Step 1 Review the various Amendments and Articles in the U.S Cons.docx

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Step 1: Review the various Amendments and Articles in the U.S Constitution. https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution Step 2: Name and define each of the five freedoms outlined in the First Amendment https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution-conan/amendment-1 and give examples of ways you exercise each freedom - to the best of your ability focus on issues of Media, Technology, (Tele)Communications and Information Policy and the upcoming election. Step 3: Reflect on the interplay of the Freedoms outlined in the 1st Amendment. Answer the following questions: Do you think any one of these freedoms could exist alone, without the support of the other four? Would free speech be a powerful right if we did not also have a free press? How would freedom to petition be different if we didn’t also have freedom of assembly? What are other examples of this interplay across Freedoms? Step 4: Critically assess how these Freedoms impact you personally, and society as a whole. Answer the following questions: Given the rate and pace of technological change and current events such as the pandemic, civil unrest, white supremacy and the security of our elections, which of the Freedoms is the most valuable in your view? Why? Given the rate and pace of technological change and current events such as the pandemic, civil unrest, white supremacy and the security of our elections, are these Freedoms still applicable today? Do they serve their initial purpose? Are any of the Freedoms outdated, obsolete or no longer applicable? Can you think of an example where on Freedom is at odds with public good, or betterment of society? Note: Step 5 will involve a discussion post due next week, but you are encouraged to post as soon as possible. .

Education

Given the rate and pace of technological change and current
events such as the pandemic, civil unrest, white supremacy and
the security of our elections, which of the Freedoms is the most
valuable in your view? Why?
Given the rate and pace of technological change and current
events such as the pandemic, civil unrest, white supremacy and
the security of our elections, are these Freedoms still applicable
today? Do they serve their initial purpose?
Are any of the Freedoms outdated, obsolete or no longer
applicable? Can you think of an example where on Freedom is
at odds with public good, or betterment of society?
Note: Step 5 will involve a discussion post due next week, but
you are encouraged to post as soon as possible.

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Are Established Democracies Less Vulnerable To Internet

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Question 1 1. The second amendment covers the rights concerning: speech. voting. arms. assembly. 20 points Question 2 1. Which of the following did Cesar Chavez help to bring about? California's decision to allow migrant workers to bargain collectively The passage of several state laws granting "guest worker" status to migrant workers Arizona's decision to allow migrant workers to bargain collectively New Mexico's decision to allow migrant workers to bargain collectively 20 points Question 3 1. Which test did the Supreme Court justices devise for free speech in Schenck v. United States (1919)? Undue burden test Clear and present danger test Imminent lawless action test Free liberty test 20 points Question 4 1. According to the clear-and-present-danger test, free expression is allowed except when: a danger to national security. Considered a "hate" word. Considered as obscene. It denounces a respected institution. 20 points Question 5 1. The Supreme Court rejected the constitutionality of Plessy's "separate but equal" in Plessy v. Ferguson. United States v. Virginia. Milliken v. Bradley. Brown v. Board of Education. 1. Which of the following is true about the office of the president? The president is also the President of the Senate The president is the Commander-in-Chief The president can be a naturalized citizen The president can be of any age 10 points Question 2 1. __________ requires that each bill introduced in Congress be referred to the proper committee. The U.S. Constitution The Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946 Public opinion The Legislative Act of 1789 10 points Question 3 1. Which of the following is true of the president and his or her veto power? It can be overridden by a two-thirds vote of the Congress. It is only a sign of presidential strength. Threatening a veto never causes Congress to bend to the president's demands. It has no limits. 10 points Question 4 1. Congress's policymaking role is based on lawmaking, oversight and: power. incumbency. pork spending. representation. 10 points Question 5 1. Most of the work that is done in Congress today: is done through standing committees. is done in conjunction with the president. is done on the floor of each chamber. occurs in private meetings with lobbyists. 10 points Question 6 1. After the president, __________ is widely considered the second most powerful federal official in Washington, D.C. the vice president the U.S. Senate majority leader the Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives The U.S. Senate president pro tempore 10 points Question 7 1. Which of the following is a procedural tactic in which a minority of senators can block a bill by talking until other senators give in and the bill is withdrawn? Filibuster Pocket veto Cloture Veto 10 points Question 8 1. The Senate majority whip: is tasked with coordinating between officials of th ...

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The United States has one of the lowest voter turnout rates among modern democratic political systems. During the last decade, many initiatives have been undertaken to increase voter participation, yet concerns about the possibility of election fraud have also increased. Additionally, some political interests feel threatened by the increase in turnout among some traditionally low-turnout ethnic minorities. Several states have recently passed legislation imposing new registration and identification requirements. This has sparked debate about whether these are tactics intended to suppress turnout or to prevent fraud. Think about the media’s role in the election process and how both mass media and social media can impact the election process. How has the media’s role changed in recent years, especially considering President Trump’s stance on “fake news”? Write: In your initial post, Describe voter ID laws in a state of your choosing. Summarize any recent developments or controversies regarding voter ID laws in the state you have chosen. Analyze and describe the pros and cons on both sides of the debate about these laws. Is voter fraud a major problem for our democracy, or are some groups trying to make it harder for some segments of society to vote? Analyze the impact that media (mass and social) has had in influencing public opinion, specifically regarding voter ID laws. How was the Trump/Clinton election in 2016 impacted by voter laws and the media? This web page provides an overview of some of the differences in Voter ID laws in the different states: Voting Laws & Requirements: Voting Methods and Options (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. . min 3oo words ...

