2. Major Environmental
Acts/Rules
1. The Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1974
2. The Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Cess, Act, 1977
3. The Air (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1981
4. The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986
5. Environmental Impact Assessment Notification
6. The Hazardous Waste (Management and Handling) Rules 1989, 2003
7. The Bio - Medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules 1988
8. The Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules 2000
9. The Noise Pollution (Regulation & Control) Rules, 2000
4. METROS CITIES/URBAN AREAS
Air Quality
Concerns
53 non-attainment cities
Dominant Sources: Vehicular Emissions, Small/Medium Scale
Industries, Generator sets, Biomass burning, etc.
Pollutants: NOx, SPM/RSPM & CO
CRITICALLY POLLUTED AREAS
24 critically polluted areas
Dominant Sources: Industries-Power Plants, Refineries, Chemical
Plants, etc.
Pollutants: NOx ,SPM/RSPM, SO2 VOCs, PAHs, HAPs, etc.
RURAL AREAS
Indoor air pollution: Use of Biomass, Coal, kerosene, etc.
Outdoor air pollution: Unpaved roads, Biomass burning, Gensets etc.
Pollutants: SPM/RSPM, CO, etc.
5. Control Strategies
Adopted
Air Quality Standards notified (1982 & 1994) and Air Pollution
Control areas declared
Emission Standards notified for Industries, Vehicles (in-use
& new), Gensets, etc.
Fuel quality improvements. (Coal, gasoline & diesel).
Relocation of polluting industries, phasing out older
polluting vehicles, introduction of mass rapid transportation,
etc.
Road map for control of emissions from new and in-use
vehicles developed up to year 2010
Use of Alternate fuel (CNG, LPG, Ethanol Petrol, Bio-diesel,
Hydrogen,etc.)
6. Gasoline Benzene
Reduction
Programme in India
No Specifications
Before 1996
5%
June
1994
April 1996
0.15 g/l
(4 metro)
3% in Metro cities
April
1995
Unleaded
4 metros
April 2000
Jan
1997
3 % in all India
&
1% in Major Metros
Nov. 2000
Low leaded
Entire Country
Gasoline Lead
Phase-out
Programme In
India
1 % in NCT &
Mumbai
Jan
1999
April. 2005
Unleaded
NCR
3 % in all India
Feb
200
Unleaded 0
Country
April. 2010
7. Vehicle
Emission Norm
Schedule In
India
Euro-III (Country)
Euro-IV (11 cities)
Sulphur 0.50 %
4 metros & Taj
2005
Euro-I equivalent (Country)
Euro-II eqv. For cars (4 metros)
August 1997
2000/01
2nd set norms
notified
1996
Sulphur 0.25%
Delhi & Taj
April 1998
Sulphur 0.25%
Metro cities
April-2000
Emission norms for
catalytic vehicles
Sulphur 0.25%
Entire Country
April 2000-04
1995
April
1996
2010
Euro-II (Country)
Euro-III (11 cities)
1 set norms
notified
st
Sulphur 0.05%
11 cities
1990
April-2005
April-2010
Sulphur 0.05%
Entire Country
& 0.035 (11 cities)
Sulphur 0.005%
(11 cities) & 0.035%
(Entire Country)
Diesel Sulphur
Reduction
Programme
9. Air Quality Monitoring
Network
Objectives
To determine status and trends of ambient air quality
To ascertain whether the prescribed ambient air quality standards are
violated
To Identify Non-attainment
Monitoring Network
Total number of operating Stations: 342 stations in 127 cities/towns in
26 States and 4 UTs
Data in CPCB website
(www.cpcb.nic.in) through EDB:
326
Monitoring Agencies:
CPCB, SPCBs, PCCs, NEERI
Parameters:
(i) SO2, NO2, RSPM and SPM
(ii) Benzene, Toluene & Xylene (BTX) ,
CO, Ozone, Ammonia, PAHs, PM2.5 are being monitored in Delhi
and other selected locations.
Data in CPCB Website (http://www.cpcb.nic.in) through Environmental
Data Bank (EDB)
11. Inside View of the CPCB
Continous Monitoing Station at
DCE, Delhi
Parameter Monitored:
Sulphur Dioxide,
Carbon Monoxide,
Oxides of Nitrogen,
Ozone, PM 10 and
Meteorological
parameters, Wind
Speed, Wind
Direction,
Temperature and
Relative Humidity
12. Schematic Description of Air
Quality Monitoring System
METEOROLOGIC AL
Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)
DATA
• TEMPERAURE
• HUMIDITY
• WIND SPEED
Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)
Intercom 6
ZERO GAS
Measuring Signal
Calibration
CALIBRATION
SPAN GAS
• WIND DIRECTION
Carbon monoxide (CO)
Station
Computer
GAS
CALIBRATION
Ozone (O3)
ANALYSERS
Central Computer
MODEM
13.
