do other types. It causes the red blood cells to
become very "sticky". A patient with this type can die within hours of the first symptoms. The fever
is prolonged. So many red blood cells are destroyed that they block the blood vessels in vital organs
(especially the kidneys) and the spleen can become enlarged. There may be brain damage,

Malaria And Its Effects On Human History Essay
Malaria is an ancient disease caused by parasites in the genus Plasmodium. Mosquitoes infected with
a malaria parasite have been found preserved in approximately 30–million–year–old amber
(Mehlhorn, et al.), and the malaria antigen has been detected in the tissues of Egyptian remains
dating back to 3200 BC (Miller, et al.). There are many examples where malaria epidemics have had
a significant impact on human history, and this is especially evident during the many wars
throughout history. As far back as the fourth century A.D., Attila the Hun's invasion of Rome was
stopped because of malaria (Kakkilaya). During the Revolutionary War, malaria helped the
Americans win their independence because many of the British armies were too sick to fight
(McNiell). During World War I, British, French, German, and American armies were unable to
fight because of malaria (Kakkilaya). A French commanding general when ordered to attack was
reported to have replied, "Regret that my army is in hospital with malaria" (Kakkilaya). In World
War II, early during the Pacific campaign, more soldiers fell to malaria than to enemy ("Institute of
Medicine"). Malaria Control in War Areas (MCWA) was founded in 1942 to control malaria near
military training bases in the United States ("Our History – Our Story"). After World War II, MCWA
went on to become the Center for Disease Control (CDC). Because the South was where most
malaria transmission occurred and was where the MCWA had been

Malaria Is An Infectious Disease
Background Malaria is considered as one of the deadliest diseases around the world. The cases of
malaria are getting worse and more serious especially in the African countries. Almost 40% of the
world's population could be affected by the disease. Malaria could cause over 1 million deaths each
year and could result to enormous damages to human and social–being (Gething et al., 2014). Most
of the international organizations concerning human health have been working on provisions for
early the diagnosis and treatment of the disease as well as selective measures such as vector control.
Definition
Malaria is an infectious disease caused by parasitic protozoans which belong to the plasmodium type.
It is commonly transmitted by female Anopheles mosquito. The mosquito bite transfers the bacteria
into the bloodstream. The parasite migrates to the liver and reproduce. (Slutsker & Kachur, 2013).
Brief History The cases of malaria could be recognized from the writings of ancient civilization.
There are ancient Chinese writings which described the symptoms of malaria (Gething et al.,
2014). However, its mechanism is not known until the discovery of the malaria parasite. The
parasite was discovered by Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran who is a French surgeon. He noticed
the parasites in the blood of the patient diagnosed with malaria. He was awarded Nobel Prize for his
discovery. In addition, the widely used antimalarial drug that is used in the modern times is
discovered during the

Effects of Malaria on Health, Economies, and Blood

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