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1 ESSAY 3 ASSIGNMENT Fredrick Abimbola-peters Prof. Marci Dawson EGL1010 DL01 7 July 2021 Social media is an upcoming trend that has slowly become a serious addiction to many people as much as it has its positive implications to the community. For instance, for small and medium-scale businesses it helps in the marketing strategies that connects with free & targeted customers because of the small time and energy input that lowers the operational costs due to marketing. The advantage is that it helps these businesses to grow in numbers because it offers a viable communication channels because of these social media sites have their own popularity. Additionally, these social media sites give individuals and businesses an opportunity for Marcia Dawson-Moser This sentence has little to do with the rest of this paragraph, which seems more of a body paragraph than an introduction. Marcia Dawson-Moser Marcia Dawson-Moser Title goes here. Marcia Dawson-Moser Heading should be at the top left. Marcia Dawson-Moser Marcia Dawson-Moser Last name here Marcia Dawson-Moser 2 sharing their expertise and advice to the mass through the blogs, articles that enhances the follower’s network. Also, it gives social networking for people that helps in creating unity for people useful in achieving the specific goals that impacts a positive change for the community. The negative implications of these social media sites include the increase in addiction. The spent hour on social sites diverts the individual’s attention and focus from their intended tasks that may lower the motivational level of people for students and teenagers because of the technology reliance and the use of internet apart from the practical expertise and knowledge in the everyday lives. The other negative implication is that these social media sites expose children to anti-social behavior such as sex and violence that damages the kid’s behavior making them to engage in crime-related activities. Information overload poses as a threat because most people share too much detailed information that comes with a challenge in processing this information. Finally, the teenagers and students waste a lot of productive time in these social networking sites that diverts their focus from their academic study since they fail to complete their assignments, leading to poor academic performance. The external consequences of social media mainly revolve around privacy and the individual liberty. In creating and processing different processes between individual and individual information, law enforcement is faced with the following practice: Collect individual and group identification information from personal information received by officers. This question is very important for the information related to the question. Intelligence This issue is particularly relevant to data obtained because of serious discussions. Frohlich (1994), Smith (1994), Shaver et ...

1ESSAY 3 ASSIGNMENTFredrick Abimbola-petersProf. M

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Option 1: In the wake of the terrorist attacks in New York on September 11, 2001, a law called the USA Patriot Act was passed by Congress and signed into law by President George W. Bush. Regulations were put into place as a result of this law that increased the powers of various government agencies to engage in surveillance activities on American citizens under broader circumstances than ever before. This called into question for many people whether the legislation trampled on the civil liberties of Americans. Although reforms to the Act have resulted in changes intended to reduce these fears, in a number of court cases, interest groups have engaged in activities in an attempt to influence the outcomes. Assignment Guidelines Write an essay of between 2–4 pages on 1 of these issues. You will need to access various types of outside sources to respond thoroughly to the following questions and topics, and include appropriate and properly formatted APA-style citations: What are the key provisions of law that are at the center of this debate? Which interest groups and individuals are active on both sides of the debate on this issue, and what specific interests are they attempting to promote? What is the current legal situation on this issue? Using research from your text, the AIU Library, supplemental course materials, and Web-based resources for background, what activities have the groups or individuals promoting various positions on this issue engaged in that you think might have influenced legal interpretation? What do you conclude about how public opinion, actions of interest groups, and media coverage do or do not have the potential of influencing the outcome of court cases on important social policies? .

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1. The president of the United States must fulfill four roles. Define and explain each of the roles/duties of the presidency. 2. The presidency has changed over time from expressing the Whig theory to expressing the stewardship theory. Describe these two theories, and describe the office of the presidency today. 3. When people who wish to become the president of the United States publicly declare their candidacy, up to two years might pass before a person is ultimately chosen. Beginning with what some call the “invisible primary” and following through to the general election, trace the path an individual usually takes from first announcement of candidacy to taking the oath of office. 4. What is the electoral college, and what is its relevance in presidential elections? How are the number of electors arrived at? What is the unit rule, and what effect does it have on election strategy? 5. Each president must staff the cabinet, currently consisting of 15 departments. Each cabinet head commands a large organization charged with carrying out executive directives and implementing laws. As a whole, this represents the governmental bureaucracy. Provide a description of the types of employees who make up the bureaucracy and give examples of what they do. 6. Discuss some of the factors that have an impact on presidential leadership, such as surrounding circumstances, the stage of the term, types of issues, relationship with Congress, and public support. 7. Visit the www.whitehouse.gov website. Take some time to examine current issues as well as suggestions for how citizens can participate in government. Have you ever participated in any of these ways? If so, what was the result? Discuss other ways citizens can make their voices known to or can interact with the executive branch of government. What does becoming informed have to do with the duties of a citizen? 8. Contrast the merit system and the patronage system regarding government employment. 9. The federal budget is an actual law. As with any law, there must be an initiation and congressional approval. Trace the federal budget from initiation to approval. How often must the budget be approved? 10. Often called the fourth branch of government, the bureaucracy has tremendous power in its ability to implement policy. Discuss this power. 11. The Congress can hold the president accountable for all actions. Who holds the bureaucracy accountable for its actions or lack thereof? What are some of the methods used for bureaucratic accountability? 12. Define and explain the traditional and new media roles represented by the terms signaling, common-carrier, watchdog, and partisan. Might carrying out one of these roles (for example, the role of watchdog) work against carrying out another (such as the role of commoncarrier)? Consider our high-choice media system, including the availability of political blogs. Does this system contribute to a moreinformed or less-informed public? Explain yo ...

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GOVT 2305 Final Exam Review (Version as of 11/30/16) 1. Be prepared to give two examples of Internal Validity problems AND two examples of External Validity problems that can cause inaccurate or biased results in public opinion polls. 2. Be able to explain what the Electoral College is and how it works. What does the Constitution say about it? How many electors does each state get? How do they decide for whom they vote? 3. Be able to briefly explain the difference between a caucus and a primary. Be able to briefly explain the difference between an open and closed primary. Note the advantages and disadvantages of each. 4. Be prepared to give three reasons that America remains a two-party system with little chance for third parties to win elections. Note the functions that third parties can serve even if they fail to win elections. 5. Explain how the balance of power between interest groups representing business and interest groups representing labor has shifted over time in the United States. 6. Know how to explain three subtle ways that media outlets can include bias in their news reports. 7. Be able to write out the quote from the Declaration of Independence that begins with “We hold these truths….” and ends with “…Safety and Happiness”. 8. Be able to write which branch of government Articles I and II of the Constitution are about, and two powers granted to each branch. 9. Be able to write which branch of government Article III is about, and how the members of that branch get into their office: 10. Be able to write what each of the following Amendments to the Constitution is about, and one substantive thing you learned about it. For example, a substantive thing might be how each amendment has been interpreted by the courts (for example, how government may or may not restrict the liberty, what it protects or what it doesn’t, etc.), or how a major case has shaped its interpretation, or the historical reason behind the proposal and passage of the amendment. a. Selections from the Bill of Rights: First, Second, Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, Eighth, Ninth, Tenth. b. The Civil War Amendments: Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth. c. Other Suffrage Amendments: Nineteenth and Twenty-Sixth: 11. Be able to answer these questions from the student presentations: a. Name the four main parties we discussed this semester and their candidates for President. b. Be able to explain two policy proposals championed by each of the four presidential candidates. c. Be able to briefly describe the general philosophy of each of the four parties. d. What were the main accusations plaguing both Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton in their campaigns? e. What were the polls projecting in the week leading up to the election, and how were the results different than expected? f. Name three of the people nominated by President-elect Trump to cabinet or White House positions. g. What was the name of the Cuban dictator who died recently and how was he important ...

