CALL ON ➥9907093804 🔝 Call Girls Hadapsar ( Pune) Girls Service
125 nipsta
1. AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDERS &
DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES: HOW TO
DETECT AND RESPOND APPROPRIATELY
-PRESENTED BY-
Brooke R. Whitted Dr. Anne Maxwell
Whitted Cleary & Takiff LLC Clinical Psychologist
3000 Dundee # 303 125 S. East Avenue
Northbrook, IL 60062 Oak Park, IL 60302
847-564-8662 708-383-3480
whittedlaw@aol.com apmaxwell@sbcglobal.net
www.wct-law.com
2. BACKGROUNDS
BROOKE WHITTED ANNE MAXWELL
FORMER PROBATION DOCTORAL LEVEL
OFFICER (JUVENILE) LICENSED CLINICAL
LAWYER PSYCHOLOGIST
CONCENTRATING ON SPECIALIZING FOR OVER
SCHOOL AND 20 YEARS ON AUTISM
DISABILITY LAW SPECTRUM DISORDERS
BOARD MEMBER,
UNIVERSITY OF
CHICAGO FOUNDATION
FOR EMOTIONALLY
DISTURBED CHILDREN
4. Other Case Examples
Disturbance call # 1
Disturbance Call # 2
Family distress call
Naked man on a bus
5. March ’’08 ILEETA Use of Force
Journal (Larry Smith)
•• Examples of ““suspicious behavior””:
Wearing a heavy coat on a hot day;
Swinging left arm while walking, right
arm held against the body;
Avoidance of eye contact;
Pants with shirttail hanging out
**ASD INDIVIDUALS DISPLAY ALL OF
THESE BEHAVIORS**
7. Public Act 95-0171 now requires that
the police training curriculum must:
““……include a block of instruction aimed
at identifying and interacting with
persons with autism and other
developmental disabilities, reducing
barriers to reporting crimes against
persons with autism, and addressing
the unique challenges presented by
cases involving victims or witnesses
with autism and other developmental
disabilities.””
8. PUBLIC ACT 96-0788
(Effective 8/28/09)
To afford people with disabilities the
same access to public services as
everyone else
It’’s a good idea to have the
information when on a call
““Disability”” = same as Americans with
Disabilities Act: limitation in one or
more major life functions
9. PUBLIC ACT 96-0788 CONTINUED
Computer Aided Dispatch ““CAD”” may
be utilized, so as to implement a
Premise Alert Program ““PAP”” with
information about special needs
Consent is a preference and should
be sought where possible, however
You can use the information anyway
if it is ““verified””
10. A Digression:
What is “Verified” ??
•• Can we get sued if we don’t have
consent to use this information?
•• Answer: NOT LIKELY if the verification
includes one of the listed “acceptable
means”:
•• Statements by THE SUBJECT HIMSELF
•• Statements by FAMILY MEMBERS
•• Statements by CAREGIVERS
•• Statements by MEDICAL PERSONNEL familiar with
the subject
11. PUBLIC ACT 96-0788 Part III
The Department must develop
policies designed to keep the
information confidential and reserved
for emergency use only
““Knowing”” misuse can lead to a
Federal administrative complaint
BUT, except for intentional
misconduct, you have immunity
12. WHY WAS THIS LAW PASSED?
10-20% OF ALL CALLS WILL INVOLVE SOME
KIND OF “HIDDEN DISABILITY”
COMMON SITUATIONS IN WHICH
VIOLATIONS ARE MORE FREQUENT:
VIOLATION OF SOCIAL NORMS
AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR (ROUTINE DISRUPTED)
SOCIAL BOUNDARIES VIOLATED
PROPERTY DAMAGE
13. ANOTHER REASON FOR THE LAW:
PEOPLE WITH ASD ARE
SEVEN TIMES MORE LIKELY
TO HAVE AN ENCOUNTER
WITH LAW ENFORCEMENT
THAN THE GENERAL
POPULATION
14. SOME HELPFUL FACTS
•• ASD INDIVIDUALS LOOK LIKE EVERYONE ELSE
•• UNDERDEVELOPED UPPER TRUNK
•• DON’’T FEEL THE NORMAL RANGE OF SENSATIONS
•• 50% NONVERBAL
•• 20% OF THE REMAINDER LOSE VERBAL ABILITY UNDER
STRESS
•• 40% WILL HAVE A SEIZURE DISORDER
•• ASD INDIVIDUALS HAVE TROUBLE RESPONDING TO
COMMANDS
•• THE SCHOOL CALENDAR: SUMMER IS MORE ACTIVE!
