Presentation given at the three days ( January 28-30, 2015) Indo- UK workshop on, "Accelerated Carbonation Technology (ACT): A Promising Tool for Waste Valorisation and Carbon Dioxide Sequestration" at Udaipur, Rajasathan, India. The workshop was sponsored by the Department of Science & Technology (DST), Govt. of India and The Royal Society of UK and organised jointly by the Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research, India and The University of Greenwich UK a. The workshop programme included visits to a Cement plant and a Zinc smelting plant.

1. Identification of Industrial Wastes Suitable for Application of the
Accelerated Carbonation Technology in India – An Approach
Presentation at the Indo-UK Scientific Seminar
Accelerated Carbonation Technology: A Promising Tool for Waste Valorisation and
Carbon Dioxide Sequestration
Hill Top Palace, Udaipur, (January 28-30, 2015)
by
Dr R S Mahwar, Environmental Consultant &
Former Additional Director, Central Pollution Control Board (Ministry of Environment &
Forests), Govt. of India, Delhi

2. Wastes Types/Characteristics Requirements for Application of
Accelerated Carbonation Technology (ACT)
 Solid Waste
 Inorganic in Nature
 Containing Calcium and/or
 Silicon Salts

3. Review of the Regulation on Classification of the
Hazardous Wastes Generation in India
(Objective- Where does the ACT fit ?)
 Hazardous Wastes – Rule 3 (l) of the Hazardous Waste (Management,
Handling and Transboundary Movement) Rules 2008
 Any waste which by reason of any of its physical, chemical, reactive, toxic,
flammable, explosive or corrosive characteristics causes danger or is likely
to cause danger to health or environment, whether alone or when in
contact with other wastes or substances, and shall include-
(i) Wastes specified under column (3) of Schedule-I,
(ii) Wastes having constituents specified in Schedule-II if their
concentration is equal to or more than the limit indicated in the said
Schedule, and
(iii) Wastes specified in Part A or Part B of the Schedule-III in respect of
import or export of such wastes in accordance with rules 12, 13 and 14
or the wastes other than those specified in Part A or Part B if they
possess any of the hazardous characteristics specified in Part C of that
Schedule

4. Schedule –I (HW Rules 2008)
 The Schedule I* specifies a total of 115 types of hazardous wastes
generated from 36 processes.
 The wastes contained in Schedule- I does not preclude the use of
Schedule – II** to demonstrate that the waste is not hazardous***
and in case of dispute, the matter would be referred to the Technical
Review Committee constituted by Ministry of Environment & Forests,
Govt. of India
* Schedule-I is based on the types of waste generating processes
** Schedule- II is based on the composition of the wastes
*** This is the most important amendment introduced in 2008

5. 36-Processes* Generating Hazardous Wastes as
per Schedule- I
(* Expected to meet the requirements of ACT ?)
1. Petrochemical processes and pyrolytic operations.
2. Drilling operation for oil and gas production.
3. Cleaning, emptying and maintenance of petroleum oil
storage tanks including ships.
4. Petroleum refining/re-processing of used oil/recycling
of waste oil
5. Industrial operations using mineral/synthetic oil as
lubricant in hydraulic systems or other applications
6. Secondary production and/or industrial use of zinc.*
7. Primary production of zinc/lead/copper and other non-
ferrous metals except aluminum.*
8. Secondary production of copper.*
9. Secondary production of lead.*

6. Processes Generating Hazardous Wastes as per
Schedule- I (Contd.)
10. Production and/or industrial use of cadmium and arsenic
and their compounds.*
11. Production of primary and secondary aluminum. *
12. Metal surface treatment, such as etching, staining,
polishing, galvanizing, cleaning, degreasing, plating, etc.
13. Production of iron and steel including other ferrous alloys
(electric furnaces; steel rolling and finishing mills, Coke
oven and by product plant) *
14. Hardening of steel*
15. Production of asbestos or asbestos-containing materials
16. Production of caustic soda and chlorine*
17. Production of mineral acids
18. Production of nitrogenous and complex fertilizers*
19. Production of phenol

7. Processes Generating Hazardous Wastes
as per Schedule- I (Contd.)
20. Production and/or industrial use of solvents
21. Production and/or industrial use of paints, pigments,
Lacquers, varnishes, plastics and inks
22. Production of plastic raw materials
23. Production and/or industrial use of glues, cements,
adhesive and resins
24. Production of canvas and textiles
25. Industrial production and formulation of wood
preservatives
26. Production or industrial use of synthetic dyes, dye-
intermediates and pigments
27. Production of organo -silicone compounds
28. Production/formulation of drugs/ pharmaceuticals
and health care product
29. Production, and formulation of pesticides including
stock-piles