GOVT 2305 Final Exam Review (Version as of 113016)1. Be prepar.docx

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Assignment 1 Topic Suggestions- Writing Guide Write a three to four (3-4) page paper in which the student answers all of the following three (3) items below using headers to separate each item: STUDENTS: This is a list of possible topics you can use to address the 3 items for this paper. See the assignment document for more details of the paper requirements. (Note change of assignment instructions that are listed in Blackboard: You only have to write one example for each of the 3 category questions. I have updated the new instructions below. That means one example of either a civil liberties or civil rights event, one example of a media event, and one example of a difference between the parties.) Due Week 6 and worth 200 points Write a three to four (3-4) page paper that answers the following three (3) items using headers to separate each item: · Discuss either one (1) civil liberties or one (1) civil rights events. The event must be from within the last two years, or from the past. Select an event that has influenced a sense of social responsibility in the American government today. Provide examples to support your answer. In your response, consider how the event influenced the way state, local, or national political leaders or agencies responded in a socially responsible or ethical manner toward the community. Please cite your sources in APA style. · Discuss one (1) media event (past or present) that has positively and/or negatively influenced the public’s opinion of a government agency. The event can be within the last two years, or may be from the past. Provide examples to support your answer. Consider how a news story or media coverage of an event positively or negatively changed the public’s opinion (or perception) regarding how responsible a government agency should be towards meeting the needs of its customers (i.e., the American people). Please cite your sources in APA style. · Discuss one (1) difference between the Republican and Democratic parties that may have an ethical impact (positively or negatively) on the American people. Provide an example from the past 2 years to support your answer. Consider the different ideologies, values, morals, and/or goals held by the Republican and Democratic parties, and their different views on the ethically or morally right way to govern and make the best policies for the people they serve. Determine if your example presents any type of ethical concerns for or against the public’s best interest of the American people. Please cite your sources in APA style. In your research, you cannot use Wikipedia, online dictionaries, Sparknotes, Cliffnotes, or any other Website do that does not qualify as an academic resource. Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements: · Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; citations and reference page must follow APAformat. Check the website for additional instructions and Grading Rubric score ch ...

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Answer (1) one of the following question: 1A. Presidential approval ratings fluctuate over the course of each presidential administration. Identify two factors that decrease presidential approval ratings, and explain why each factor has that effect. Identify two factors that increase presidential approval ratings, and explain why each factor has that effect. 2A. Citizens often choose to participate in the political process in ways other than voting. Identify two forms of participation in the political process other than voting. Explain two advantages of each form of participation you identified in (a). Answer (1) one of the following question: 1B- Congressional reapportionment and redistricting are conducted every ten years. When redistricting is conducted, politicians often engage in gerrymandering. Define congressional reapportionment and explain one reason why it is important to states. Define congressional redistricting. Explain two goals of politicians when they gerrymander during redistricting. Describe two limits that the United States Supreme Court has placed on congressional redistricting 2B- In the United States Congress, the majority party exerts a substantial influence over lawmaking. However, even when one party has a numerical majority in each chamber of the United States Congress, there is no guarantee that legislation supported by that majority party will be passed by both chambers. Rules of each chamber independently influence the likelihood that legislation will pass in that chamber; legislation passed by one chamber is not always passed by the other. Describe two advantages the majority party in the United States House of Representatives has in lawmaking, above and beyond the numerical advantage that the majority party enjoys in floor voting. Describe two differences between House and Senate rules that may make it likely that legislation may pass in one chamber but not in the other. Explain how the differences identified in (b) can lead to the passage of a bill in one chamber but not in the other. Answer (1) one of the following question: 1C- The judicial branch is designed to be more independent of public opinion than are the legislative or the executive. Yet the US Supreme Court rarely deviates too far for too long from the prevalent public opinion. Describe two ways in which the US Supreme Court is insulated from public opinion. Explain how two factors work to keep the US Supreme Court from deviating too far from public opinion. 2C- Different interest groups will choose different techniques to achieve their objectives based on their resources, characteristics and goals. Describe each of the following techniques and explain why an interest group would choose each technique. Litigation Campaign contributions Grassroots lobbying/mass mobilization Extra Credit question: E1- In the United States political system, there are several linkage institutions that can connect cit.

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Challenges Posed by Democracy The early weeks of this course emphasized the integral role that processes play in democratic governance. While democratic processes are important to democratic governance, they are sometimes slow and messy and may seem to be an impediment more than a means for resolving society’s problems. In addition, the daily operations of the democratic system create challenges to its very existence. Particular issues and challenges also may place a strain on democracy. One example is the tension between liberty and safety related to individual rights and personal security. Both issues highlight elements of founding democratic principles, yet they conflict and demonstrate discord within the microcosm of democracy. As a student of governance and public policy, it is important that you are aware of how challenges within democracy might impact day-to-day governance and policy making. Understanding these challenges may be helpful as you develop strategies to surmount them as they arise. To prepare for this Discussion: Review the media piece “Perspectives on the World Speaker Series: Politics in an Age of Partisanship with Christine Todd Whitman” and think about the role of partisan politics in democratic governance. Also, consider the conflict between partisan politics and policy making and how partisanship might impact policy making in a democratic government. Think about how the democratic process might hamper or challenge policy making and consider strategies that might be used to overcome those challenges. Revisit the Constitution of the United States (located in the Week 3 Learning Resources) to review democratic principles. Think about conflicts that may exist among those principles. Peruse the Internet, periodicals, or other current sources of information for current policy issues on the public agenda. Select a current policy issue (other than the one in the media piece) that poses a challenge to governance and/or public policy. Think about how democracy poses a challenge to resolving the policy issue by means of governance and/or public policy. Reflect on how we might overcome some of the limitations of democracy. With these thoughts in mind: Post by Day 3 a brief description of the policy issue you selected. Explain how democracy poses a challenge to the resolution of the issue by means of governance and/or public policy. Be specific and provide examples to illustrate your explanation. Explain how the democratic challenges to the resolution of that issue might be overcome. Be sure to support your postings and responses with specific references to the Learning Resources .