•• DRAWN TO WATER
15. AND ANOTHER:
INCREASING ––
IN FACT SKYROCKETING ––
DIAGNOSES OF ASD
IN THE GENERAL
POPULATION
16. NEXT REASON FOR THE LAW:
TENSION
BETWEEN
A LAW ENFORCEMENT APPROACH
AND
A MENTAL HEALTH / CLINICAL
APPROACH
17. LAW ENFORCEMENT APPROACH
•• ““COMMAND PRESENCE””
TAKE CONTROL ON ARRIVAL
IMMEDIATELY STOP THE BEHAVIOR
MOVE QUICKLY AND DECISIVELY
USE A COMMANDING TONE OF VOICE
UTILIZE AN IMPOSING PHYSICAL POSTURE
IF NECESSARY
ELIMINATE ANY DELAYS
•• RETURN TO SERVICE
18. CLINICAL APPROACH
NON –– CONFRONTATIONAL
CALMING, SUPPORTIVE
FRIENDLY, WARM, LOW-KEY
ACCEPTING OF ANY KIND OF
TALK, NO MATTER HOW ODD
YOU HAVE ALL THE TIME IN THE
WORLD TO TALK WITH SUBJECT
19. STANDARD ARREST
PROCEDURES
STANDARD ARREST
PROCEDURES ARE HIGHLY
LIKELY TO ESCALATE THE
BEHAVIOR OF AN AUTISTIC
SUBJECT
20. ““EXCITED DELIRIUM””
A LOT HAS BEEN WRITTEN ABOUT THIS
PHENOMENON BUT:
IT’’S NOT A MENTAL ILLNESS DISORDER, IT IS
NOT IN THE ““DSM IV””
OFTEN IS THEORIZED TO BE THE ““CAUSE”” OF
AN IN-CUSTODY DEATH
RISKY TO USE AS AN EXPLANATION FOR AN
ARREST GONE WRONG, AS SYNDROME IS NOT
SCIENTIFICALLY ESTABLISHED: DEFENSE
ATTORNEYS USE THIS ARGUMENT
21. ““EXCITED DELIRIUM”” II
OFTEN LISTED CHARACTERISTICS:
BIZARRE, AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR
IMPAIRED THINKING, DISORIENTATION
HALLUCINATIONS (AUDITORY/VISUAL)
EXTRAORDINARY STRENGTH
UNUSUAL TYPES OF MOVEMENTS, TICS
SHOUTING, SCREAMING, PANIC
PARANOID VOCALIZATIONS, MUMBLING
ASD INDIVIDUALS CAN ENGAGE IN ANY
ONE OR MORE OF THESE BEHAVIORS –
AND IT’S AUTISM, OR ONE OF THE OTHER
DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES
22. WHAT IS THE TIME OF GREATEST
RISK DURING AN ARREST?
THE TIME OF GREATEST RISK
DURING AN ARREST OF AN
AUTISTIC SUBJECT IS AT THE
POINT OF THE FIRST
UNINFORMED CONTACT
23. ADDITIONAL FACTS ABOUT
MENTAL ILLNESS CONTACTS
Violence: relatively rare occurrence
Exception: delusional/hallucinating
Tendency to rush to physical restraint
Study of younger vs. older officers
““Predictability”” of behavior
The pressure to return to service
24. AUTISM IS ONE OF THE
““DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES””
DEFINITION
Developmental Disability: This term refers
to a severe and chronic impairment, which
can be attributed to one or more mental or
physical impairments which will require
specific and lifelong or extended care that
is individually planned and coordinated, and
which had an onset before age 22, and
which is likely to continue indefinitely.
