An introduction to sandfly , taxonomic importance, differentiation between different genus and sub genus, its medical importance, and control.

1. Title: "Taxonomy and Biodiversity of Sandflies in
India"
Subtitle: An Exploration of the Tiny World of Phlebotomine
Insects
Name:-Rameshwari Ratna
Roll No. :- 02
MPHE SEM:- 1st
Session:- 2023-2025
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2. o Introduction to sandf ly
o Systematic classification
o Biodiversity of Sandf ly Globally
o Distribution of vectors
o Biodiversity of Sandf ly in India
o Parts of Sandf ly with Taxonomic Importance
o Genus of family Psycodidae
o Medical Importance
o Control
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3. CHARACTERISTI
CS OF SANDFLIES
SIZE
Small, typically 1.5 to 3 mm in
length.
APPEARANCE
Frail, with long legs hairy wings
and large compound eyes.
COLOUR
Golden, grey and brownish.
ANTENNAE
A pair of long and hairy antennae
16 segment with Johnston`s organ.
MOUTHPARTS
Females have piercing-sucking
mouthparts for blood-feeding.
WINGS V-shaped, dense hairs and 2nd
veins are divided twice.
Abdomen 9 – segment and tapered at the
end.
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HABITATS OF
SANDFLIES
Global Distribution Asia, Africa, South Europe,
Mexico, South America
Preferred
Environments
Typically inhabit warm area,
tropical and sub-tropical areas.
Microhabitats Often found in rural and peri-
urban areas, breeding in cracks
and crevices.
Nocturnal Activity Primarily active during the
night.

4.  Phylum:- Arthropoda
 Class:- Insecta
 Sub-Class:- Pteryogota
 Order:- Diptera
 Sub Order:- Orthorrapha
 Group:- Nematocera
 Family:- Psychodidae
 Sub – family:- Phlebotominae
 Genus:- Phlebotomus, Sergentomia, Lutzomyia
 Species:- a) P. papatasii
b) P. argentipes
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5.  There are six genera of sand flies, viz.
A ) O l d W o r l d : a) Phlebotomus:- The main genus of Phlebotomine flies that suck blood from humans
and transmit disease in this region.
b) Sergentomyia :- Feeds mainly on reptiles, sometimes transmitting the protozoan parasite Sauroleishmania.
Rarely bites human and does not involve in transmission.
c) Chinius
B ) N e w W o r l d : a) Lutzomyia:- The only genus of phlebotomine flies that suck blood from people in
the new world.
b)Brumptomyia c)Warileya
 Phlebotomus argentipes Sergentomyia schwetzi Lutzomyia longipalpis Brumptomyia nitzulescui
 Phlebotomus papatasi Sergentomyia minuta Lutzomyia ayacuchensis Brumptomyia troglodytes
 Phlebotomus sergenti Sergentomyia babu Lutzomyia evansi Brumptomyia hamata
 Phlebotomus pernicioss Sergentomyia clydei Lutzomyia peruensis Brumptomyia angelae
 Phlebotomus chinensi Sergentomyia dubia Lutzomyia shannoni Brumptomyia pintoi
 Phlebotomus major Sergentomyia indica Lutzomyia whitmani Brumptomyia devenanzii
 Phlebotomus orientais Sergentomyia punjabensis Lutzomyia intermedia Brumptomyia virgensi
 Phlebotomus tobbi Sergentomyia gemmea Lutzomyia vexator Brumptomyia beaupertuyi
 Phlebotomus Sergentomyia balica Lutzomyia anthophora Brumptomyia brumpti
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6.  Figure:- Distribution of main Phlebotomus species.
6

7.  In Indian subcontinents, only two genera i.e. Phlebotomus and Sergentomyia are found with comprises 46 species.
 The Sandflies are associated with warm and humid climate and could be grouped into two categories:-
a) Wet Zones:- Phlebotomus argentipes
b) Arid Zones:- Phlebotomus papatasi
 A/C to NCDC :- There are mainly 9 species found in Bihar during a study:-
a) p. argentipes
b) P. papatasi
c) S. babu
d) S. barraudi
e) S. indica
f) S. baghdadis
g) S. bailyi
h) S. punjabensis
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14%
12%
5%
4%
1%
-1%
1%
63%
P. papatasi
S. babu
S. barraudi
S. indica
S. baghdadis
S. bailyi
S. punjabensis
P. argentipes