14. HAPs CONTRIBUTING
SECTORS IN INDIA
1. MAJOR INDUSTRY
SECTORS:
Bulk Drug & Pharmaceuticals
Pesticides
Dyes & Dye Intermediates
Other Organic Chemicals,
involving use of solvents
Coke Ovens
Production of Metals
15. 2. OTHER SECTORS:
Unorganized Waste Burning
Petrol / Diesel Filling Stations
Transport sector – Emission from
Engines
Domestic Waste Landfill Sites
Open Burning of Farm Residues
Laundry – Dry cleaning
Photocopying machines
16.
17. 24 PROBLEM AREAS
IDENTIFIED IN THE
COUNTRY
Singrauli
13. Najafgarh Basin
1.
2. Kala Amb
3. Parwanoo
4. Mandi Gobindgarh
5. Vapi
6. Ankleshwar
7. Chembur
8. Tarapur
9. Nagda-Ratlam
10. Pali
11. Jodhpur
12. Korba
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
Manali
North Arcot
Bhadravathi
Visakapatnam
Patancheru - Bollaram
Greater Cochin
Durgapur
Howrah
Dhanbad
Angul- Talcher
Digboi
19. VOCs
PREDOMINANT VOCs FOUND
AROUND A CHEMICAL ESTATE
Plant A
Range
(Average)
Benzene
Chloroform
Toluene
Methylene
chloride
Sampling Locations
Plant B
Plant C
Plant D
Range
Range
Range
(Average)
(Average)
(Average)
Plant E
Range
(Average)
USEPA
Region
6
Screening
Levels
0-20 (13)
33-39 (35)
0-142 (63)
61-86 (70)
17-19 (18)
23-34 (29)
31-48 (37)
43-78 (57)
42-57 (48)
56-99 (78)
0.250
0.0840
40-115
(81)
133-269
(218)
83-1247
(622)
291-381
(327)
0-66
(37)
56-229
40-254
(126)
217-335
(291)
84-537
(253)
253-459
(353)
400
4.09
(139)
Total VOCs
311-591
483-1791
198-586
417-2123
435-1512
(455)
(1149)
(417)
(1183)
(999)
Note: The concentration is expressed in µg/m3; USEPA Region 6 Screening Levels :
EPA region 6 Screening Level is calculated for residential exposure. The levels are
based on a 1 in a million cancer risk or a ‘hazard quotient’ of 1 for non-cancer effects.
These screening levels are not legally enforceable.
20. AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING
ANALYSIS REPORT (ANKLESHWAR)
(Pollutants in micro gram / cubic meters)
S.
No
Location & Date of Air Sampling
1
Premises of Mahaveer Traders, Shanti Nagar,
Rajpipla Road, (Residential / commercial area) in
the North-East direction.
03/03/08
311
(18:20 Hrs 22:20Hrs)
436
(01:10 Hrs 05:10 Hrs)
591
(11:15 Hrs 15:15Hrs)
2
Premises of Asian Paints Colony, (Residentialarea)
in the south Direction of Industrial area.
03/03/2008
1173
(12:45 Hrs 16:45Hrs)
483.5
(00:30 Hrs 04:30Hrs)
1791
(09:30 Hrs 13:30Hrs)
3
Premises of Meghmani Organics Limited, 5001/B,
GIDC (almost in the center of industrial area).
03/03/08
586
(17:20 Hrs 21:20Hrs)
467
(01:45 Hrs 05:45Hrs)
198
(10:45 Hrs 14:45Hrs)
Premises of Jai Glass Fibre, 7521/1, GIDC, (corner
of the industrial area) in the South – East direction
of industrial area.
03/03/08
2123
(15:45 Hrs –
19:45Hrs)
417.5
(00:05 Hrs –
04:05Hrs)
1007.5
(10:20 Hrs –
14:20Hrs)
4.
VOCs Concentration
Contd…
21. (Pollutants in micro gram / cubic meters)
S.
No
Location & Date of Air Sampling
5
Premises of Durga Traders (Bhavna
Farm),Near ONGC Colony (Residential Area)
in the North – West direction of industrial
area.
