Health and medicine

1. Antibiotic resistant microbes isolated from
water, wastewater and soil and their
pathogenicity.
By Muhammad Ali Raja

2. Contents
• Introduction
• Significance and example
• Antibiotic resistant microbes from wastewater
• Antibiotic resistant microbes from water
• Antibiotic resistant microbes from soil
• Pathogenicity
• Results and discussion
• Conclusion and recommendation

3. Introduction
• Antibiotic resistant bacteria are bacteria which can not
be controlled or killed by antibiotics.
• They are able to survive and even multiply in the
presence of an antibiotic. Most infection-causing
bacteria can become resistant to at least
some antibiotics.

4. Introduction
• The bacteria which become resistant to antibiotics can’t
be killed and have the ability to cause serious diseases
and illnesses. A research was conducted in which it was
estimated that more than 28 million types of antibiotic
resistant bacteria occur in U.S and due to them more
than 35000 deaths have been caused.

5. Significance and examples
• Isolation of antibiotic resistant microbes from water and
soil is of immense importance, as presence of such
bacteria can be extremely hazardous for the particular
environment in which they are persistent

6. Continued
presence of such bacteria in water
can lead to outbreak of certain life
threatening diseases such as
pneumonia and Gonorrhea

7. Continued
• Antibiotic resistant microbes are causing diseases to over
2 million Americans each year, and reason behind is the
misuse and overuse of drugs. Over 23,000 people are
losing their lives each year due to this serious problem.

9. Isolation of antibiotic resistant microbes from
wastewater
• The method used in study was cross-sectional. Samples of hospital
waste water was taken from multiple sites, similarly samples were
also taken from different university sites as non-hospital waste
effluents. Total number of samples was 60 out of which 113
bacterial isolates were recovered. Out of 113, 57 isolated were
from hospital effluent. Whereas 48 were extracted from non-
hospital waste. Most common bacterial isolates were Klebseiella
spp. (26.6%) and pseudomonas spp. (16.8).

10. Antibiotic resistant microbes isolated from
soil
• After the collection of soil samples from mining sites, pastures and
agricultural sites, different strains of bacteria were isolated using
nutrient agar in which Pseudomonas isolation agar was used for
the isolation of Pseudomonas spp. and Jensen medium agar was
used for the isolation of Azotobacter spp. respectively. Those
cultural media were then incubated at 35˚C for 24 to 72 hours.
Similarly, various colonies of bacteria were isolated.

11. Antibiotic resistant microbes isolated from
drinking water
• Drinking water samples were collected from the four major wells
of Guinea-Bissau, West Africa. Using sterile cellulose nitrate
membranes having pore size of 0.45mm, samples of fecal
coliforms and enterococci were filtered out and placed on Difco
and Oxoid agar plates, which were then incubated at 44.5˚C for
24 hours for fecal coliforms and 48 hours for fecal enterococci.

12. Pathogenicity of antibiotic isolated microbes
• The effect of antibiotic resistance on the pathogenicity is difficult
to understand.
• antibiotic resistance increases virulence potential as the organism
which are susceptible get eliminated by the antibiotics. S.
pneumoniae meningitis
• advantage and disadvantage for bacteria depend upon the
conditions, but mainly the virulence is decreased when resistance
increases, as the bacteria’s aim is just to divide and increase in
numbers rather than invasion.

13. Results and discussion
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Waste water driking water Soil from agricultural garden, vegetable soils
treated by animal manure
Soil from mining wastes
Percentage comparison of Gram negative bacteria with Gram positive bacteria
Gram negative bateria Gram positive bacteria

14. Discussion
• The results studies on wastewater, drinking water and soils except
for mining soils all indicated upon isolation that gram negative
bacteria were abundant in them as compared to gram positive,
mostly strains of Pseudomonas and Klebsiella were found.
• These bacteria were found to be more resistant against amoxicillin
and ampicillin than other antibiotics or drugs.

15. Continued
• The presence of such antibiotic resistant bacteria in hospital
effluents was mainly due the addition antibiotics from drugs in
excessive concentration, which were mostly used in hospitals for
treatment purpose.

16. Conclusions
• Increase in antibiotic resistant microbes is a global issue and it
must be dealt with. (Daula et al. 2013).
• Such bacteria is very hard to kill and have the ability to transmit
diseases in the environment.
• This problem is underestimated, whereas it is a very serious issue.
• Presence of such bacteria and their concentration is consistent
with the use of antibiotic medicines.
• Public health implications have increased in the recent times due
to these factors.

17. Recommendations
• Do not overuse or misuse antibiotics, do not demand for an antibiotic until
there is an extreme issue.
• Take such measures which minimize the chances of infections by adopting
practices such as washing your hands by antibacterial soaps, using antiseptics on
wounds etc.
• Stay vaccinated against harmful diseases such as pneumonia. Vaccines have the
ability to boost our body’s immune system. By increasing the amount of
vaccines, pathogens with antibiotic resistant strains will decrease.
• Educate yourself regarding antibiotics and their uses and how they can play a
role in the development of antibiotic resistant microbes.
• Ancient treatments are quite effective against antibiotic resistant microbes
they must be rediscovered.

18. References
https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/antibiotic-
resistant-bacteria
Moges, F., Endris, M., Belyhun, Y., & Worku, W. (2014). Isolation and characterization of
multiple drug resistance bacterial pathogens from waste water in hospital and non-hospital
environments, Northwest Ethiopia. BMC research notes, 7(1), 215.
Ud-Daula, A & Rakib, A & Rahman, Dr. Md. Hafizur & Hossain, Md & Hossain, M & Hossain,
Md & Khalil, Dr. (2013). Isolation and characterization of antibiotic resistance bacteria in
hospital effluents. Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research. 4. 10-18.
https://cmr.asm.org/content/15/4/647
Mishra RP, Oviedo-Orta E, Prachi P, Rappuoli R, Bagnoli F (October 2012). "Vaccines and
antibiotic resistance". Current Opinion in Microbiology. 15 (5): 596–602.