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1.Homeland Security has been at the top of the political agenda since 9/11. What is its mission and how does it identify federal, state and local roles in securing our nation against terrorist attacks? 2.Two key ideals from the American Revolution describe what characterizes us as Americans: equality of opportunity and the freedom/liberty to determine our own destinies. Explain how at least two of the domestic programs discussed are important to the further realization of these American ideals. 3. One important source of government growth is an expanded regulation of industries to protect citizens from corporate abuses. Why does the government regulate business and how does it do it? Identify some of the regulation benefits and burdens to business by using either one of the two cases we studied: “The FDA and Tobacco Regulation,” or “Good and Evil on the Rails.” 4.Today, the U.S. is changing from an industrial to an informational society. How has the introduction of new technologies, such as computers, affected social change in the United States? Are the consequences good or bad? Explain. .

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i need help studying Provide at least one complete paragraph response to each of the following ten questions as appropriate. Detailed examples should be included in all answers . 1. Define and discuss the top three primary agents of political socialization in order of significance. Provide specific examples of these your own life if you can. 2. How does the U.S. compare to other democracies in terms of voting turnout? In you answer be sure to list and explain the three factors (in order of significance) that correlate with one's likelihood of voting. 3.With reference to the Media, define the terms sensationalism , and infotainment . Discuss how these ideas play out in the news we watch on television and social media. Be sure to provide detailed examples. 4. Discuss in detail the current impact of television, radio, newspapers, and social media in informing the American people with news. In your answer, discuss how these media differ in impact on the baby boom and millennial generations. 5.Define and discuss the concepts of party realignment and dealignment. Identify and discuss one realigning election in American history. With reference to realignment and dealignment, how would you characterize the state of party alignment today? Explain.View keyboard shortcuts 6.Define and explain the significance of each of the following: Primary Election Party Platform Party Identification 7. Carefully discuss how the Electoral College works. Detail every stage and discuss the basic mathematics. In terms of electoral strategy, what are red states, blue states, and swing states? 8. With reference to the lecture on public opinion, provide three attributes of a reliable public opinion survey and comment on why each is important. 9.Define the term ideology. What are the basic differences between liberals and conservatives in America? In your answer provide issue positions for each and provide an example of a prominent liberal and conservative politician. 10.What is a lobbyist? What are two sources of influence lobbyists use when calling on governmental officials? Provide an example of each of the following: Public Sector Interest Group, Single Issue Interest Group, Economic Interest Group .

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Social Instiutions 250 words: Instruction pick : Please choose one of the following questions: 1. In which forms of government do average citizens have the least and most political power? What options might they have for exerting political power under this type of government? In your response, also discuss voter participation in the U.S. Explain how a voter’s social class and other social factors can affect his or her voting practices. Besides voting, how can U.S. citizens influence political processes and outcomes? Have you personally used any of these strategies? 2. Describe your vision of a model economic system - is it capitalist, socialist, or somewhere in between? In your answer be sure to compare and contrast the two major economic systems (capitalism and socialism). How do you think the United States economy will change as we move closer to a technology-driven service economy? 3. What factors contribute to the disparities in health among racial, ethnic, and gender groups in the United States? How is this a sociological issue as well as a medical one? What diseases are the most stigmatized in the U.S.? Which are the least? Is this different in different cultures or social classes? The Week 7 Forum meets the following course objectives: Apply a sociological perspective to the social world. Analyze contemporary social issues using the sociological imagination and use sociological theories and concepts to analyze everyday life. Interpret the United States economy and politics. Discuss the sociological study of health and medicine in society. Social Change 250 words required pick the following to discuss: Please choose one of the following questions: 1. The reading discusses the efforts to revitalize city areas that have historically been less affluent, the process of gentrification. What are the potential effects of gentrification on the economy and current residents of the neighborhood? NIMBY (Not In My Back Yard) protests occur when concerned citizens band together to speak up against something that will impact them negatively. Who is more likely to be involved in NIMBY protests and where do they occur? Give an example of a NIMBY protest and whether you support it or not. 2. Consider what you have learned about collective behavior, social movements, and social change this week. How is the global expansion of social media likely to affect how people pursue social change? How has it done so already? Use specific examples as you analyze social movements, social change, technology, and the media. The Week 8 Forum meets the following course objectives: Apply a sociological perspective to the social world. Analyze contemporary social issues using the sociological imagination and use sociological theories and concepts to analyze everyday life. Explain collective behavior, social movements, and social change. ...

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manningchassidy

Question 1 1. How has the news media evolved from the nation’s founding to what it is today? Discuss the various functions the news media has in American society. How well do you feel the media carries out these functions? . All sources used, must be referenced; paraphrased and quoted material must have accompanying citations. Question 2 1. What are the two major types of interest groups and examples of each? Which of these types of interest groups tend to be more powerful? Explain your choice. All sources used, must be referenced; paraphrased and quoted material must have accompanying citations. Question 3 1. Do you feel that special interest groups have too much power in politics today? Why or why not? Do you think we should allow these interest groups to continue to function as they currently do? Why or why not? What do you think would happen to our nation if we did not allow interest groups to continue to operate? All sources used, must be referenced; paraphrased and quoted material must have accompanying citations. 1. 25 points Question 4 1. Describe the difference and similarities between inside lobbying and outside lobbying. Discuss laws and regulations that apply to each. All sources used, must be referenced; paraphrased and quoted material must have accompanying citations. 5.Why do you think politically active citizen groups are generally more ideological—whether conservative or liberal—than is the society as a whole? Are citizens with strong views somehow more attracted to organized political activity than those with more moderate opinions? Explain your answer. Optional: There are many interest groups in America. After reviewing those found here ( http://www.twyman-whitney.com/americancitizen/links/lobbies.htm ) or here ( http://votesmart.org/interest-groups#.UX_95ko7ZyY ) , pretend that you are going to join one and explain why. Then list two or three that you would not care to join and why. .