25. The condition must create substantial
functional limitations in three or more of
the following areas of major life activity:
self care
language skills
learning
personal mobility
self-direction
potential for independent living and
potential for economic self-sufficiency
as an adult
26. AMERICANS WITH
DISABILITIES ACT (““ADA””)
IMPAIRMENT OF A MAJOR LIFE
FUNCTION
Protected Individuals: Those who
currently have or have a history of
physical or mental impairment that
substantially limits one or more
major life activities and those who
are regarded as having such an
impairment, whether they have the
impairment or not.
27. ADA II
Physical Impairment: Physiological
disorders or conditions, cosmetic
disfigurement, or anatomical loss.
Specific examples include:
orthopedic, visual, speech and
hearing impairments, cerebral
palsy, epilepsy, muscular
dystrophy, multiple sclerosis,
cancer, heart disease, HIV disease,
drug addiction and alcoholism.
28. ADA III
Mental Impairments:
Include mental or
psychological disorders, such
as mental retardation, organic
brain syndrome, emotional or
mental illness and specific
learning disabilities.
29. ADA IV
•• EXCLUSIONS I
•• Transvestism, transexualism,
pedophilia, exhibitionism, voyeurism,
gender identity disorders not resulting
from physical impairments, other sexual
behavior disorders, compulsive
gambling, kleptomania, and
psychoactive substance use disorders
resulting from current illegal use of
drugs.
31. TWO SITUATIONS:
DIRECT THREAT TO HEALTH
AND SAFETY OF ANOTHER
NO DIRECT THREAT TO
HEALTH AND SAFETY OF
ANOTHER
HOW DO I ASSESS THIS?
32. NORTHFIELD POLICE DEPARTMENT
POLICY MANUAL (III)(B)(3)(d)
1) Orientation: Is the person aware their name,
address, birthday? Is the person aware of the town,
street, location, day, year, etc? If not, this could
indicate memory problems, head injury, or other
medical emergency.
2) Affect: What type of emotional state is the person
in? Sadness? Anger? Anxiety? Affect problems can
indicate increased danger of harm to self or others.
3) Behavior: What is the person doing? How is the
person dressed? Is behavior consistent with above
two areas? Behavioral incongruence indicates loss of
touch with reality, possible use of drugs or other
medical emergency.
33. “STARE DECISIS”
WHAT DO WILLIAM THE
CONQUEROR AND THE
BATTLE OF HASTINGS IN
THE YEAR 1066 HAVE TO
DO WITH WHAT WE’RE
TALKING ABOUT?
34. THE COMMON LAW
IT WAS THE YEAR 1066 (10/14/66)
WILLIAM, DUKE OF NORMANDY
5,000 KNIGHTS TRAPPED IN THE BAY OF
PEVENSY –– AWAITING WIND
THE WIND CHANGED & THEY ATTACKED
ENGLAND WAS CONQUERED BY
VIKINGS AND COMMON LAW WAS BORN
35. ENGLAND GOT:
1. CENTRALIZED GOVERNMENT
2. THE INQUEST (SWORN TESTIMONY)
3. SEPARATION OF CHURCH AND STATE
4. STARE DECISIS: THE RELIANCE ON
PAST COURT DECISIONS TO MAKE
TODAY’’S DECISIONS –– THE MAJOR
SOURCE OF U.S. LAW
>ALL FROM A LUCKY CHANGE IN THE WIND
36. TODAY’S DECISIONAL CASE LAW
SYSTEM
TRIAL COURTS :
NO STARE DECISIS
APPELLATE COURTS
SUPREME COURTS (FINAL WORD)
