At the end of this lecture you should be able to define bioremediation. Describe the process microorganisms use to perform bioremediation. Explain how microorganisms can immobilize uranium. Describe the role of microbes in wastewater treatment, The answers to these questions are covered both in the lecture material and the text book. What reaction, oxidation or reduction, is key to uranium bioremediation? How does the role of energy production lead to the action of bioremediation by microorganisms? What are xenobiotics and what are some examples? What is the role of microbes in the bioremediation of xenobiotics? Explain how the bioremediation of the herbicide 2, 4, 5^T shown below produces energy for microbes. Solution Answer: 2. Bioremediation is the use of organisms to metabolize pollutants. Instead of simply collecting the pollutant and storing it, bioremediation relies on living organisms to consume and break down the compound, turning it into harmless, natural substances. The processes microorganisms perform for bioremediation are: a. Bioaugmentation: It is the process of adding engineered microbes to a system to act as bioremediators which quickly breaksdown the target pollutants. b. Bioleaching: It is the process of using bacteria to dissolve metals instead of chemical solutions. Bioleaching has been used to dissolve metals such as nickel, copper, zinc, cobalt, gold, lead, arsenic and others. 3. Bacteria are able to immobilize uranium through use of pili. Researchers grew a mass of pili, which allowed them to study how they interacted with uranium. They found that the pili served as a buffer of sorts, protecting the cell structure of the bacterium as they also allowed for adding electrons to uranium ions which causes it to become more water soluble and thus safer to handle and clean up. The pili grow to enormous lengths relative to the bacteria that produce them, forming a conductive and protective barrier that allows the bacteria to thrive in truly hostile environments. 4. Role of microbes in waste water treatment: There are several microbial processes, and the microbial processes can be catergorized into aerobic and anaerobic. Aerobic: After primary treatment, liquid and solid phases are physically separated. The liquid phase is treated with aeration to allow aerobic degradation of the nutrients. The two important microbial processes at this stage are nitrification and phosphorous removal. Nitrification occurs in two discrete steps. First of all, ammonium is oxidized to nitrite by Nitrosomonas, and nitrite is further oxidized to nitrate by Nitrobacter. Phosphorous removal can occur biologically by the process of enhanced biological phosphorous removal. The process is demonstrated by the cell taking up phosphorous within their cell, and the biomass is filtered. Anaerobic: In the liquid component of sewage, denitrifying bacteria reduce nitrate into dinitrogen gas which liberates nitrate from the sewage. The solid component of the sewag.

1. At the end of this lecture you should be able to define bioremediation. Describe the process
microorganisms use to perform bioremediation. Explain how microorganisms can immobilize
uranium. Describe the role of microbes in wastewater treatment, The answers to these questions
are covered both in the lecture material and the text book. What reaction, oxidation or reduction,
is key to uranium bioremediation? How does the role of energy production lead to the action of
bioremediation by microorganisms? What are xenobiotics and what are some examples? What is
the role of microbes in the bioremediation of xenobiotics? Explain how the bioremediation of
the herbicide 2, 4, 5^T shown below produces energy for microbes.
Solution
Answer:
2. Bioremediation is the use of organisms to metabolize pollutants. Instead of simply collecting
the pollutant and storing it, bioremediation relies on living organisms to consume and break
down the compound, turning it into harmless, natural substances. The processes microorganisms
perform for bioremediation are:
a. Bioaugmentation: It is the process of adding engineered microbes to a system to act as
bioremediators which quickly breaksdown the target pollutants.
b. Bioleaching: It is the process of using bacteria to dissolve metals instead of chemical
solutions. Bioleaching has been used to dissolve metals such as nickel, copper, zinc, cobalt, gold,
lead, arsenic and others.
3. Bacteria are able to immobilize uranium through use of pili. Researchers grew a mass of pili,
which allowed them to study how they interacted with uranium. They found that the pili served
as a buffer of sorts, protecting the cell structure of the bacterium as they also allowed for adding
electrons to uranium ions which causes it to become more water soluble and thus safer to handle
and clean up.
The pili grow to enormous lengths relative to the bacteria that produce them, forming a
conductive and protective barrier that allows the bacteria to thrive in truly hostile environments.
4. Role of microbes in waste water treatment:
There are several microbial processes, and the microbial processes can be catergorized into
aerobic and anaerobic.
Aerobic:
After primary treatment, liquid and solid phases are physically separated. The liquid phase is
treated with aeration to allow aerobic degradation of the nutrients. The two important microbial
processes at this stage are nitrification and phosphorous removal.
Nitrification occurs in two discrete steps. First of all, ammonium is oxidized to nitrite by

2. Nitrosomonas, and nitrite is further oxidized to nitrate by Nitrobacter. Phosphorous removal can
occur biologically by the process of enhanced biological phosphorous removal. The process is
demonstrated by the cell taking up phosphorous within their cell, and the biomass is filtered.
Anaerobic:
In the liquid component of sewage, denitrifying bacteria reduce nitrate into dinitrogen gas which
liberates nitrate from the sewage. The solid component of the sewage separated in primary
treatment is fermented by bacteria anaerobically.