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Question 1 1.How has the news media evolved from the n.docx

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Statistica Sinica 16(2006), 847-860 PSEUDO-R 2 IN LOGISTIC REGRESSION MODEL Bo Hu, Jun Shao and Mari Palta University of Wisconsin-Madison Abstract: Logistic regression with binary and multinomial outcomes is commonly used, and researchers have long searched for an interpretable measure of the strength of a particular logistic model. This article describes the large sample properties of some pseudo-R2 statistics for assessing the predictive strength of the logistic regression model. We present theoretical results regarding the convergence and asymptotic normality of pseudo-R2s. Simulation results and an example are also presented. The behavior of the pseudo-R2s is investigated numerically across a range of conditions to aid in practical interpretation. Key words and phrases: Entropy, logistic regression, pseudo-R2 1. Introduction Logistic regression for binary and multinomial outcomes is commonly used in health research. Researchers often desire a statistic ranging from zero to one to summarize the overall strength of a given model, with zero indicating a model with no predictive value and one indicating a perfect fit. The coefficient of deter- mination R2 for the linear regression model serves as a standard for such measures (Draper and Smith (1998)). Statisticians have searched for a corresponding in- dicator for models with binary/multinomial outcome. Many different R2 statistics have been proposed in the past three decades (see, e.g., McFadden (1973), McKelvey and Zavoina (1975), Maddala (1983), Agresti (1986), Nagelkerke (1991), Cox and Wermuch (1992), Ash and Shwartz (1999), Zheng and Agresti (2000)). These statistics, which are usually identical to the standard R2 when applied to a linear model, generally fall into categories of entropy-based and variance-based (Mittlböck and Schemper (1996)). Entropy-based R2 statistics, also called pseudo-R2s, have gained some popularity in the social sciences (Mad- dala (1983), Laitila (1993) and Long (1997)). McKelvey and Zavoina (1975) proposed a pseudo-R2 based on a latent model structure, where the binary/ multinomial outcome results from discretizing a continuous latent variable that is related to the predictors through a linear model. Their pseudo-R2 is defined as the proportion of the variance of the latent variable that is explained by the 848 BO HU, JUN SHAO AND MARI PALTA covariate. McFadden (1973) suggested an alternative, known as “likelihood- ratio index”, comparing a model without any predictor to a model including all predictors. It is defined as one minus the ratio of the log likelihood with inter- cepts only, and the log likelihood with all predictors. If the slope parameters are all 0, McFadden’s R2 is 0, but it is never 1. Maddala (1983) developed another pseudo-R2 that can be applied to any model estimated by the maximum likelihood method. This popular and widely used measure is expressed as R2M = 1 − ( L(θ̃) L(θ̂) ) 2 n , (1) .

Statistica Sinica 16(2006), 847-860PSEUDO-R2IN LOGIS.docx

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Stations yourself somewhere (library, cafeteria, etc.) and observe.docx

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Statement State legislatures continue to advance policy proposals to address cyber threats directed at governments and private businesses. As threats continue to evolve and expand and as the pace of new technologies accelerates, legislatures are making cybersecurity measures a higher priority. Assignment You are to author a 2-page (maximum) paper about the “failed” amendments proposed by the Kentucky legislature in 2019 with respect to Cyber Policy. APA format – 1 cover page, 2 content pages, and 1 reference page. You are to answer two questions in your individual papers. Brief background of the proposed amendment and “researched” speculation as to why it failed? What would you propose for them to pass in 2020? Remember to cite your sources appropriately and turn in original work! Section 54 KY S 14 Status: Failed - Adjourned Provides definitions relating to personal information, provides certain personal information that shall be protected from disclosure by a public agency or third-party contractor through redaction or other means, provides a list of covered persons, provides guidelines for contracts between a public agency and a third-party contractor. .

StatementState legislatures continue to advance policy proposals.docx

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Statement State legislatures continue to advance policy proposals to address cyber threats directed at governments and private businesses. As threats continue to evolve and expand and as the pace of new technologies accelerates, legislatures are making cybersecurity measures a higher priority. Assignment You are to author a 2-page (maximum) paper about the “failed” amendments proposed by the Kentucky legislature in 2019 with respect to Cyber Policy. APA format – 1 cover page, 2 content pages, and 1 reference page. You are to answer two questions in your individual papers. Brief background of the proposed amendment and “researched” speculation as to why it failed? What would you propose for them to pass in 2020? Remember to cite your sources appropriately and turn in original work! KY S 14 Status: Failed - Adjourned Provides definitions relating to personal information, provides certain personal information that shall be protected from disclosure by a public agency or third-party contractor through redaction or other means, provides a list of covered persons, provides guidelines for contracts between a public agency and a third-party contractor. .

StatementState legislatures continue to advance policy propo.docx

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Statement of Purpose Provide a statement of your educational background, experience, and preparation relevant to a graduate program in computer science, and specify your research and career goals. The statement of purpose is a short essay introducing the applicant and his or her interests, goals, and reasons for pursuing graduate study in history. Applicants may wish to share a draft of their statement with the individuals writing their letters of recommendation. While every statement, like every prospective student, will be different, applicants should devote special attention to the following items: • Academic/Professional Background: Please give your academic credentials, with degrees, dates, and relevant employment experience. You do not need to list every job you have had, only those that bear directly on your desire to enter graduate school. • Motivations and Aims: Explain what motivates you to do graduate work in history and what your goals are, both within the graduate program and after the completion of your degree. • Existing Expertise and Accomplishments in History: Discuss any areas of expertise you may already have in your proposed area of interest. If you have experience doing research, please describe the project and your work on it. If you have any special talents or skills, such as a foreign language, please describe them. • Proposed Course of Study: Please identify planned major field and minor fields of study. • Other Relevant Experiences or Personal Qualities: Discuss any experiences or personal attributes that may illuminate your commitment to the study of history and to the successful completion of the graduate program. Format: Your statement of purpose should be limited to no more than 750 words (between 2 and 3 pages). .

Statement of PurposeProvide a statement of your educational .docx

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States and the federal government should not use private prisons for various reasons. First, most of the private prisons are for-profit facilities. Therefore, they cut on expenses such as lacking enough staffing and resources, which is likely to affect inmates' safety and quality of life. Further, while pro-private prisons note that private prisons save taxpayers' money, studies indicate that they do not reduce costs. For instance, the day to day cost of housing an inmate in 2010 was $53.02 for private prisons compared to $48.42 for a medium-security public prison (Pedowitz, 2012). Also, prisoners do not receive similar kinds of treatment in private facilities. While they may be suitable for the local economy, such as offering job opportunities, lowering costs by private facilities leaves inmates sick and not well cared for (NPR Staff, 2011). .

States and the federal government should not use private prisons for.docx

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Statement State legislatures continue to advance policy proposals to address cyber threats directed at governments and private businesses. As threats continue to evolve and expand and as the pace of new technologies accelerates, legislatures are making cybersecurity measures a higher priority. Assignment You are to author a 2-page (maximum) paper about the “failed” amendments proposed by the Kentucky legislature in 2019 with respect to Cyber Policy. APA format – 1 cover page, 2 content pages, and 1 reference page. You are to answer two questions in your individual papers. 1. Brief background of the proposed amendment and “researched” speculation as to why it failed? 2. What would you propose for them to pass in 2020? Remember to cite your sources appropriately and turn in original work! KY S 14 Status: Failed - Adjourned Provides definitions relating to personal information, provides certain personal information that shall be protected from disclosure by a public agency or third-party contractor through redaction or other means, provides a list of covered persons, provides guidelines for contracts between a public agency and a third-party contractor. .