FEDERAL VS. STATE DECISIONS
FEDERAL DISTRICT COURT
FEDERAL APPELLATE CIRCUIT
US SUPREME COURT
37. WHAT IS THE POLICE FUNCTION?
MAINTENANCE OF ORDER:
>KEEP YOURSELF ALIVE
>KEEP OTHERS SAFE
>LIMIT MUNICIPAL LIABILITY
FBI STATISTICS FOR 2006:
58,634 OFFICERS WERE ASSAULTED IN
THE LINE OF DUTY
46 WERE KILLED WITH FIREARMS
38. USE OF FORCE
GRAHAM V. CONNOR (1989)
RHENQUIST OPINION
ACTION AGAINST POLICE FOR
INJURIES SUSTAINED IN AN
INVESTIGATORY STREET STOP
“EXCESSIVE USE OF FORCE” CASE
40. GRAHAM V. CONNOR LANGUAGE
OFFICERS ARE OFTEN FORCED TO
MAKE SPLIT SECOND JUDGMENTS
IN CIRCUMSTANCES THAT ARE
TENSE, UNCERTAIN, AND RAPIDLY
EVOLVING ABOUT THE AMOUNT OF
FORCE THAT IS NECESSARY
41. GRAHAM V. CONNOR LANGUAGE
II
AN OFFICER’S EVIL INTENTIONS WILL
NOT MAKE A 4TH AMENDMENT
VIOLATION OUT OF AN OBJECTIVELY
REASONABLE USE OF FORCE, NOR
WILL AN OFFICER’S GOOD
INTENTIONS MAKE AN OBJECTIVELY
UNREASONABLE USE OF FORCE
CONSTITUTIONAL
42. THE ILLINOIS STATUTE ON THE
USE OF FORCE
720 ILCS 5/7-5(a)
A PEACE OFFICER, OR ANY PERSON HE
HAS SUMMONED TO ASSIST HIM, NEED
NOT RETREAT OR DESIST FROM
EFFORTS TO MAKE A LAWFUL ARREST
BECAUSE OF RESISTANCE OR
THREATENED RESISTANCE
43. USE OF FORCE: THE ILLINOIS
STATUTE CONTINUED
…HE IS JUSTIFIED IN THE USE OF ANY
FORCE WHICH HE REASONABLY
BELIEVES TO BE NECESSARY TO
DEFEND HIMSELF OR ANOTHER FROM
BODILY HARM WHILE MAKING THE
ARREST
44. DEADLY FORCE –– ILLINOIS
STATUTE, CONTINUED:
DEADLY FORCE IS ONLY JUSTIFIED:
WHEN YOU BELIEVE IT IS NECESSARY TO PREVENT
DEATH OR BODILY HARM TO YOURSELF OR ANOTHER;
OR
WHEN YOU REASONABLY BELIEVE IT IS NECESSARY
TO PREVENT DEFEAT OF THE ARREST BY RESISTANCE
OR ESCAPE, AND THE ARRESTEE HAS COMMITTED OR
ATTEMPTED A FORCIBLE FELONY INVOLVING
INFLICTION OF GREAT BODILY HARM, OR ESCAPE IS
BEING EFFECTUATED BY THE USE OF A DEADLY
WEAPON OR A THREAT TO ENDANGER HUMAN LIFE
45. SOME SELECTED CASE EXAMPLES
ACETO V. KACHAJIAN (Mass. 2003)
PAUL V. CITY OF ALTUS, OKLAHOMA
(Oklahoma US 10th Circuit 1998)
CHAMPION V. OUTLOOK NASHVILLE,
INC. (4TH Circuit Tenn. 2004)
BATES v. CHESTERFIELD COUNTY
(Virginia, 4th Circuit 2000)
46. PORTLAND YOUTH I
SEVERELY AUTISTIC –– LOW IQ
TOURETTES (PROFANITY
OUTBURSTS 3-4 DAYS LONG!)