8. Processes Generating Hazardous Wastes
as per Schedule- I (Contd.)
30. Leather Tanneries*
31. Electronic Industry
32. Pulp and Paper Industry
33. Disposal of barrels / containers used for handling of
hazardous wastes/ chemicals
34. Purification and treatment of exhaust air, water and
waste water from the processes in this schedule and
common industrial effluent treatment plants (CETP’S) *
35. Purification process for organic compounds/ solvents
36. Hazardous waste treatment processes, e.g;
incineration, distillation, separation and concentration
techniques. *

9. Classification of Wastes as per Schedule-II*
(* Which ones do we expect to meet the requirements of ACT ?)
 Schedule-II has five classes namely, Class A, B, C, D and E.
 The classes A to class D are based on the type of the
constituents present and their concentrations.
 The class E is for flammable, explosive, corrosive, toxic and
carcinogenic wastes
 Constituents conc. limits (equal to or more than) : Class A- 50
mg/kg; Class B- 5,000 mg/kg; Class C- 20,000 mg/kg and Class
D- 50,000 mg/kg

10. Classification as per Schedule-II (Contd.)
 If a component of the waste appears in one of the five risk
classes listed above (A, B, C, D or E) and the concentration
of the component is equal to or more than the limit for the
relevant risk class, the material is then classified as
hazardous waste.
 If multiple hazardous constituents from the same class are
present in the waste, the concentrations are added
together.
 If multiple hazardous constituents from different classes
are present in the waste, the lowest concentration limit
corresponding to the constituent(s) applies.

11. Class A
Concentration limit : 50 mg/kg
(A1 to A10 to be seen w.r.t. the application of ACT)
A1 Antimony and antimony compounds
A2 Arsenic and arsenic compounds
A3 Beryllium and beryllium compounds
A4 Cadmium and cadmium compounds
A5 Chromium (VI) compounds
A6 Mercury and mercury compounds
A7 Selenium and selenium compounds
A8 Tellurium and tellurium compounds
A9 Thallium and thallium compounds
A10 Inorganic cyanide compounds
A11 Metal carbonyls
A12 Napthalene
A13 Anthracene
A14 Phenanthrene
A15 Chrysene, benzo (a) anthracene, fluoranthene, benzo (a) pyrene, benzo (K) fluoranthene, indeno (1, 2,
3- cd) pyrene and benzo (ghi) perylene
A16 halogenated compounds of aromatic rings, e.g. polychloroted biphenyls, polychloroterphenyls and their
derivatives
A17 Halogenated aromatic compounds
A18 Benzene
A19 Organo-chlorine pesticides
A20 Organo-tin Compounds

12. Class B
Concentration limit: 5, 000 mg/kg
(B1 to B10 ,B16,B27, B28 & B29 to be seen w.r.t. to the application of ACT)
B1 Chromium (III) compounds
B2 Cobalt compounds
B3 Copper compounds
B4 Lead and lead compounds
B5 Molybdenum compounds
B6 Nickel compounds
B7 Inorganic Tin compounds
B8 Vanadium compounds
B9 Tungsten compounds
B10 Silver compounds
B11 Halogenated aliphatic compounds
B12 Organo phosphorus compounds
B13 Organic peroxides
B14 Organic nitro-and nitroso-compounds
B15 Organic azo-and azooxy compounds
B16 Nitrites
B17 Amines
B18 (Iso-and thio-) cyanates
B19 Phenol and phenolic compounds
B20 Mercaptans
B21 Asbestos
B22 Halogen-silanes
B23 Hydrazine (s)
B24 Flourine
B25 Chlorine
B26 Bromine
B27 White and red phosphorus
B28 Ferro-silicate and alloys
B29 Manganese-silicate
B30 Halogen-containing compounds which produce acidic vapours on contact with humid air or water, e.g. silicon tetrachloride, aluminium
chloride, titanium tetrachloride

13. Class C
Concentration limit : 20,000 mg/kg
(C1 to C7 and C11 to C15 to be seen w.r.t. to the application of ACT)
C1 Ammonia and ammonium compounds
C2 Inorganic peroxides
C3 Barium compounds except barium sulphate
C4 Fluorine compounds
C5 Phosphate compounds except phosphates of aluminium, calcium and iron
C6 Bromates, (hypo-bromites)
C7 Chlorates, (hypo-chlorites)
C8 Aromatic compounds other than those listed under Al2 to A18
C9 Organic silicone compounds
C10 Organic sulphur compounds
C11 Iodates
C12 Nitrates, nitrites
C13 Sulphides
C14 Zinc compounds
C15 Salts of per-acids
C16 Acid amides
C17 Acid anhydrides

14. Class D
Concentration limit: 50,000 mg/kg
(D1, D3, D8 and D9 to be seen w.r.t. to the application of ACT)
D1 Total Sulphur
D2 Inorganic acids
D3 Metal hydrogen sulphates
D4 Oxides and hydroxides except those of hydrogen, carbon,
silicon, iron, aluminum, titanium, manganese, magnesium, calcium
D5 Total hydrocarbons other than those listed under Al2 to A18
D6 Organic oxygen compounds
D7 Organic nitrogen compounds expressed as nitrogen
D8 Nitrides
D9 Hydrides