StatementState legislatures continue to advance policy proposa.docx

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Statement of Interest: (This is used to apply for Graduate School, digital media program) Length: 2 pages. (500-750 words) Area of interest in digital media. -computational arts. I did a mix media group exhibition in Feb. 2018 called What Makes You You. Half of my show is a sculpture-based installation. The other half is an interactive digital programed art(using Processing software). The visual of human evolution ties these two park together. See details at https://dongpu.weebly.com/what-makes-you-you.html -short videos (documentary production). I love shooting short videos. I formed a Youtube team called 2037 Club last year. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCmtUQfDMvL9iE8IOy9oshSA The latest documentary I did is called Liang(Grain). Video Statement：This documentary discovers the Chinese planned economy history period, which starts at the 1950s. People were given a certain amount of coupons to buy food and daily needs because of the limitation of products. Since this is a historical theme, reference images are included to support the concept of buying food today and before 1990. Other than that, the visuals are mainly about common people’s daily routine nowadays. Along with the visual, the most artistic part in this video is Shanghainese dialogue, which explained food coupons in the way of storytelling. “I accidentally found many food coupons in my grandparents’ house this summer, so I went to ask them about the experiences they had with these coupons. My curiosity leads me to the theme.” said by the producer. This particular video also has a different meaning to me. My Grandmother passed away one week before the video published at the film festival (at Scottsdale Museum of Commemoratory Art). This piece becomes memorable to me, sadly, my grandmother never had a chance to see the whole piece. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fD0Y-BXDfnY -3D animation for games I learned Maya in an animation course. Like editing videos, I soon full in love with 3D modeling. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nGIRxaUdYiY Business idea, if an applicant has one. It is fine if an applicant is unsure when applying to the program. It is also fine if an applicant is interested in the artistic aspect of digital media and not the entrepreneurial aspect. I would like to complete a mobile game project in my Graduate studies period and start a game company after graduation. Meanwhile, still active in the art field being an intermedia artist. Goals or expectations upon completion of the digital media program. -I want to learn more about computer technologies to create artistic works. Focusing on the field of game development. -Do more social, get to know people in my field -Get professional advices of my projects Here is my cover letter, you can utilize this for the statement of interest. As a creative and passionate professional with a rich history of developing creative materials, I am eager to submit my resume for consideration for the (Position Title) position .

Statement of Interest (This is used to apply for Graduate Schoo.docx

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StatementState legislatures continue to advance policy prop.docx

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Statement of cash flows (indirect method) Cash flows from operating activities Net income 72,600 adjustments to net income depreciation 4,000 Gan on sale of investments -7,000 Increase in AR -36,000 Decrease in inventory 40,000 Increased in Accounts payable 13,000 Decrease in Accrued liabilities -3,100 net cash provided by operating activities 83,500 Cash flows from investing activities Purchase of Plant assets -16,000 Sale of long-term investments 20,000 net cash provided by investing activities 4,000 Cash flows from financing activities retiement of bonds -31,000 payment of dividend -32,500 sale of common stock 6,000 net cash provided by financing activities -57,500 net increase in cash 30,000 Cash balance, beginning 230,000 cash balance, ending 260,000 Statement of Cash flows (direct method) Cash flows from operating activities cash received from customers 714,000 (sales - increase in AR) cash paid for merchandise 477,000 (cogs - decrease in invnetory - increase in AP) cash paid for other operating expenes 105,100 (selling & admin exp + decrease in accrued liab - depreciation) cash paid for income taxes 48,400 net cash provided b oeprating activities 83,500 Cash flows from investing activities Purchase of Plant assets -16,000 Sale of long-term investments 20,000 net cash provided by investing activities 4,000 Cash flows from financing activities retiement of bonds -31,000 payment of dividend -32,500 sale of common stock 6,000 net cash provided by financing activities -57,500 net increase in cash 30,000 Cash balance, beginning 230,000 cash balance, ending 260,000 .

Statement of cash flows (indirect method) Cash flows from ope.docx

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Stateline Shipping and Transport Company Rachel Sundusky is the manager of the South-Atlantic office of the Stateline Shipping and Transport Company. She is in the process of negotiating a new shipping contract with Polychem, a company that manufactures chemicals for industrial use. Polychem want Stateline to pick up and transport waste products from its six plants to three waste disposal sites. Rachel is very concerned about this proposed arrangement. The chemical wastes that will be hauled can be hazardous to humans and the environment if they leak. In addition, a number of towns and communities in the region where the plants are located prohibit hazardous materials from being shipped through their municipal limits. Thus, not only will the shipments have to be handled carefully and transported at reduced speeds, they will also have to traverse circuitous routes in many cases. Rachel has estimated the cost of shipping a barrel of waste from each of the six plants to each of the three waste disposal sites as shown in the following table: Waste Disposal Site Plant Whitewater Los Canos Duras Kingsport $12 $15 $17 Danville 14 9 10 Macon 13 20 11 Selma 17 16 19 Columbus 7 14 12 Allentown 22 16 18 The plants generate the following amounts of waste products each week: Plant Waste per Week (bbl) Kingsport 35 Danville 26 Macon 42 Selma 53 Columbus 29 Allentown 38 The three waste disposal sites at Whitewater, Los Canos, and Duras can accommodate a maximum of 65, 80, and 105 barrels per week respectively. In addition to shipping directly from each of the six plants to one of the three waste disposal sites, Rachel is also considering using each of the plants and waste disposal sites as intermediate shipping points. Trucks would be able to drop a load at a plant or disposal site to be picked up and carried on to the final destination by another truck, and vice versa. Stateline would not incur any handling costs because Polychem has agreed to take care of all local handling of the waste materials at the plants and the waste disposal sites. In other words, the only cost Stateline incurs is the actual transportation cost. So Rachel wants to be able to consider the possibility that it may be cheaper to drop and pick up loads at intermediate points rather than ship them directly. Rachel estimates the shipping costs per barrel between each of the six plants to be as follows: Plant Plant Kingsport Danville Macon Selma Columbus Allentown Kingsport $ __ $6 $4 $9 $7 $8 Danville 6 __ 11 10 12 7 Macon 5 11 __ 3 7 15 Selma 9 10 3 __ 3 16 Columbus 7 12 7 3 __ 14 Allentown 8 7 15 16 14 __ The e.