CAN’’T FEEL TEMPERATURE
EXTREMES
NEVER KNOWN TO BE
PHYSICALLY VIOLENT
47. PORTLAND YOUTH II
5’’10”” 260 LB. 15 YEAR OLD YOUTH
WALKING SHIRTLESS, SHOELESS
OVER A BRIDGE
HEAD SWERVING FROM SIDE TO
SIDE & UTTERING PROFANITY
APPEARED TO BE HOLDING A STICK
FAILED TO RESPOND TO COMMANDS
TASED & STRUCK WITH BATONS
48. DE-ESCALATION I REVIEW:
WHERE THERE IS NO HARM, DO:
REMAIN CALM: CALMNESS CREATES CALMNESS
BE QUICK TO REQUEST ASSISTANCE (CIT, M/H)
LOOK FOR MEDALERT TAGS, GATHER INFORMATION
FROM FAMILY, BYSTANDERS
CONVEY: UNDERSTANDING, HELPFULNESS
SPEAK SIMPLY: NO JOKES, IDIOMS
REMOVE SENSORY DISTRACTIONS (SIRENS/LIGHTS)
SAY TO SUBJECT THAT NO HARM IS INTENDED
ANNOUNCE ALL ACTIONS BEFORE INITIATION
BE PREPARED FOR NONSENSICAL PHYSICAL
MOVEMENTS, VOCALIZATION, BEHAVIOR
INCLUDE MENTAL HEALTH DIAGNOSIS IN YOUR
REPORT, IF KNOWN
49. DE-ESCALATION II –– WHERE
FORCE IS REQUIRED TO RESTRAIN
•• CALM, PRESSURE RESTRAINT IS BETTER THAN
A KNEE ON THE BACK OR NECK: A NOTE
ABOUT TEMPLE GRANDIN AND HER CATTLE
HUGGING MACHINE
•• NO EXTREME PRESSURE WITH STOMACH ON
THE GROUND: ASD PERSONS OFTEN HAVE
WEAK UPPER BODY AND COULD STOP
BREATHING – LOOK AND LISTEN FOR THIS
•• USE TIME TO YOUR ADVANTAGE: THE MORE
YOU CAN TALK CALMLY AND REASSURINGLY
TO THE SUBJECT THE MORE LIKELY HE WILL
CALM DOWN
50. DE-ESCALATION III:
If at all possible, DON’T:
•• TOUCH SUBJECT, IF AT ALL POSSIBLE
•• SHOUT OR MAKE SUDDEN MOVES
•• USE ABSTRACT LANGUAGE
•• HAVE DIRECT / CONTINUOUS EYE CONTACT
•• FORCE A DISCUSSION: “TALK TO ME!!!”
•• DISPLAY ANGER OR IMPATIENCE: “YOU ARE IRRITATING
ME; I’M TAKING YOU IN…..”
•• ASSUME DEAFNESS OR HEARING IMPAIRMENT AND
SPEAK LOUDER WHEN YOU GET NO RESPONSE
•• USE INFLAMMATORY LANGUAGE: “YOU’RE CRAZY” ETC
•• CHALLENGE THE SUBJECT’S PERCEPTIONS
•• MISLEAD SUBJECT WITH DECEPTION (SUCH AS BY
AGREEING WITH DELUSIONAL STATEMENTS)
52. DR. ANNE MAXWELL
PERVASIVE DEVELOPMENTAL
DISORDERS
Autistic Disorder
Rett’’s Disorder
Childhood Disintegrative Disorder
Asperger’’s Disorder
PDD-NOS
53. Diagnostic Criteria
Symptoms must be present prior to
age three years
Impairment in: communication, social
interaction
Presence of stereotyped patterns of
behavior, restricted interests
54. Autistic Spectrum Disorders
1:150 persons
Occurs 4-5 times more often in males
than females
Wide range in symptoms, level of
adaptive functioning, intelligence
55. Autism is a syndrome, a set of skill
deficits, behavioral excesses and
sensory issues
Diagnosed by observation and report
from parent/caregiver
Further diagnosis supported by ruling
out other disorders
56. Jack
14 ½-year-old male
Dx: Autistic Disorder
Moderate impairment in functioning
Perseveration on cars
Talent with maps and routes
Poor judgment
Limited impulse control
57. Incident
Jack drove from Naperville to Downers
Grove in his mother’’s car
Saw flashing lights of police car, sped up
100mph at one point-
Enacted something from the movie Cars
Rear-ended car
Was apprehended after crashing into a tree
Hand cuffed Jack, took him to station
Ticketed for failure to reduce speed, driving
without license
Bloody nose
59. Specific and Significant Features
Skill Deficits:
1.Poor comprehension of language
-person may not respond to basic commands (e.g.,
Stop!)