15. Class E
Regardless of concentration limit, classified as hazardous wastes if the waste exhibits
any of the following Characteristics : (Application of the ACT ?)
E1 Flammable
Flammable wastes with flash point 65.6°c or below.
E2 Explosive
Wastes which may explode under the effect of flame, heat or photochemical
conditions. Any other waste of explosive materials included in the Indian Explosive
Act.
E3 Corrosive
Wastes which may be corrosive, by chemical action, will cause severe damage when
in contact with living tissue.
E4 Toxic
Wastes containing or contaminated with established toxic and or eco- toxic
constituents.
E5 Carcinogenicity, Mutagenecity and Endocrine disruptivity Wastes contaminated or
containing established carcinogens, mutagens and endocrine disruptors.

16. Non-Hazardous Wastes
 The high volume low effect wastes such as fly ash, phosphogypsum,
red mud, slags from pyrometallurgical operations, mine tailings and
ore beneficiation rejects are excluded from the category of hazardous
wastes and separate guidelines on the management of these wastes
shall be issued by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB).
 Wastes having concentrations of constituents less than the limits
specified in schedule-II

17. Hazardous Wastes Generation and
Management in India*
 36,165 nos. of hazardous waste generating industries, Generating
62,32,507 Metric Tonnes of hazardous wastes every year.
• Land Fillable HW** – 27, 28,326 MTA (Metric Tonnes/Annum)
• Incinerable HW - 4, 15,794 MTA
• Recyclable HW - 30, 88,387 MTA
* Source- CPCB Publication 2009
** wastes suitable for use of ACT currently going to landfills can be converted into
useful materials

18. Hazardous Wastes Generation and Management in
India (Contd.)
(States to be considered first ?)
 80.29 % of country’s total ( 6.23 Million MTA) HW generated in seven
States
 Gujarat-28.76 %, Maharshtra-25.16 % , Andhra Pradesh -8.93 %,
Chhattisgarh-4.74 %, Rajasthan-4.38 %, West Bengal-4.17 % and Tamil
Nadu-4.15 %
 90% (of the total land fillable viz 2.7 Million MTA) of the land disposal is in
eight States
 Gujarat -40.58 %, Maharashtra -20.83 %, Andhra Pradesh -7.75 %, Rajasthan
(6.05 %), Tamil Nadu (5.79 %), West Bengal (4.42 %), Orissa (2.73 %) and
Kerala (2.18 %).

19. Identification of Wastes for Application of ACT
(Suggested Criteria based on the HWM status in India)
 Non Hazardous Wastes (NHW) which can be converted into of into useful products
 Hazardous Wastes (HW) which can be converted into products/ materials which do
not require land fill disposal
 Encapsulation of toxic metals such as Hg, As, Cd, Pb etc
 Wastes generated from the processes mentioned at S.No. 6 to 11, 13,14,16, 18,30,
34 and 36 of schedule- I and wastes falling under Class A, B and C of Schedule- II
 Wastes management in areas with cluster of small scale industries

20. Solid wastes suitable for Application of ACT
 Fly ash (except the part used for blending with cement)
 Phosphogypsum, generated from the phosphoric acid,
ammonium phosphate and hydrofluoric acid plants
 Red mud generated in non-ferrous metal extraction industries
like aluminum and copper
 Slags from pyrometallurgical operations, including the Blast
Furnace (BF) and Steel Melting Shop (SMS) slags in integrated
iron and steel plants

21. Solid wastes suitable for Application of ACT (Contd.)
 Mine tailings and ore beneficiation rejects
 Cement Kiln dust
 Wastes from treatment of salt slags and black drosses from
production of primary and secondary aluminum
 Brine sludge generated in Chlor-Alkali Plants (including the
mercury bearing sludge generated in the past)
 Acid neutralization sludge generated in Chlor-Alkali Plants

22. Solid Wastes Suitable for Application of ACT (Contd.)
 Lime sludge generated in the Sugar, paper, fertilizer, tanneries,
soda ash, calcium Carbide industries
 Sludge and other wastes generated in clay and ceramic
industries.
 Residues generated in the mining and beneficiation of beach
sand for ilmenite.

23. Solid Wastes Suitable for Application of ACT (Contd.)
 Gypsum sludge generated from water and waste water
treatment plants including CETPs
 Marble processing waste
 Construction and Demolition (C & D) Waste
 Lime stone wastes from Lime stone quarry
(The list is not exhaustive and further additions can be made)

24. General Remarks
 The use of ACT (where applicable) is expected to be of more interest for
industries/areas having the burden/pressure of disposing large quantities of solid
wastes.
 The scope of ACT application is more in Gujarat, Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh
 The ACT applications in waste valorization should be prioritized as per the country’s
international commitments in regard to Climate Change i.e control of GHGs
emissions.
 An exhaustive study (dry survey) is needed to identify specific wastes at specific
industries/locations for feasible applications of the ACT.

25. Thank You