Stateline Shipping and Transport CompanyRachel Sundusky is the m.docx

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State Two ways in which Neanderthals and Cro-Magnons differed. List an important achievement for each of these scientist. Aristarchus, Euclid, Archimedes, and Herophilus "Civilizations" is defined as the stage of development in which people have developed : 1. large, permanet communites. 2. a system of writing 3. divirsion 4. trade 5. a srtong central goverment .

State Two ways in which Neanderthals and Cro-Magnons differed. .docx

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STAT 3300 Homework #6 Due Thursday, 03/28/2019 Note: Answer these questions on a separate piece of paper. In the top right corner, include your name, SMU ID, and course number. Please include a title for the assignment so that it is clear to the graders. If you miss class the day the assignment is turned in, submit this before class in order to receive credit. Question 1 (25 points total) Kiplinger’s “Best Values in Public Colleges” provides a ranking of U.S. public colleges based on a combination of various measures of academics and affordability. The dataset “EX11-18BESTVAL.csv” includes a sample of 25 colleges from Kiplinger’s 2015 report. Let’s focus on the relationship between the average debt in dollars at graduation (AveDebt, the response variable) and the explanatory variables Admit (admission rate), GradRate (graduation rate), InCostAid (in-state cost per year after need-based aid), and OutCostAid (out-state cost per year after need-based aid). a) (2 points) Write out the statistical model for this analysis, making sure to specify all assumptions. b) (3 points) Run the multiple regression model in R and report the fitted regression equation. c) (5 points) State the null and alternative hypothesis for the overall F test, report the overall F statistic, its degrees of freedom, and the p-value. What do you conclude based on this test result? d) (2 points) Obtain the residuals from part (b), construct a residual plot of residuals against the predicted outcome ŷ, and check assumptions. Is Baruch College an unusual case? Provide a brief summary. e) (3 points) Run the same multiple regression model but this time without Baruch College, and specify the fitted regression equation. Again comment on the residuals (i.e., construct a residual plot of residuals against the predicted outcome ŷ and check assumptions). f) (5 points) For the model in part (e) (i.e., the multiple regression model without Baruch College), report the overall F statistic, its degrees of freedom, and the p-value. What do you conclude based on this test result? g) (5 points) For the model in part (e) that included all p = 4 explanatory variables, only InCostAid is found significant using the individual parameter t tests. This raises the question whether these other three variables further contribute to the prediction of average debt given in-state cost is in the model. Conduct a partial F test to answer this question. 1 Question 1 (25 points total) Learning Objectives After studying this chapter, you should be able to accomplish the following objectives: ▪ Describe the philosophical shift that has occurred in reducing juvenile delinquency. ▪ Summarize the importance of prevention and treatment. ▪ Explain the principles of effective intervention. ▪ Explain how need factors contribute to risk for delinquent behavior. ▪ Describe each generation of risk and need assessment tools. ▪ Explain the significance of responsivity factors with regard to treatment..

STAT 3300 Homework #6Due Thursday, 03282019Note Answe.docx

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State Standard by Content Area Literacy State Standard to Integrate into Another Content Area Use a different literacy standard for each content standard. Standards-based Learning Objective Aligned to content standards Instructional Strategy to Integrate Literacy Resources Provide links to websites, PDFs, and any other documents used or referenced for strategy Rationale How the strategy will promote balanced literacy curriculum State Content Standard 1: State Content Standard 2: State Content Standard 3: .

State Standard by Content AreaLiteracy State Standard to Integra.docx

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STAT200: Assignment #2 - Descriptive Statistics Analysis and Writeup - Instructions Page 1 of 3 STAT200 Introduction to Statistics Assignment #2: Descriptive Statistics Analysis and Writeup Assignment #2: Descriptive Statistics Analysis and Writeup In the first assignment (Assignment #1: Descriptive Statistics Analysis Data Plan), you developed a scenario about annual household expenditures and a plan for analyzing the data using descriptive statistic methods. The purpose of this assignment is to carry out the descriptive statistics analysis plan and write up the results. The expected outcome of this assignment is a two to three page write-up of the findings from your analysis as well as a recommendation. Assignment Steps: Step #1: Review Feedback from Your Instructor Before performing any analysis, please make sure to review your instructor’s feedback on Assignment #1: Descriptive Statistics Data Analysis Plan. Based on the feedback, modify variables, tables, and selected statistics, graphs, and tables, if needed. Step #2: Perform Descriptive Statistic Analysis  Task 1: Look at the dataset. • (Re)Familiarize yourself with the variables. Review Table 1: Variables Selected for the Analysis you generated for the first assignment as well as your instructor’s feedback. In addition, look at the data dictionary contained in the data set for information about the variables. • Select the variables you need for the analysis.  Task 2: Complete your data analysis, as outlined in your first assignment, with any needed modifications, based on your instructor’s feedback. • Calculate Measures of Central Tendency and Variability. Use the information from Assignment #1 - Table 2. Numerical Summaries of the Selected Variables. Here again, be sure to see your instructor’s feedback and incorporate into the analysis. • Prepare Graphs and/or Tables. Use the information from Assignment #1 - Table 3. Type of Graphs and/or Tables for Selected Variables. Here again, be sure to see your instructor’s feedback and incorporate into the analysis. STAT200: Assignment #2 - Descriptive Statistics Analysis and Writeup - Instructions Page 2 of 3 Step #3: Write-up findings using the Provided Template For this part of the assignment, write a short 2-3 page write-up of the process you followed and the findings from your analysis. You will describe, in words, the statistical analysis used and present the results in both statistical/text and graphic formats. Here are the main sections for this assignment: ✓ Identifying Information. Fill in information on name, class, instructor, and date. ✓ Introduction. For this section, use the same scenario you submitted for the first assignment and modified using your instructor’s feedback, if needed. Include Table 1 (Table 1: Variables Selected for the Analysis) you used in Assignment #1 to show the variables you selected for the analysis. ✓ Data .