-person will likely have difficulty understanding
questions (confuses Who, What, Where, When)
-person may require longer period of time to process
a question/command before responding to it
-person may have difficulty understanding idioms
because of a very literal interpretation of language
61. Literal interpretation of language
Donna Williams
Was caught writing graffiti on building wall on a field
trip.
Scolded severely. She promised never to do this
again.
Ten minutes later, she was caught writing different
graffiti on the same wall.
““I was not ignoring what I’’d been told to do nor was I
trying to be funny. I had not done exactly the same
thing I had done before.””
63. Features, cont.
Skill Deficits:
2.Difficulty using language
-reverses pronouns
-echolalia
-pedantic speech
-lack of emotional connection in language
-blunt, direct, tactless
-unusual prosody (melody) of speech
74. Prosody example:
I didn’’t say she stole my money.
I didn’t say she stole my money.
I didn’’t say she stole my money.
I didn’’t say she stole my money.
I didn’’t say she stole my money.
I didn’’t say she stole my money.
I didn’’t say she stole my money.
75. Features, cont.
Skill Deficits:
3. Difficulty with nonverbal
communication: use and
interpretation
-misreads body language and facial
expressions of others
-displays unusual/inappropriate eye
contact, body posture, proximity,
facial expressions
76. Features, cont.
Skill Deficits:
4. Affect/Emotion
-person may display emotion that is
inappropriate to the situation
78. Features, cont.
Skill Deficits:
5. Personal hygiene and self-care
-may appear disheveled
-may be dressed inappropriately
-may not be well groomed
79. Specific and Significant Features
Behavioral Excesses:
1. Opposition/Defiance
-person may be argumentative
80. Features, cont.
Behavioral Excesses:
2. Perseveration
-Person may be fixated on a topic and
engage in endless dialog about it
-Person may engage in incessant
question-asking, repeating the same
question and demanding a response
82. Specific and Significant Features
Sensory Issues:
1. Overly sensitive
-strong negative reaction to lights,
sounds, touch
-covering ears with hands
-turning away from officer
83. Features, cont.
Sensory Issues:
2. Under-sensitive
-may appear to be deaf
-may approach flashing lights and
stare at them for long period of time
84. Features, cont.
Sensory Issues:
3. Self-stimulatory behaviors
-rocking
-hand-flapping
-pacing
-staring at objects/lights out of
peripheral vision
85. Calls for Assistance
With caregiver:
Escalation of behavior resulting in
physical struggle
-aggression toward caregiver
-aggression toward self
-generally disruptive behavior
(screaming, crying, making threats)
86. Calls, continued
Without caregiver:
Higher-functioning individual on
his/her own behaving strangely
Examples: Talking to himself, hand-
flapping, approaching/touching
strangers, rearranging items in store
May be interpreted as: intoxicated,
‘‘crazy’’, sexual predator, shoplifting
87. Asperger’’s Syndrome and
Public Safety Contacts
Low incidence of violent offenses
Offenses typically related to:
-special interests
-sensory sensitivities
-strong moral code
88. Approach and Interaction
Strategies
* Quiet, calm approach
* If possible, guide person to quiet
place and provide personal space
* Use concise, simple language
* Avoid use of slang, idioms
* Avoid use of OR questions
* Do not demand or expect eye
contact
89. Strategies
*If possible, use visual aids
*Provide calm redirection to the
event in question if person veers off-
topic
*If possible, allow person to engage
in self-stimulatory behaviors: rocking,
flapping, pacing
*Seek information from caregiver (if
present)
90. Strategies,cont.
*Look for identifying information:
-medicalert bracelet or other ID
jewelry
-clothing tags
-autism information card
91. Common Errors
-Demanding eye contact
-Interpreting lack of eye contact as
sign of disrespect
-Raising voice
-Rapid-fire questioning of person
-Standing too close to person
92. HYPOTHETICALS
•• HYPOTHETICAL # 1 – Caretaker call
•• HYPOTHETICAL # 2 – Person in Lake
•• HYPOTHETICAL # 3 – Break-in call
•• HYPOTHETICAL # 4 – Person Injured
•• HYPOTHETICAL # 5 – Fire report
•• HYPOTHETICAL # 6 – Out of control