03/03/08
A A Q M Stations in down wind direction
A A Q M Stations in up wind direction
A A Q M Stations in Cross wind direction
VOCs Concentration
1512
(13:15 Hrs
–
18:15Hrs)
:
:
:
435
1052
(12:45 Hrs – (11:35 Hrs –
16:45Hrs)
15:35Hrs)
Asian Paints Colony
Mahaveer Traders
Jai Glass Fibres, Durga Traders and
Meghmani Organic Ltd
Land Use Classification
Industrial Zone
Sky Conditions
Sunny Sky
Ambient Temperature
34oC to 37oC
Predominant Wind Directions
North East to South West
Analytical Methodology Adopted: EPA TO-17
22. PREDOMINANT VOCs AT PANOLI
VOCs ↓
Sampling Locations
Hotel
Sanman
Chloroform
Cheminova
Indstires
(Intermediate)
Public
School
Kharod
Niranjan
Sales
Range
(Average)
Methylene
chloride
Solvay
Speciality
Ltd
Range
(Average)
Range
(Average)
Range
(Average)
Range
(Average)
162-264
(212)
230426(324)
0-332(219)
193425(271)
0-134 (89)
0-504(179)
42-75 (62)
26-32 (29)
38-313(132) 56-794 (306)
Chlorobenzene
0-30 (20)
32-38 (35)
0-30 (10)
24-39(34)
0-16 (10)
Toluene
0-30 (10)
0-32 (17)
0-70 (29)
18-66(39)
9-25 (16)
Benzene
0-73 (34)
0-45 (29)
32-35 (33)
0-46 (15)
0-18(12)
(12)
(96)
(0)
(9)
(10)
254-704
(420)
391-1546
(807)
35-877
(470)
322-598
(430)
85-226
(166)
Others
Total VOCs
25. FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR
GENERATION OF HAPs
Poor Solvent Recovery in Chemical Industries
Improper practices for production of chemicals,
metals and other goods - particularly in small &
Medium scale units
Open burning of wastes / other materials
Haphazard dumping of wastes
Inefficient operation of vehicles
Improper Quality of Fuels used in Domestic and
Transport sector
26. CPCB’S INITIATIVES ON
HAPs
1. Assessment of HAPs in priority industry
categories
Bulk Drug & Pharmaceuticals
Pesticides
Dyes & Dye Intermediates
Coke Ovens
2. Development of Monitoring Protocol
VOCs, PAHs & Alcohols
Pesticides
Aldehydes & Ketones
In-organics & Metals
27. 3. Development of Standards:
a. Source (Industry Category):
Petrochemicals
Oil Refineries
Pesticides
Coke Ovens
28. Ambient Air Quality Standards (proposed)
S.
No
Parameter, units
1
Benzene (C6H6),
µg/m3
2
Carbon Monoxide
(CO), µg/m3
3
Formaldehyde
(HCHO), µg/m3
4
Averaging Time
Analysis Method
1-hr
8-hr
24hr
Annual
-
-
15
5
4000
2000
-
-
Non Dispersive Infra Red
(NDIR), spectroscopy
80
45
-
-
Absorption in MBTH and
spectrophotometer analysis
Polyaromatic
Hydrocarbons
(PAH),
Benzo(a)pyrene
(BaP) (particulate
phase only),
ng/m3
-
-
5
1
Solvent extraction followed by
analysis on GC/HPLC/GCMS
5
Arsenic, ng/m3
-
-
20
6
AAS/ICP Method after
sampling on EPM or
equivalent Filter paper
6
Lead, µg/m3
-
-
1
0.5
Online gas chromatography
Activated carbon/tenex
adsorption and GC analysis
Contd…
29. 7
Mercury(1) (total),
ng/m3
-
-
15
-
Particulate phase,
ng/m3
-
-
3
-
Vapour phase¸
ng/m3
-
-
12
-
8
Nickel, ng/m3
-
-
25
-
9
Vanadium, ng/m3
-
-
200
-
10
Nitrogen dioxide
(NO2) General
Area, µg/m3
200
-
80
40
Nitrogen dioxide
(NO2) Sensitive
Area(2), µg/m3
-
-
-
30 (3months
Average)
11
Ozone (O3), µg/m3
180
90
-
-
12
Particulate matter
(PM10), µg/m3
-
-
100
60
Particulate matter
(PM ), µg/m3
-
-
60
40
Particulate: same as for lead
above
Vapour - Activated carbon or gold
coated sand adsorption followed
by analysis on AAS/ICP
AAS/ICP Method after sampling
on EPM or equivalent Filter paper
Jacob & Hochheiser Modified
Method
Chemiluminescence
UV Photometric technology
Chemiluminescence
Approved Particle size cutoff
sampler
Gravimetric analysis
Contd…
30. 13
BSF/TSF
(benzene/toluene
soluble fraction),
µg/m3
-
-
20
-
ASTM D4600-87,1990
14
Sulphur dioxide
(SO2) General
Area, µg/m3
26
0
-
80
50
ASTM D4600-87,1990
Improved West and Gaeke
Ultraviolet Fluorescence
Sulphur dioxide
(SO2) Sensitive
Area (2), µg/m3
15
Ammonia (NH3),
µg/m3
20 (3months
Averag
e)
-
-
40
0
100
Chemiluminescence
Indophenol- blue method
(1) Whenever measurement of vapour mercury cannot be done, standard for particulate
mercury only is applicable
(2) For sensitive area, more stringent standards will be applicable for NO2 and SO2;
standards for other parameters remain unchanged
Notes:
(a) Annual Arithmetic mean of minimum 104 measurements taken twice a week 24 hourly
at a uniform interval should not exceed the annual standard.
(b) 1-hour/24-hourl/8-hourl values should be met 98% of the time in a year. However, 2%
of the time, it may exceed but not on two consecutive days.
31. STRATEGY FOR ABATEMENT OF HAPs
Identification & Inventorization of
Potential HAPs in Indian context
Estimation of emission from HAPs, based on
secondary data and available literature
Assessment of such HAPs through Monitoring at selected
sources including development of necessary instruments for
HAP monitoring
Study of International practices for
prevention and control of HAPs
Development of Standards, Norms & Strategies for control
Monitoring Compliance & Efforts for Prevention of HAPs