STAT200 Assignment #2 - Descriptive Statistics Analysis and.docx

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STAT200: Assignment #2 - Descriptive Statistics Analysis Writeup - Template Page 3 of 3 University of Maryland University College STAT200 - Assignment #2: Descriptive Statistics Analysis and Writeup Identifying Information Student (Full Name): Class: Instructor: Date: Introduction: Use the same scenario you submitted for the first assignment with modifications using your instructor’s feedback, if needed. Include Table 1: Variables Selected for the Analysis you used in Assignment #1 to show the variables you selected for analysis. Table 1. Variables Selected for the Analysis Variable Name in data set Description Type of Variable (Qualitative or Quantitative) Variable 1: “Income” Annual household income in USD. Quantitative Variable 2: Variable 3: Variable 4: Variable 5: Data Set Description and Method Used for Analysis: Results: Variable 1: Income Numerical Summary. Table 2. Descriptive Analysis for Variable 1 Variable n Measure(s) of Central Tendency Measure(s) of Dispersion Variable: Income Median= SD = Graph and/or Table: Histogram of Income (Place Histogram here) Description of Findings. Variable 2: (Fill in name of variable) Numerical Summary. Table 3. Descriptive Analysis for Variable 2 Variable n Measure(s) of Central Tendency Measure(s) of Dispersion Variable: Graph and/or Table. (Place Graph or Table Here) Description of Findings. Variable 3: (Fill in name of variable) Numerical Summary. Table 4. Descriptive Analysis for Variable 3 Variable n Measure(s) of Central Tendency Measure(s) of Dispersion Variable: Graph and/or Table. (Place Graph or Table Here) Description of Findings. Variable 4: (Fill in name of variable) Numerical Summary. Table 5. Descriptive Analysis for Variable 4 Variable N Mean/Median St. Dev. Variable 4: Graph and/or Table. (Place Graph or Table Here) Description of Findings. Variable 5: (Fill in name of variable) Numerical Summary. Table 6. Descriptive Analysis for Variable 5 Variable n Measure(s) of Central Tendency Measure(s) of Dispersion Variable: Graph and/or Table. (Place Graph or Table Here) Description of Findings. Discussion and Conclusion. Briefly discuss each variable in the same sequence as presented in the results. What has the highest expenditure? What variable has the lowest expenditure? If you were to recommend a place to save money, which expenditure would it be and why? Note: The section should be no more than 2 paragraphs. STAT200 Introduction to Statistics Dataset for Written Assignments Description of Dataset: The data is a random sample from the US Department of Labor’s 2016 Consumer Expenditure Surveys (CE) and provides information about the composition of households and their annual expenditures (https://www.bls.gov/cex/). It contains information from 30 households, where a survey responder provided the requested information; it is all self-reported information. This dataset contains four socioeconomic variables (whose names.

STAT200 Assignment #2 - Descriptive Statistics Analysis Writeup -.docx

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State legislatures continue to advance policy proposals to address cyber threats directed at governments and private businesses. As threats continue to evolve and expand and as the pace of new technologies accelerates, legislatures are making cybersecurity measures a higher priority. Assignment You are to author a 2-page (maximum) paper about the “failed” amendments proposed by the Kentucky legislature in 2019 with respect to Cyber Policy. APA format – 1 cover page, 2 content pages, and 1 reference page. You are to answer two questions in your individual papers. Brief background of the proposed amendment and “researched” speculation as to why it failed? What would you propose for them to pass in 2020? Remember to cite your sources appropriately and turn in original work! Section 54 KY S 14 Status: Failed - Adjourned Provides definitions relating to personal information, provides certain personal information that shall be protected from disclosure by a public agency or third-party contractor through redaction or other means, provides a list of covered persons, provides guidelines for contracts between a public agency and a third-party contractor. .

State legislatures continue to advance policy proposals to address c.docx

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State: FLORIDA Instructions This written assignment requires the student to investigate his/her local, state and federal legislators and explore their assigned committees and legislative commitments. The student is expected to investigate current and actual legislative initiatives that have either passed or pending approval by the house, senate or Governor’s office. The student will draft a letter to a specific legislator and offer support or constructive argument against pending policy or legislation. The letter must be supported with a minimum of 3 evidence based primary citations. (See Rubric) Submission Details: Support your responses with examples. Cite any sources in APA format. Submit your document to the Submissions Area by the due date assigned. .

State FLORIDAInstructionsThis written assignment requ.docx

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State of the Science Quality ImprovementNameInst.docx

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State Data_1986-2015YearGross state product per capitaEducation spending per studentUnemployment ratesHigh school graduation rate198614,0402,565.009.168.50198715,0902,573.007.673.90198816,2612,717.666.975.00198916,8423,197.006.672.10199017,5523,327.186.369.50199118,3683,626.566.969.80199219,3673,615.986.970.40199319,8033,761.136.666.10199420,7934,036.535.464.30199521,8824,404.775.264.80199622,6134,716.174.562.70199723,4744,903.294.462.40199824,2145,165.563.964.40199925,2645,511.624.361.30200025,7345,758.434.164.10200126,5716,052.014.763.70200227,6506,327.235.462.10200328,9676,642.065.464.70200431,3686,812.245.065.00200533,2747,308.933.865.90200634,9147,979.703.566.20200732,4048,390.623.567.10200833,6439,103.365.269.00200933,0968,870.0010.169.90201033,9459,001.009.188.00201134,6509,224.009.772.00201235,6258,705.008.075.00201336,5018,755.007.280.00201437,5938,821.006.886.30201536,7509,611.026.189.30201637,4029,642.136.087.10 APA Basics Checklist: Citations, Reference List, and Style By the Walden University Writing Center Writing Center staff created this APA checklist to help students remember the basics of APA citations, reference lists, and style. It is not meant to be comprehensive, but students should use it as a reminder of the various APA rules that academic papers follow. If students are not sure what a particular item in the checklist refers to or entails, they should follow the link for more information. Additionally, the Writing Center can always help with APA questions at [email protected] Citations Citations are included in each sentence a source is used Sources used and cited in the paper are included in the reference list The abbreviation “et al.” is punctuated appropriately Parenthetical citations: Author(s) and publication year are always included Page or paragraph number is included for all quoted material, using the appropriate abbreviation: (p. xx) or (para. xx) Citation is included within the ending punctuation for the sentence In-text citations Author(s) is included within the sentence Publication year is included in parentheses immediately after the author(s)’ name Publication rule is followed: publication years are included the first time a source is used in a paragraph; all subsequent uses of that same source does not include the publication year (Note: Rule starts over with a new paragraph) Reference List Title of the list is centered but not bolded Sources listed in the reference list are used at least once in the paper Reference entries: Each entry has an automatically formatted hanging indent Each entry has the basic information (as available): author(s), publication year, title, and retrieval information Each entry has been compared against the common reference entries and reference entries FAQs on the Writing Center website, checking for: Punctuation: periods and commas Formatting: italics is used only when needed Parenthese.

State Data_1986-2015YearGross state product per capitaEducation sp.docx

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