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9.  Genus: Phlebotomus: worldwide, cosmopolitan distribution in the tropics, subtropics and warmer parts
of the temperate zones; mainly Palearctic genus and its species are believed to feed normally in mammals.
 Over 350 species are known and their habitats range from localities in arid and semi-arid zones to localities
in regions of heavy rain fall such as topical rain forests.
» Abdominal tergits 2-6 with only erect hairs
» Cibarial teeth absent and without pigment patch.
» Spermatheca segmented with long ducts.
» Antennal segment 3-5 of male with 2 ascoides.
» Style with 4-5 rarely 6 stout spines.
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10. There are 9 subgenera
1. Phlebotomus
2. Paraphlebotomus
3. Synphlebotomus
4. Larroussius
5. Adlerius
6. Euphlebotomus
7. Anaphlebotomus
8. Idiophlebotomus
9. Ungroup
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11. 11
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Phlebotomus (papatasi)
Male:
 Long terminalia
 Paramere with two dorsal process; style long with 5
stout spines; coxite with long and thick setae in distal
part and very small basal process.
 Surstyle with short spine
Female:
 Apical segment of spermatheca not enlarged and
separated from other segments.
 Spermatheca with wide head with 6-7 segments
 Short terminalia
 Paramere with 2 ventral process; style with long spines;
coxite without basal process
 Surstyle without spine
 Apical segement of spermatheca enlarged or separated
from other segments
 Spermatheca with more than 15 segments
Euphlebotomus (argentipes)

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Sergentomyia is the dominant genus in the Ethiopian and Oriental regions
and its species probably feed largely on reptiles.
•Abdomen tergites 2-6 with only recumbent hairs or with few erect hairs;
•Antennal segment 5 without papilla
•Style with 4 stout terminal spines or two terminal and two subterminal.
•Sphermatheca tubular with smooth sides and wide duct.
Consists of four subgenera.
»Sergentomyia
»Parrotomyia
»Grasomyia
»Neophlebotomous

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Genus : Phlebotomus
 Abdominal tergits 2-6 with only erect hairs
 Pigment patch absent
 Style : 3-5 spines
 Cibarial teeth absent if present only spicules not
definite row.
 Sub genus: 9
 Phlebotomus –papatasi
 Euphlebotomus - argentipes
 Abdominal tergites 2-6 with recumbent hairs
 Present
 style: 4 major spines; one accessory setae
 Cibarial teeth present (Transverse row)
 Sub genus: 4
» Sergentomyia
» Parrotomyia
» Grasomyia
» Neophlebotomous
Genus: Sergentomyia

14.  The 3 important Diseases transmitted by Sandflies:-
1. Sand Fly Fever:-
 Phlebotomous papatasi [vector]
[Naples virus]
2. Leishmaniasis:-
 Visceral Leishmaniasis [kala-azar]
 PKDL
 Cutaneous leishmaniasis
 Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis
3. Bortonellosis / Oroya fever/Carrion’s disease:- Genus Lutzomyia
[ Bartonella bacilliformis]
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15. 1. Environmental Measures:- -Removal of breeding place.
-Filling of cracks and cervices.
-Keeping the house clean and dirt free.
2. Personal Protection:- -Protective clothes
-Repellent
- Insecticide treated bed net.
3. Chemical Control:- -Insecticide 1-2g/m2 of DDT or 0.25g/m2 of lindone.
[Last for 1-2 yrs in DDT and 3 months in lindone]
- Spraying in dwelling
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16.  Sandflies are small , but they can be a big problem.
 Sandflies can transmit diseases to humans, such as Leishmaniasis and Sandfly
fever.
 Sandflies can be nuisance because they bite humans.
 Sandfly research is important for a number of reasons.
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17. http://www.kznhealth.gov.za/environ/vector/sandfly.htm
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4489447/#:~:text=Sandfly
%20prevalence%20in%20the%20Kani,ranges%20from%200%2D1%2C000
%20m
https://ncvbdc.mohfw.gov.in/index4.php?lang=1&level=0&linkid=469&lid=
3752#:~:text=The%20National%20Health%20Policy%20
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